Microbiology Finals PDF

CHAPTER 24 Mulluscum contagiosum – is a skin disease caused by molluscipoxvirus. [D] TROPISM – way in which different viruses evolve to preferentially target specific host HERPESVIRUSES – named for the...

CHAPTER 24 Mulluscum contagiosum – is a skin disease caused by molluscipoxvirus. [D] TROPISM – way in which different viruses evolve to preferentially target specific host HERPESVIRUSES – named for the tendency species, specific tissue, or specific cell types of some herpes infections to produce a rash within those species. that spreads (creeps). [D] EPISOMES – these are separate, stable, Herpes Simplex 1 and 2 (HSV) – is the cause genetic elements that stay in the nucleus, but of fever blisters and genital infections. are not integrate into the host chromosome to herpes virus. Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) – is the cause of chickenpox and shingles. [D] TOXICOGENIC – chemical substances or mixture of substances which induce abnormal CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) – infects the cell growth without control (cancer) or salivary glands and other viscera; are named increases its incidence. for their tendency to produce giant cells with nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions [D] MUTAGENIC – agent that causes irreversible and heritable changes (mutation) in Epstein - Barr virus (EBV) – is associated with the cellular genetic material. infection of the lymphoid tissue. [D] RADICULITIS – pain that radiate along path Human Herpesviruses 6 and & (HHVs) – of specific nerve as response to pressure, cause roseola pinch, irritation, or inflamed nerve root. Herpetic Keratitis – AKA ocular herpes, is an [D] ROSEOLA INFANTUM – AKA 6th disease, infective inflammation of the eye in which a a common, mild, viral infection that can cause latent virus travels into the ophthalmic rather a temperature and rash in babies and young than the mandibular branch of the trigeminal children; an acute febrile disease in babies nerve. between 2 and 12 months of age Genital Herpes – AKA herpes genitalis starts [D] HETEROSEXUAL INTERCOURSE – AKA out with malaise, anorexia, fever, and bilateral anogenital or genital warts, human swelling and tenderness in the groin. papillomavirus infection that typically appear as flesh color or hyperpigmented in genital region. WHITLOW – a hazard for health care workers who handle patients or their secretions without [D] SHINGLES – is a viral infection caused by hand protection is a disease called reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus that causes chickenpox (varicella). Cytomegalovirus Mononucleosis – is a syndrome characterized by fever and [D] Oncogenic – formation of cancer lymphocytosis, somewhat similar to the disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus. [D] TERATOGENIC – is any agent that causes an abnormality following fetal exposure during Burkitt Lymphoma – is a B-cell malignancy pregnancy; effects include rubella and that usually develops in the jaw and grossly cytomegalovirus. swells the cheek. HEPADNAVIRUSES – the major group of DNA Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma – is a viruses involved in hepatitis. malignancy of epithelial cells that occurs in older Chinese and African men. Latent infections – result when the virus enters a dormant phase inside host cells and Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) – AKA human becomes inactive after a lytic infection. B-lymphotropic virus, was originally isolated from infected lymphocytes POX – produced by poxviruses, an eruptive skin pustule, which leave small, depressed Hepatitis D Virus – has a circular RNA scars (pockmarks) upon healing. genome more closely related to viroids than that develop on the face, trunk, elbows, and other viruses. knees. Dane Particle – blood-borne pieces; often Condylomata Acuminata – is a wart seen in electron micrographs of infected blood, morphology ranges from tiny, flat, is considered the intact virion. inconspicuous bumps to extensive, branching, cauliflower-like masses. Keratoconjunctivitis – is an inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) Acute Hemorrhagic Cystitis – self-limiting – is an n uncommon but generally fatal infection illness of 4 to 5 days duration is marked by by JC virus that attacks accessory brain cells hematuria (blood in the urine), frequent and and gradually demyelinizes certain parts of the painful urination with occasional episodes of cerebrum. fever, bedwetting, and suprapubic pain. Parvoviruses (PVs) – have single-stranded Common or Seed Warts – are painless, DNA molecules. elevated, rough growths on the fingers and occasionally on other body parts. Erythema Infectiosum – AKA 5th disease e because it is the fifth rash of childhood (the four Plantar Warts – are deeper, painful papillomas others being rubella, rubeola, scarlet fever, and on the soles of the feet. scarletina). Flat warts – are smooth, skin-colored lesions CHAPTER 25: THE RNA VIRUSES THAT INFECT HUMANS similar disease is caused by an unrelated ORTHOMYXOVIRUSES - are spherical togavirus. particles with an average diameter of 80 nm to 120 nm. KOPLIK’S SPOT – small, white, grain like Hemagglutinin – Receptor binding membrane lesions that appear on the buccal mucosa of the fusion glycoprotein produced by influenza mouth and are a hall mark sign of measles. viruses that bind to receptor in RBCs, that leads - The most serious complication is to clumping. subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a progressive neurological ANTIGENIC DRIFT – Kind of genetic variation degeneration of the cerebral cortex, (small changes of mutation in genes of influenza white matter, and brain stem. viruses), arising a accumulation of mutation in the virus genes, that code for virus surface protein that host body recognized. