Microbes and human diseases (4).docx

Microbes and human diseases:\ Skin, Eyes and Central Nervous System Diseases Staphylococcal Skin Infections: Impetigo Affect children mostly 2-5 years Spread by contact Bacteria : Streptococcus pyogenes ---------------------- ----------------...

Microbes and human diseases:\ Skin, Eyes and Central Nervous System Diseases Staphylococcal Skin Infections: Impetigo Affect children mostly 2-5 years Spread by contact Bacteria : Streptococcus pyogenes ---------------------- -------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- -- Non bullous impetigo Most common form Enter through minor breaks of the skin Can lead to light colored crusts Bullous impetigo Caused by bacteria : staphylococcal toxins Staphylococcal can lead to Scalded Skin Syndrome. Streptococcal skin infections Erysipelas Can cause sepsis Erysipelas Information \| Mount Sinai - New York ------------------------------------ ------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Necrotizing fasciitis Commonly affected limbs  Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome Pediatric Toxic Shock Syndrome: Overview of Pediatric TSS, Pathophysiology and Etiology, Epidemiology of Pediatric TSS Viral Diseases Of the Skin +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Warts | Papilloma virus | Treatment | | | | | | | Incubation period | cold liquid nitrogen | | | several weeks | (cryotherapy) | | | | | | | | dry with an | | | | electrical current | | | | (electrodesiccation) | | | | | | | | burn with acids | | | | | | | | salicylic acids are | | | | effective | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Smallpox (Variola) | Transmitted by the |  | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Chickenpox | - Varicella zoster | - Prevention: Live | | | virus (human | attenuated | | | herpesvirus 3) | vaccine | | | | | | | - Transmitted by | Chickenpox \| NHS | | | the respiratory | inform | | | route | | | | | | | | - Causes pus filled | | | | vesicles | | | | | | | | - Lesions on the | | | | face, lower back, | | | | chest, | | | | | | | | - shoulders | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Herpes Simplex | - Human herpesvirus |  common |.jpeg) | | | among wrestlers | | | | | | | | - Herpes | | | | encephalitis | | | | | | | | - HSV-1 can remain | | | | latent in | | | | trigeminal nerve | | | | ganglia | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Measles (Rubeola) | Transmitted by | What do I need to | | | respiratory route | know about measles? | | | | \| Otago Daily Times | | | Macular rash and | Online News | | | Koplik's spot | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Rubella | Macular rash of small | Prevented by | | | red spots and fever | vaccination | | | | | | | Transmitted by the |  | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Infection Of the eye: Haemophilus influenzae Bacterial eye infection -------------------------------- ------------------------------ adenoviruses Viral conjunctivitis Chlamydia trachomatis ( fungi) Swimming pool conjunctivitis Trachoma -- eye infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/0iX3ywugRHfpkQ\_o2tBCNUXlSVUiX0stiD1PEDL7TKNUyQa7unBC4nDDgDp6Gkpk007sZW8Ak1P6slU8T9K1GQj5yNWbjBD-9ct3C9IQf1cC7unUmhBHOBoePiqEf4Pvdjw7BKHEjkX-CKAA34v8Pw=s2048 Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva -- Red eye or pinkeye Nervous System : +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Bacterial | Haemophilus | Symptoms: | Treatment: | | Meningitis | influenzae type | fever, | Cephalosporins, | | | B | headache, stiff | vancomycin | | | | neck | | | | Neisseria | | | | | meningitidis | Nausea and | | | | | vomiting often | | | | Streptococcs | follow | | | | pneumoniae | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+  Viral diseases: +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Poliomyelit | poliovirus | Transmitted | Acute | | | is | | by | Poliomyelit | | | | | ingestion | is: | | | | | | Practice | | | | | Initial | Essentials, | | | | | symptoms: | Pathophysio | | | | | | logy, | | | | | Sore throat | Epidemiolog | | | | | and nausea | y | | | | | | | | | | | Prevention | | | | | | by | | | | | | vaccination | | | | | | | | | | | | Diagnosed | | | | | | by | | | | | | isolating | | | | | | the virus | | | | | | from feces | | | | | | and throat | | | | | | secretions. | | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | Rabies | Transmitted | Initial | Prevention |  | | | | hydrophobia | prophylaxis | | | | |. | (PEP) - | | | | | | series of | | | | | | antirabies | | | | | | vaccine and | | | | | | immune | | | | | | globulin | | | | | | injections. | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ Clostridium Bacteria: +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Tetanus | Clostridium | It enters the | Prevention be | | | tetani | CNS via the | vaccination | | | | peripheral | | | | | nerves or the | Treatment: | | | | blood | tetanus immune | | | | | globulin | | | | The tetanus | | | | | neurotoxin | | | | | blocks the | | | | | relaxation | | | | | pathway so that | | | | | both opposing | | | | | sets of muscles | | | | | contract, | | | | | resulting in | | | | | the | | | | | characteristic | | | | | muscle spasms. | | | | | | | | | | Growth in deep | | | | | wound | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | Botulism | Clostridium | Food poisoning | Symptoms: | | | botulinum | (anaerobic | blurred vision, | | | | environments, | difficulty | | | | such as sealed | swallowing, | | | | cans, the | weakness | | | | microorganism | | | | | produces an | | | | | exotoxin). | | | | | | | | | | Intoxication | | | | | comes from | | | | | ingesting | | | | | botulinal toxin | | | | | | | | | | Toxin blocks | | | | | release of | | | | | neurotransmitte | | | | | r | | | | | acetylcholine, | | | | | causing flaccid | | | | | paralysis | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ Cardiovascular bacterial diseases: +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Gram-Negati | gram-negati | Endotoxins | Klebsiella | | | ve | ve | can cause a | spp | | | Sepsis | bacteria | severe drop | | | | | | in blood | E. coli | | | | | pressure | | | | | | with its | Pseudomonas | | | | | associated | aeruginosa | | | | | signs and | | | | | | symptoms. | | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | Gram-Positi | Staphylococ | produce | Signs and | | | ve | ci | potent | symptoms - | | | Sepsis | and | exotoxins | fever, | | | | streptococc | that cause | chills, and | | | | i | toxic shock | accelerated | | | | | syndrome. | breathing | | | | | | and heart | | | | | | rate. | | | | | | | | | | | | Severe | | | | | | Sepsis - | | | | | | drop in | | | | | | blood | | | | | | pressure | | | | | | (shock) and | | | | | | dysfunction | | | | | | of at least | | | | | | one organ. | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Puerperal | Puerperal | Streptococc | | | | Sepsis | fever and | us | | | | | childbirth | pyogenes | | | | | fever | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Lymphangiti | Lymphangiti | sign of | Inflammatio | | | s | s | sepsis. | n | | | | - Wikipedia | | of | | | | | | lymphatic | | | | | | vessels | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | endocarditi | | | | | | s. | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Subacute | Symptoms - | alpha-hemol | Common | | | bacterial | fever, | ytic | after tooth | | | endocarditi | general | streptococc | extractions | | | s | weakness, | i | or | | | | and a heart | | tonsillecto | | | | murmur | | mies | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Acute | | Staphylococ | | | | bacterial | | cus | | | | endocarditi | | aureus. | | | | s | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Rheumatic | Streptococc | First stage | Treatment - | | | Fever | us | - | penicillin | | | | pyogenes | subcutaneou | | | | | | s | | | | | | nodules at | | | | | | joints | | | | | | | | | | | | Inflammatio | | | | | | n | | | | | | of the | | | | | | heart from | | | | | | a | | | | | | misdirected | | | | | | immune | | | | | | reaction | | | | | | against | | | | | | streptococc | | | | | | al | | | | | | M protein, | | | | | | damages the | | | | | | valves. | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ Note : Sepsis - systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Lyme Disease (Lyme Borreliosis) | Caused by borrelia (tick) | | | | | | Symptoms: Rash at the