Microbe Scope and History of Microbiology PDF

Dr. Wan Syaidatul Aqma Wan Mohd Noor BSc Microbiology (UKM), PhD Environmental Microbiology (Dublin City University, Ireland) Email: [email protected] Office: 3176, Level 3, Bangunan Biologi WSAqma_UKM 1 Lecture contents 1. Scope and History 7. Ste...

Dr. Wan Syaidatul Aqma Wan Mohd Noor BSc Microbiology (UKM), PhD Environmental Microbiology (Dublin City University, Ireland) Email: [email protected] Office: 3176, Level 3, Bangunan Biologi WSAqma_UKM 1 Lecture contents 1. Scope and History 7. Sterilization and of Microbiology Disinfection 2. Characteristics of 8. Antimicrobial Prokaryotic & theraphy Eukaryotic Cells 9. Disease and 3. Bacterial Epidemiology Taxonomy 10. Nonspecific Defences 4. Growth and 11. Specific Defences Culturing of Bacteria 5. Fungi 12. Important Diseases 6. Viruses 13. Environmental Microbiology 14. Applied Microbiology WSAqma_UKM 2  Scope & History of Microbiology Dr. Wan Syaidatul Aqma WSAqma_UKM 3 CONTRIBUTION OF EACH SCIENTIST? a) Robert Hook b) van Leeuwenhoek c) Louise Pasteur d) Robert Koch e) Alexander Fleming f) Joseph Lister g) Paul Ehrlich WSAqma_UKM 4  HISTORY of the golden age of Microbiology Louis Pasteur Leuwenhoek Robert Koch WSAqma_UKM 5 “The Triumph of Death” by Pieter Breughel, the Elder Italy-France- Year: 1347 Bubonic plague England- ‘’The Black Death’’ northern Europe epidemic 10 millions died *widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time. 300 years!!! WSAqma_UKM 6 Museo del Prado, Madrid WSAqma_UKM 7  1665 Robert Hooke Compound microscope Observed Used simple magnifying slices of cork lens “Little boxes” or Cells -all living things are made of cells Hooke's Microscope Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was inspired by this publication WSAqma_UKM 8 (1632-1723) Anton van Leeuwenhoek (“layu-wen-hook”) First “Animalcules” observation of described live living cells (200- microorganisms that he 300X mag.) observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, Diarrheal feces and food. Publish paper: Protozoa, algae,yeast, fungi, WSAqma_UKM bacteria 9 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek’s microscope 3-4” microscope Required good lighting and PATIENCE He constructed more than 400 microscopes! WSAqma_UKM 10 Theories of The Cell Theory 1. All cells are the fundamental units of life and 2. carry out all MICROBIOLOGY basic functions of living things The Germ Theory of Disease States that : microorganisms can invade other organisms and cause disease DISEASE!!! Microorganism/ GERMS Mid 19th People THINK: SPONTANEOUS ‘‘Microorganisms Broth Broth GENERATION arose from Living organisms arise non-living thing’’ from nonliving matter Clear Cloudy WSAqma_UKM 11 The Germ Theory of Disease 1835 Agostino Bassi showed a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus. 1865 Pasteur believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan. 1840s Ignaz Semmelwise advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever (Postpartum infections, also known as childbed fever) from one Obstetrics (OB) patient to another. WSAqma_UKM 12 The Germ Theory of Disease 1860s Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections after looking at Pasteur’s work showing microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases. 1876 Robert Koch provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Koch’s postulates, used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease. WSAqma_UKM 13  The idea that life could arise spontaneously Spontaneous from nonliving matter Ex: Toads and Mice could arise from soil Generation Until the 18th century this believe existed 1668 FRANCESCO REDI’S EXPERIMENTS WITH MEAT Francesco Redi 1st one to disprove Flies laid eggseggs developed into larvae spontaneous generation covered covered uncovered No maggots Maggots Disproved that maggots arise from decaying meat!! Maggots did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat Maggots appeared ONLY when flies were allowed to leave their eggs WSAqma_UKM 14 on the meat  