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) - also called Pneumovirus, infects the respiratory tract and ANTIGENIC SHIFT – Process by which two or produces giant multinucleate cells. more drift strain of a virus or strain of 2 or more different viruses combine to form a new RABIES - the most conspicuous rhabdovirus. subtype, having a mixture of a surface antigen The particles of this virus have a distinctive from a virus for a different animal host. bulletlike appearance, round on one end and flat on the other. REYE’S SYNDROME – a rare disease associated in viral infection that strikes the The current vaccine of choice is the human brain, liver, kidney characterized by fatty diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) degeneration of those organs. CORONAVIRUSES - are relatively large RNA Gullain - Barre syndrome - appears to be an viruses with distinctive, widely spaced spikes on autoimmunity induced by viral proteins and their envelopes. These viruses are common in marked by varying degrees of demyelination of domesticated animals and are responsible for the peripheral nervous system, leading to epidemic respiratory, enteric, and neurological weakness and sensory loss. diseases in pigs, dogs, cats, and poultry. SIN NOMBRE - Most important American SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) bunyavirus. This disease was termed - most coronaviruses were considered mildly hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). pathogenic, and the infections tended to be relatively innocuous in healthy persons. SYNCYTIUM – Epithelium/ tissue arise by cytoplasmic continuity or large mass of TOGAVIRUSES - are non-segmented, single- cytoplasm not separated into individual cells stranded RNA viruses with a loose envelope. and contain many nuclei formed by fusion of two or more cells, forming a giant cell. HEPATITIS C - is a type of hepatitis caused by an RNA virus called a flavivirus. Hepatitis C is MUMPS - self-limited, mildly epidemic illness sometimes referred to as the “silent epidemic” associated with painful swelling at the angle of the jaw Also called epidemic parotitis, this ARBOVIRUSES (arthropod borne viruses) - infection typically targets the parotid salivary these viruses are often lumped together in a glands, but it is not limited to this region. loose grouping. Measles - an acute disease caused by Zika virus - produces symptoms very similar to Morbillivirus, is also known as red measles and infection with chikungunya or dengue viruses, rubeola. and the three viruses are carried by the same biological vector. Rubella or German measles - somewhat Yellow fever - the best-known arboviral Bulbar poliomyelitis - the brain stem, medulla, disease. or even cranial nerves are affected. Dengue fever - is caused by a flavivirus and is PLEURODYNIA - is an acute disease also carried by the Aedes mosquitoes characterized by recurrent sharp, sudden intercostal or abdominal pain accompanied by Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome fever and sore throat. (AIDS) - The cluster of symptoms resulting from the degradation of the immune system by HIV. Hepatitis A virus - the cause of infectious, or HIV is a retrovirus, in the genus Lentivirus. Most short- term, hepatitis. Although this virus is not retroviruses have the potential to cause cancer, related to the hepatitis B or C viruses, it shares produce dire, often fatal diseases, and alter the their tropism for liver cells. spread through the host’s DNA in profound ways. oral-fecal route, but the details of transmission vary from one area to another. In general, the Window – Period of detectable antibodies AKA disease is associated with deficient personal seroconversion. hygiene and lack of public health measures. SEROCONVERSION – Transition from point of RHINOVIRUSES - are a large group of viral infection when the antibody of the antibody picornaviruses (more than 110 serotypes) of the infection becomes present in blood. associated with the common cold. Reverse Transcriptase (RT) - catalyzes the CALICIVIRUSES - are an ill-defined group of replication of double-stranded DNA from single- enteric viruses found in humans and mammals. stranded RNA. NOROVIRUS – The best known human Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy pathogen, also known as the Norwalk agent. (HAART) – The most effective