bite site, | | | Flu like symptoms | | | | | | Treat by antibiotics | +===================================+===================================+ | Burkitt's lymphoma | Caused by Epistein barr virus | | | (HHV4) | | | | | | Tumor of the jaw | | | | | | Transmitted from mosquito | | | | | | Treat by anticancer drugs | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Infectious Mononucleosis( kissing | EBV causes this | | disease) | | | | Transmitted by Saliva (kissing, | | | sharing drinking vessels) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cytomegalovirus infection | HHV5 | | | | | | Transmitted by kissing, sexually, | | | by transfused blood, and by | | | transplanted tissue | | | | | | Without treatment, it results in | | | eventual loss of vision. | | | | | | Treatment -- Ganciclovir | | | | | | Vaccines are under development, | | | but none is currently available. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Yellow fever | Transmitted by contact with | | | animals | | | | | | Injected to a skin by a mosquito | | | A.aegypti | | | | | | **Symptoms of early stages - | | | fever, chills, and headache, | | | followed by nausea and vomiting** | | | | | | **Late stage -- jaundice, yellow | | | color of the skin, deposition of | | | bile pigments** | +===================================+===================================+ | Ebola | Ebolavirus | | | | | | Blood vessels are damaged, the | | | virus interferes with | | | coagulation, and blood leaks into | | | surrounding tissue | | | | | | Symptoms include fever, fatigue, | | | muscle pain, headache, followed | | | by vomiting, diarrhea, rash, | | | bleeding | | | | | | Treatment -- monoclonal | | | antibodies | | | | | | Vaccine is available | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Chagas Disease (American | *Trypanosoma cruzi protozoa* | | Trypanosomiasis) | | | | "kissing bug" | | | | | | Diagnosis -- detections | | | trypanosomes in blood samples. | | | | | | Treatment - triazole derivatives | | | nifurtimox and benznidazole | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Toxoplasmosis | Disease of blood and lymphatic | | | vessels | | | | | | *Toxoplasma gondii* | | | | | | Treatment - pyrimethamine in | | | combination with sulfadiazine and | | | folinic acid. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Malaria | Plasmodium | | | | | | Symptoms chills and fever and | | | often by vomiting and severe | | | headache. | | | | | | Transmitted by blood transfusions | | | with unsterilized syringes | | | | | | Prophylaxis and Therapy for | | | Malaria | | | | | | Prophylaxis - chloroquine is the | | | drug of choice | | | | | | Mefloquine, many side effects | | | | | | Therapy | | | | | | Chloroquine, malarone or oral | | | quinine plus an antibiotic such | | | as doxycycline. | | | | | | Prevention | | | | | | Vector control | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Respiratory Diseases: bacterial Pharyngitis - inflammation of the mucous membranes of the throat, or sore throat. Laryngitis - when the larynx is the site of infection Tonsillitis -- inflammation of tonsils Sinusitis - infection of a sinus involving heavy nasal discharge of mucus. Epiglottitis - inflammation of the epiglottis  Respiratory diseases of Lower respiratory tract: Pertussis (Whooping Cough) - Caused by Bordetella pertussis, - B. pertussis produces several toxins - Tracheal cytotoxin is responsible for damage to the ciliated cells Pertussis toxin enters the bloodstream and is associated with systemic symptoms of the disease. - Gasping for air between coughs causes a whooping sound - Diagnosis -- isolation of pathogen from a throat swab - Treatment with antibiotics, most commonly erythromycin or other macrolides Tuberculosis - Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, - transmitted to humans via contaminated milk or food. - M. bovis infections cause TB that primarily affects the bones or lymphatic system. - Tuberculosis is most commonly acquired by inhaling the bacillus. - Bacilli reach the lungs, where they are usually phagocytized by a macrophage in the alveoli. - Symptoms include coughing, sputum may become bloodstained, vessels may rupture and resulting in fatal hemorrhaging. - Diagnosis - Tuberculin skin test - Chest X-ray - CT scan - Microscopic examination of smears - Treated by antibiotics - BCG vaccine is available Bacterial Pneumonias - Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common - typical pneumonia - Pneumoniae caused by other microorganisms (fungi, protozoa, viruses, and other bacteria) - atypical pneumonia - Lobar pneumonia - lobes of the lungs are infected - Bronchopneumonia - alveoli of the lungs adjacent to the bronchi are infected. - Pleurisy - complication of various pneumonias, in which the pleural membranes become painfully inflamed. Pneumococcal Pneumonia - Caused by S. pneumoniae - Pneumococcal pneumonia involves both the bronchi and the alveoli - Symptoms include - high fever, breathing difficulty, and chest pain - Diagnosis - isolating the pneumococci from the throat, sputum, and other fluids. - Treatment with antibiotics - Vaccine is available Haemophilus influenzae Pneumonia Caused by Haemophilus influenzae - Treatment with antibiotics Mycoplasmal Pneumonia Caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae Termed as walking pneumonia Most common in young adults and children Symptoms include low-grade fever, cough, and headache. Colonies of Mycoplasma are very small Lack of cell wall Treatment with antibiotics Influenza (Flu) Caused by Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin (HA) spikes and neuraminidase (NA) spikes HA spikes allow the virus to recognize and attach to body cells NA spikes help the virus separate from the infected cell as the virus exits after intracellular reproduction. 16 subtypes of HA 9 subtypes of NA Antigenic drift and antigenic shift Three serotypes of human influenza viruses A and B viruses cause seasonal epidemics every winter C viruses cause a mild respiratory illness Diagnosis -- serological test, PCR Treatment - antiviral drugs zanamivir and oseltamivir Vaccines are available Bacterial Diseases of the mouth https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/lYR7ewHZPU51XMgjS9h6z3QUy0GJCwnkNdqa9ODwG8N6RxhToBNclLbrleTYpCeuqXXGfuBxcVjcKbH24kZLo3WAmeomuBeqcWtxhbXoAn-OQX-fBGHMOi5KcelWlWIAVThRD5sktnbERq2gp\_9oEw=s2048 Bacterial diseases of lower digestive system  Viral disease of liver https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/wClCBDuRTXD70bSSTDEyV07-YYy7qMswopo\_byD33wC8rKfze7DI4W2j\_t\_v8ZN2XcmC8UVAVF8sNradm825EgqfbNyAMFOcnmjqC3Vft8uUrKIV-YhX-3V30wJk9gbCPvQwzzC-QJFbFlFNfuSlCg=s2048  18.4 Viral Infections of the Reproductive System -- Allied Health Microbiology  Autoimmune disorders https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/BDqTd\_RFF-fb4AeOzv2ISb-Xy3lAT4p6vU-IP0vDsH034aGiVECkumvcFwlgQb426rvRFMXlCKqQva3A5AYvEq9BKfMVU\_VgtfMZV2ro99XGAPqrd\_Hoq53hCd-PYZDxISvPbj9nAzKtgLUKfO8n7w=s2048 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) HIV Infection: RNA virus  The Stages of HIV Infection HIV infection is categorized by clinical phases: phase 1 (asymptomatic), phase 2 (indicator opportunistic infections), and phase 3 (CD4+ cells \< 200 cells/μl). The progression from HIV infection to AIDS takes about 10 years. The life of an AIDS patient can be prolonged by the proper treatment of opportunistic infections. Long-term survivors and elite controllers may hold the key to HIV treatment. Diagnostic Methods - Serological Blood tests to detect HIV antibodies. - Rapid tests using urine, fingerstick or blood - Seroconversion -- time between infection and the appearance of detectable antibodies. - PCR HIV Transmission - Transfer or direct contact with, infected body fluids such as blood and semen. - Kissing is not known to transmit HIV - Transmission include sexual contact, breast milk, transplacental infection of a fetus, blood-contaminated needles, organ transplants, artificial insemination, and blood transfusion. Preventing and Treating AIDS - Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV are used to prevent infection after a recent exposure. - Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) - Fusion and Entry Inhibitors - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors - Integrase Inhibitors - Protease Inhibitors - Vaccine development is difficult because there are different antigenic clades and the virus remains inside host cells.