Spontaneous Generation John Needham’s Italian priest Lazzaro experiments (1745) Spallanzani (1765) Proved (??) Similar to Needham’s Experiments spontaneous generation He showed that heating a in chicken broth sealed flask of meat broth Heated Nutrient Fluids prevented growth of and poured them into organism Skeptics claimed—lack of covered flasks O2 prevented growth!! Hot Mutton Turbid Claim: ‘vital force’ CLEAR necessary for SG gravy broth destroyed by heat broth and was kept out Maybe air contaminate the broth of the flasks by 15 WSAqma_UKM after boiled? the seal WSAqma_UKM 16 COMPETITION (1859) French Academy of Science To throw new light on the question of SPONTANEOUS GENERATION Louis Pasteur (French chemist) & John Tyndall (English) WSAqma_UKM 17 1861: The Theory of Biogenesis Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in. A “swan-necked” flask that Pasteur used in refuting the theory of spontaneous generation WSAqma_UKM 18 1861: The Theory of Biogenesis living cells arise only from preexisting living cells PASTEUR’S EXPERIMENT Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in. A “swan-necked” flask that Pasteur used in refuting the theory of spontaneous generation *In this way Pasteur disprovedWSAqma_UKM the theory of spontaneous generation 19 Louis Pasteur (1861) Spontaneous Generation finally disproved Boiled broth in long-s-shaped necked flasks (unsealed) Remained sterile Proved that microorganisms are present in air, but air does not create microbes Beginning of the golden age of microbiology WSAqma_UKM 20  The Golden Age of Microbiology! 1857-1914 Louis Pasteur (finally disproved spontaneous generation after many years of debate) Robert Koch (proof of germ theory) Other pioneers in Microbiology WSAqma_UKM 21 Who’s Louis Pasteur??? 1822 – 1895 Developed pasteurization technique Development of vaccines – rabies vaccine from the dried spinal cords of infected rabbits WSAqma_UKM 22  Pasteur — Father of Microbiology 1857- Louis Pasteur saves France’s wine industry Napoleon III begged Pasteur (a chemist by training) to help solve a problem Sailors were rebelling b/c their wine was spoiling after only a few weeks at sea Pasteur armed with his trusty microscope accepted the challenge Microbes can be destroyed by heat Aseptic Technique Pasteurization to prevent wine and beer spoilage (by bacteria) Pasteurization? WSAqma_UKM 23 1857-Louis Pasteur saves France’s wine FUN facts! 1) Good wine contained yeast 2) Sour wine contained bacterium (Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid). 1) He reasoned that ‘if wine is heated to destroy the harmful bacteria, it wouldn’t spoil’ (process known as Pasteurization) WSAqma_UKM 24 1) Fermentation and Pasteurization Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation. Fermentation is the conversation of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine. Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food. Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid). WSAqma_UKM 25 Fermentation and Pasteurization Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine. This application of a high heat for a short time is called pasteurization. WSAqma_UKM 26 1.4 Figure  Pasteur’s Tomb in the Crypt of the Pasteur Institute in Paris WSAqma_UKM 27  Who’s Robert Koch (1843-1910) Physician in Germany Identified bacterium causes anthrax Found a way to grow bacteria in pure cultures Koch’s postulates: one organism-one disease concept Identified bacterium causes tuberculosis Bacillus anthracis Nobel prizes in 1905 WSAqma_UKM 28 Techniques for So; Studying Hesse suggested that agar could be used as a solidifying agent Microorganisms Method to grow bacteria in ‘pure cultures’ Streaking bacterial suspension on potato Richard Petri developed the petri dish which was used to contain the solid slices and then on culture media (agar and nutrients) solidified gelatin MELT in incubator!!! Robert Koch used these techniques to isolate the bacterium that caused tuberculosis (pure cultures) Early Contributors to Bacteriology Angelina and Walther Hesse 29 WSAqma_UKM Pure cultures WSAqma_UKM 30  1. Koch’s Postulates (1884) 1. The microbe must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy 2. organisms 2. The suspected microbe must be isolated and grown in a pure culture 3. The same disease must result 3. when the isolated microbe is inoculated into a healthy host 4. The same microbe must be isolated again from the diseased host 4. 