strategy in the battle against HIV. Multiple drugs are used REOVIRUSES - have an unusual double- simultaneously to interrupt the HIV stranded RNA genome and both an inner and an multiplication cycle at several different points. outer capsid. Not considered a significant human pathogen. FLACCID PARALYSIS – neurological condition characterized by weakness or paralysis and ROTAVIRUS - is a significant cause of diarrhea reduced muscle tone without other obvious in newborn humans, calves, and piglets. The cause. primary viral cause of mortality and morbidity resulting from diarrhea. SPASTIC PARALYSIS – With tonic spasm of spastic muscle and increase tendon reflex. PRIONS - are incredibly hardy “pathogens.” They are highly resistant to chemicals, radiation, Leukemia - is the general name for at least four and heat. different malignant diseases of the white blood cell forming elements originating in the bone Transmissible spongiform marrow. Encephalopathies (TSEs) - neurodegenerative diseases with long incubation periods but rapid Human T-cell lymphotropic virus I (HTLV-I) - progressions once they begin. is associated with a form of leukemia called adult T- cell leukemia. POLIOMYELITIS (polio) - is an acute enteroviral infection of the spinal cord that can cause neuromuscular paralysis. Neurotropic - the virus infiltrates the motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord, though it can also attack spinal ganglia, cranial nerves, and motor nuclei. CHAPTER 26: ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Microbial ecology - The study of microbes in NICHE - is the overall role that a species (or their natural habitats. population) serves in a community. Industrial or applied microbiology - the study FOOD CHAIN (Energy pyramid) - provides a of the practical uses of microbes in food simple summary of the general trophic (feeding) processing, industrial production, and levels, designated as producers, consumers, and biotechnology. decomposers, and traces the flow and quantity of available energy from one level to another. BIOTIC - factors are defined as any living or dead PRODUCERS - Organisms that create their own organisms that occupy an organism’s habitat. food from photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. They convert energy from sunlight or other ABIOTIC - factors include nonliving sources from organic molecules. components such as atmospheric gases, minerals, water, temperature, and light. AUTOTROPHS - Being able to use CO2 as a sole carbon source means that producers. ECOSYSTEM - A term used to denote the collective interactions occurring between the CHEMOAUTOTROPHS - smaller but not less biotic and abiotic factors in a given location. important amount of CO2 assimilation is brought about by bacteria An ecosystem can vary in size from a single root of a plant to a whole forest, and it CONSUMERS - feed on other living organisms serves as the basic unit of ecological function. and obtain energy from bonds present in the organic substrates they contain. BIOSPHERE - contains all physical locations on earth that support life, including the thin DECOMPOSERS - primarily microbes inhabiting envelope of life that surrounds the earth’s soil and water, break down and absorb the surface and extends some distance into the organic matter of dead organisms, including crust. plants, animals, and other microorganisms. BIOMES - Large assemblages of organisms Mineralization - The work of decomposers is to that have adapted to a distinct geography and break organic matter down into inorganic climate and are characterized by dominant life minerals and gases that can be cycled back into forms, usually plants the ecosystem, especially for the use of primary producers. COMMUNITIES - composed of mixed assemblages of organisms that live together at FOOD CHAIN - represents feeding relationship the same place and time and that usually exhibit showing the flow of energy and nutrient and well-defined nutritional or behavioral series of organism in an ecosystem. interrelationships. FOOD WEB - reflects the actual nutritional POPULATION - The basic unit of community structure of a community. It can help to identify structure, defined as a group of organisms of the feeding patterns typical of herbivores (plant same kin eaters),carnivores (flesh eaters), and omnivores HABITAT is the physical location in the Cross feeding - cooperative interactions environment to which an organism has adapted. between at least two microbial species to defeat a single substrate. MUTUALISM - Mutually beneficial associations COMMENSALISM - is one-sided and independent Syntrophy - Many commensal unions involve co- metabolism, meaning that the waste AMMONIFICATION - Conversion of organic products of the first microbe are useful nutrients nitrogen ammonium by action of composer. for the second one. NITRIFICATION - Anaerobic microbial process PARASITISM - is an intimate relationship by which specialized bacteria oxidase ammonium whereby a parasite derives its nutrients and to nitrite, then nitrate habitat from a host that is usually harmed in the