31 ONE organism, ONE disease WSAqma_UKM The steps of Koch's postulates used to relate a specific microorganism to a specific disease. 1-Microorganisms are observed in a sick animal and cultivated in the lab. 2-The organisms are injected into a healthy animal, and the animal develops the disease. 3-The organisms are observed in the sick animal 4-Reisolated in the lab. LIKE IT OR NOT YOU HAVE TO REMEMBER THIS STEPS! WSAqma_UKM 32  Koch also discovered: Koch and his coworkers Bacterium cause discovered that bacteria tuberculosis caused: -staining technique TUBERCULOSIS -DISPROVED: TB CHOLERA was inherited DIPTHERIA TYPHOID FEVER GONORRHEA PNEUMONIA 1905: Nobel Prize for Physiology & Medicine WSAqma_UKM 33 Work toward Controlling Infections Washing hand in labor Encourage sanitary practice Prevent childbirth fever Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818-1865) Austria WSAqma_UKM 34 Joseph Lister & Antiseptic Surgery (1869) ‘FATHER OF ANTISEPTIC SURGERY’ Dilute carbolic acid on bandages and instruments to reduce infection Decreased surgical wound infections in his surgical wards WSAqma_UKM 35  1)Immunology 4)Genetics and molecular biology 2)Virology Emergence of special fields of Microbiology 3)Chemotherapy 5)Genomics WSAqma_UKM 36  Immunology is the study of immunity. Vaccines and interferons are being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases. 1) Immunology VACCINIA: (Vacca, Latin name for cow) Edward Janner Ancient Chinese: smallpox Louis Pasteur took dried scabs from lesions Elie Metchnikoff of people who were Disease depends on: recovering Microorganisms ground into invading host powder>sniff>PROTECTED! Host response to invasion WSAqma_UKM 37  1) Immunology Pioneer in Immunology: Elie 1) Edward Jenner (1796) 2) Pasteur: rabies & Metchnikoff -Milkmaid who got cholera (1879) cowpox: did not get Certain cells in the smallpox body-ingest -Jenner heard a milkmaid microbes say, “I shall never have smallpox for I have had Phagocytes cowpox. Old ‘cell eating’ -Inoculate 8 y/o with chicken cowpox---after 8 weeks--- cholera NO disease culture 1st STEP in inoculate smallpox--- symptoms understanding PROTECTED! IMMUNITY HEALTHY! Identification of phagocytes as cells defend the Fresh chicken cholera culture body against Vaccination w/ cowpox provided invading m/o immunity for smallpox Chicken immunised HOW? against chicken cholera WSAqma_UKM 38 WSAqma_UKM 39  Vaccination: Inoculation of healthy individuals with weakened (or attenuated) forms of microorganisms, that would otherwise cause disease, to provide protection, or active immunity from disease upon later exposure. Pasteur and Roux reported that incubating cultures longer than normal in the lab resulted in ATTENUATED bacteria that could no longer cause disease. Working with chicken cholera (caused by Pasteurella multocida), they noticed that animals injected with attenuated cultures were resistant to the disease. Pasteur and Chamberland developed other vaccines: Attenuated anthrax vaccine Chemical and heat treatment (potassium bichromate) Attenuated rabies vaccine Propagated the virus in rabbit following injection of infected brain and spinal cord extracts WSAqma_UKM 40 Vaccination WSAqma_UKM 41  2)Virology Charles Porcelain filter: The agent remain infectious after Chamberland filtered out (1884) Martinus 1st characterised Virus Beijerinck -replicate in host cells Wendell Crystalised Tobacco Mosaic Virus Stanley protein + RNA (1935) TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS A helical core of RNA surrounded by a coat consisting of repeating protein units. The structure of the particles is so regular that the viruses can beWSAqma_UKM crystallized. 