process. DENITRIFICATION- Completed the nitrogen cycle, a series of reduction reactions that convert Competition - one microbe gives off nitrate to atmospheric nitrogen. antagonistic substances that inhibit or kill susceptible species sharing its habitat. EUTROPHICATION - the process by which a bodied water becomes in rich dissolves nutrient PREDATOR - is a form of consumer that (such as nitrate and phosphate) that stimulates actively seeks out and ingests live prey the growth of aquatic plant like usually results in (protozoa that prey on algae and bacteria). decrease of dissolve oxygen. SCAVENGERS - are nutritional jacks-of-all- Sulfur cycle & Phosphorus cycle - both trades; they feed on a variety of food sources, elements exist mostly in solid form and originate ranging from live cells to dead cells and wastes. from natural sedimentary deposits in rocks, oceans, and lakes and not from the atmosphere. Biogeochemical cycles - Essential elements such as carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, BIODEGRADATION - A process where in oxygen, and iron are recharged through biological systems is employed for moving biological, geologic, and chemical mechanisms. environmental pollutants in natural/ artificial setting. Gaia theory - Proposes that living organism interact with their inorganic surrounding on earth BOGS - type of wet land ecosystem, wet, soongy, to form synergistic and self regulatory system. fully trained pa eat/ rich soil. Carbon cycle - is more intimately associated HUMUS - the slowly decaying organic litter from with the energy transfers and trophic patterns in plant and animal tissues. The humus content the biosphere than are other elements. varies with climate, temperature, moisture and mineral content, and microbial action. Nitrogen cycle - is relatively more intricate than other cycles because it involves such a diversity Rhizosphere - thin layer of soil directy in contact of specialized microbes to maintain the flow of with the roots and a soil microorganisms that form the cycle. of root microbio vital in plant growth and development. Greenhouse effect - the amounts of heat entering and leaving are balanced, the mean MYCORRHIZAE - is a symbiotic relationship temperature of the earth will not rise or fall in an between a fungus and a root system. erratic or life-threatening way. Hydrologic cycle - it is a biogeo chemical cycle Greenhouse gases - appear to be increasing at that involves continuous movement of water on, a rate that could disrupt the temperature above and below the surface of the earth. balance. AQUIFER - is a body of rock and/or sediment that Nitrogen fixation - process that converts holds ground water. It is a underground reservoir. atmospheric nitrogen into amonia and related nitrogens compound. Photic zone - A lake is stratified vertically into three zones, or strata. The uppermost region. Root nodules - The infection of legume roots by extends from the surface to the lowest limit of these gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped sunlight penetration. bacteria causes the formation of special nitrogen-fixing organs. Profundal zone - Directly beneath the photic zone lies which extends from the edge of the Microbial loop - simply a model of pathways of photic zone to the lake sediment carbon and nutrient cycling through microbial component Benthic zone or sediment - itself is composed of organic debris and mud, and it PLANKTON - a floating microbial community lies directly on the bedrock that forms the lake that drifts with wave action and current. basin. A major member of this assemblage is the Littoral zone or horizontal zonation - phytoplankton, containing a variety of includes the shoreline, or an area of relatively photosynthetic algae and cyanobacteria. shallow water. PHYTOPLANKTON - provide nutrition for Limnetic zone - The open, deeper water zooplankton beyond the littoral zone. *The upper region, called the EPILIMNION, is ESTUARY - unique zone where the river meets warmest, and the deeper hypolimnion is cooler. the sea. Between these is a buffer zone This region fluctuates in salinity, is very high in THERMOCLINE - which ordinarily prevents the nutrients, and supports a specialized microbial mixing of the two. community. It is often dominated by salt- tolerant species of Pseudomonas and Vibrio OLIGOTROPHIC - Nutrient-deficient aquatic ecosystems. Abyssal zone - sunlight does not penetrate; deepest layer. EUTROPHICATION - The addition of excess quantities of nutrients to aquatic ecosystems. Most probable number (MPN) procedure - detects coliforms by a series of presumptive, COLIFORMS - that are often found in other confirmatory, and completed tests. habitats (soil, water) Revised Total Coliform Rule - Do allow for a Fecal coliforms - live mainly in human and small number of total coliform-positive samples, animal intestines. there is no acceptable level for fecal coliforms, enterococci, viruses, or patho-genic protozoans MEMBRANE FILTER - method is a widely used in drinking water rapid method suitable for the field or lab to process and test larger quantities of water.