42  History Reska (1938) – First Electron Microscope The electron microscope is capable of magnifying biological specimens up to one million times. Enhanced images of 1. smallpox, 2. herpes simplex, and 3. mumps are magnified, respectively, 150,000, 150,000 and 90,000 times. To study detail structures of viruses. 1st VIRUS observed with an electron microscope (1939) WSAqma_UKM 43  Opium poppy: morphine 3) Chemotherapy Treatment with chemicals is chemotherapy. Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics. Antibiotics are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes. Thomas Sydenham: Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat malaria. Paul Ehrlich (1910) Hospital dermatologist Pioneer in the development of chemotherapy for infectious disease ‘’Magic bullet”: chemical would destroy specific bacteria w/o damaging surrounding tissues Salvarsan (arsenic derivative Paul Ehrlich /Compound 606 WSAqma_UKM >>>>Syphilis 44  Antibiotics 1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic. >>>He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus. 1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced. WSAqma_UKM 45 1.5 Figure  Selected Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine 1901* von Behring Diphtheria antitoxin 1902 Ross Malaria transmission 1905 Koch TB bacterium 1908 Metchnikoff Phagocytes 1945 Fleming, Chain, Florey Penicillin 1952 Waksman Streptomycin 1969 Delbrück, Hershey, Luria Viral replication 1987 Tonegawa Antibody genetics 1997 Prusiner Prions WSAqma_UKM 46 * The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. CONTRIBUTION OF EACH SCIENTIST? a) Robert Hook b) van Leeuwenhoek c) Louise Pasteur d) Robert Koch e) Alexander Fleming f) Joseph Lister g) Paul Ehrlich WSAqma_UKM 47 Checklist Cell theory Spontaneous generation Germ theory of disease Koch’s postulates WSAqma_UKM 48  Founders of Microbiology (Review) First observed microbes— Leeuwenhoek Proved living cells can arise only from other living cells---Pasteur Confirmed the Germ Theory of Disease --Koch WSAqma_UKM 49 Scope of Microbiology 1. The variety 2. The kinds kinds of of work microbes microbiologist do WSAqma_UKM 50 Domain1: Domain 2: Classification of Microorganisms Domain 3: Animals Protists Plants Fungi WSAqma_UKM 51 Domain1: Domain 2: Bacteria Archaea Classification of Microorganisms Domain 3: Eukarya Animals Protists Plants Fungi WSAqma_UKM 52  1. 7. Microorganisms 2. 6. 3. 5. 4. WSAqma_UKM 53 Bacteria Algal bloom Fungi Protozoa AIDS virus WSAqma_UKM 54 Giardia intestinalis 1. Bacteria (singular: bacterium) Prokaryotes Single-celled, no nucleus, lack membrane-enclosed intracellular structure Peptidoglycan cell walls Shapes: spherical, rod, spiral Binary fission For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis Stationary/motile WSAqma_UKM 55 Figure 1.1a  2. Archaea Very similar group to bacteria Prokaryotic-single celled, no nucleus Lack peptidoglycan Lipids, cell wall and flagella differ from those of bacteria Live in extreme environments Include: Methanogens:produce methane as a metabolic byproduct Extreme halophiles Extreme thermophiles WSAqma_UKM 564.5b Figure WSAqma_UKM 57  DEEP SEA HYDROTHERMAL VENT ‘Black smoker’ Suhu sehingga 400 °C!!! WSAqma_UKM 58 3. Fungi (singular: fungus) Eukaryotes Chitin cell walls Use organic chemicals for energy Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae Yeasts are unicellular Widely distributed in water and soil as decomposers of dead organisms Some are important in medicine: antibiotics WSAqma_UKM 591.1b Figure Struktur kulat Filamen = Hifa Keseluruhan hifa = miselium Struktur pembiakan =kandul spora/fruiting body WSAqma_UKM 60 Yis - Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pembiakan: Pewarnaan menggunakan pertunasan/budding methylene blue WSAqma_UKM 61  4. Viruses Acellular - too small to be seen with a light microscope Composed of nucleic acid and protein Consist of DNA or RNA core Core is surrounded by a protein coat Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell Bacteriophage: viruses that infect bacteria Viroids: nucleic acid without a protein coating Prions: Infectious proteinaeceous particles WSAqma_UKM 62 WSAqma_UKM 63 5. Algae (singular: alga) Defined cell nucleus and membrane- enclosed intracellular structure Cellulose cell walls Use photosynthesis for energy Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds Fresh water and marine environmentsWSAqma_UKM 641.1d Figure 6. Algae Figure 1.1d WSAqma_UKM 65 6. Protozoa (singular: protozoan) Single-celled Have a nucleus (membrane-bound) and other intracellular structures Absorb or ingest organic chemicals May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella Water and soil environment WSAqma_UKM 661.1c Figure  Protozoa WSAqma_UKM 67 7. Multicellular Animal Parasites Eukaryote Multicellular animals Parasitic flatworms and round worms are called helminths. Microscopic stages in life cycles. WSAqma_UKM Figure68 12.28 FUN facts! WSAqma_UKM 69  FUN facts! WSAqma_UKM 70 Microbes in OUR life WSAqma_UKM 71 Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis WSAqma_UKM 72 Produce industrial chemicals such as ethyl alcohol and acetone WSAqma_UKM 73 Produce products used in manufacturing (e.g., cellulase) and treatment (e.g., insulin) WSAqma_UKM 74 nzyme WSAqma_UKM 75 Designer jeans: Made by microbes Stone washing/softener: Trichoderma cellulases Cotton fabric: G. xylinus cellulose Bleaching: Yeast peroxidase Indigo: P. putida Plastic zip and packaging: 25 bacteria (biodegradable) WSAqma_UKM 76 Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese and bread WSAqma_UKM 77 DECONTAMINATE WASTES WSAqma_UKM 78  Deepwater Horizon oil spill The last (and only) defense against the ongoing Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico is tiny—billions of hydrocarbon-chewing microbes, such as Alcanivorax borkumensis. “Microbial degradation is much quicker," says microbial ecologist Kenneth Lee The dispersants can also stimulate microbial growth. Bacteria will chew on the dispersants as well as the oil." WSAqma_UKM 79 Modern era of the vaccine 1885 1960s Rabies vaccine Mumps measles and rubella virus (Pasteur) Sabin polio 1920 1985 Diphtheria and Tetanus Haemophilus 1934 1990s Pertussis Hepatitis and varicella 1954  2000 Salk polio Human Papillomavirus WSAqma_UKM (HPV) 80 80 Herd Immunity a form of indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of a population has become IMMUNE to an infection, thereby providing a measure of protection for individuals who are not immune WSAqma_UKM 81 Antibiotics WSAqma_UKM 82 Knowledge of microorganisms Allows humans to  Prevent food spoilage  Prevent disease occurrence Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories. WSAqma_UKM 83 Decompose organic waste WSAqma_UKM 84 Microbes and Agriculture Nitrogen fixation 1. association between plants (legumes) and bacteria 2. reduce need for fertilizer Rumen microbes in cattle and sheep allow them to breakdown/digest grass and hay Nutrient cycling (C, N and S) Plant and animal diseases WSAqma_UKM 85 WHY microorganisms are especially useful in research? 1. Have relatively simple structures 2. Large numbers of microbes can be used in an experiment to obtain statistically reliable results at a reasonable cost 3. Reproduce quickly so they are useful for studies involving transfer of genetic information WSAqma_UKM 86  CDC (US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Federal agency Collects data about diseases Developing ways to control them. WSAqma_UKM 87 Fields of Microbiology WSAqma_UKM 89 Bio-fuel WSAqma_UKM 90  Inspecting plastics made with as much as 40% starch (pieces inside baskets) for signs that aquatic microbes are degrading them WSAqma_UKM 91 WSAqma_UKM 92 Using beating nets to survey for ticks that can spread disease to livestock and humans WSAqma_UKM 93 Keeping pets and domestic animals healthy, as well as improving their productivity, by means of advances in veterinary science WSAqma_UKM 94 WSAqma_UKM 95  Water safety WSAqma_UKM 96 WSAqma_UKM 97 WSAqma_UKM 98 WSAqma_UKM 99