Introduction to Microbiology PDF

INTRODUCTIO N AND HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOG Y MICROBIOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY (greek: micros=small, bios=life, logos=study of) is the science of living organisms that are visible only under the microscope. A microscope (from the Ancient Greek: μικρός, mikrós, "small" and σκοπεῖν, skopeîn, "to look"...

INTRODUCTIO N AND HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOG Y MICROBIOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY (greek: micros=small, bios=life, logos=study of) is the science of living organisms that are visible only under the microscope. A microscope (from the Ancient Greek: μικρός, mikrós, "small" and σκοπεῖν, skopeîn, "to look" or "see") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using such an instrument. Microbiology: the branch of biology that studies microorganisms and their effects on humans Medical microbiology : includes the study of mechanisms of infectious disease and immunity (immunology), the methods of therapy and prophylaxis of infectious diseases Nursing Microbiology: Is the application of the knowledge of medical microbiology at the bedside of the patients during nursing care. Basic principles of various procedures are drawn from the science of microbiology WHY STUDY MICROBIOLOGY We have micro organism living on and in our bodies (e.g., on our skin and in our mouths and intestinal tract), approximately 10 times as many microbes. these microbes are known as our indigenous microflora. Some of the microbes that colonize (inhabit) our bodies are known as opportunistic pathogens (or opportunists). Although these microbes usually do not cause us any problems, they have the potential to cause infections if they gain access to a part of our anatomy where they do not belong. Microbes are essential for life.For example, some microbes produce oxygen by the process known as photosynthesis. Photosynthetic algae and bacteria (such as cyanobacteria) produce much of the oxygen in our atmosphere. Many microbes are involved in the decomposition of dead organisms and the waste products of living organisms. Collectively, they are referred to as decomposers or saprophytes. Some microbes are capable of decomposing industrial wastes (oil spills, for example). Thus, we can use microbes—genetically engineered microbes, in some cases—to clean up after ourselves. The use of microbes in this manner is called bioremediation. Many microbes are involved in elemental cycles, such as the carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorous cycles. Algae and bacteria serve as food for tiny animals; they are important links in food chains are important links in food chains Some microbes live in the intestinal tracts of animals, where they aid in the digestion of food and, in some cases, produce substances that are of value to the host animal. Microbes are used in many industries; e.g., food, beverage, chemical, and antibiotic industries and in genetic engineering In genetic engineering, a gene or genes from one organism is/are inserted into a bacterial or yeast cell; the cell that receives the new gene(s) is then capable of producing the gene product(s) coded for by the new gene(s) The use of living organisms or their derivatives to make or modify useful products or processes is call biotechnology IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY Importance of microbiology in nursing practice: 1. Use of microbiology in nursing is concerned with diagnosis. It also helps to see how the patient’s health progresses during the treatment. 2. Nurses use hot water or antiseptic as a measure to sterilize the surgical knives, needles, scissors and other metals instruments to free from microbes. They also use alcohol to clean the wounds as they know that alcohol destroys germs. 3. Microbiology also gives knowledge to nurses on how to handle a patient and his samples infected with communicable diseases. Hence they use hand gloves, face masks to prevent being infected themselves. 4. Many patients admitted to the hospital are prescribed with antibiotic as part of treatment. But not all of them will be effective for the patients. Then to test effectiveness, the patient’s sputum, fecal, urine or blood samples are taken. This sample is examined for the type of microbe and based on the identification, a suitable antibiotic is prescribed. 5. The nurse can also identify the blood groups of the people by simple immune reactions. Identification of blood group helps to infuse correct blood group in case of emergency and avoid complications. 6. It also helps detect diseases like Tuberculosis by simple skin test namely the Mantoux test. Also, diagnostic tests like Elisa, electrophoresis and radioimmunoassay also use principles of microbiology for identification of disease. IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY IN PHARMACY Pharmacy and pharmaceutical companies use microbiology extensively. It is used ▫ For the production of medicines like antibiotics, enzymes, vaccines, insulin, vitamins, steroids, etc. Some of the substance are exclusively obtained from microbial cultures. ▫ Vitamin B and vitamin k synthesis IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY IN PHARMACY Most antibiotics are obtained only from microbes. Vitamin-B12 (cyanocobalamin) is obtained from a culture of bacteria. Similarly, human insulin for diabetics is purely derived from the microbial culture by rDNA technology. Then rDNA technique involving E.coli bacteria was adopted to produce large amounts of human insulin which are even safe. IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY IN PHARMACY ▫ Enzymes like streptokinase which help in the breakdown of clots are obtained from bacteria. ▫ Vaccines are the medicines which help to prevent diseases and infections in future. There are different types of vaccines and of them live and dead vaccines are produced from bacteria. ▫ Vitamins like especially vitamin B-12 (cyanocobalamin) is obtained from bacterial fermentation of genetically modified bacteria. IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY IN PHARMACY For sterilization of manufactured drugs. Manufactured drugs have an expiry date. This expiry date indicates till when the drug is active. Presence of microorganisms can enhance the degradation of the drug. Also, their presence can cause new infections to the patient when administered. IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY IN PHARMACY New drug discovery: Also, many new drugs are in the search by use of microbiology. Since many antibiotics, enzymes etc. were derived from microbes; still, the microorganisms are searched for more new drugs. IMPORTANCE OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY: Study of microbial diseases; i.e., what microorganism cause diseases like protozoa, bacterial, viral, fungal, etc. Their mechanism and pathology of illness etc. Diagnosis of disease; Even diagnosis of the disease-causing microbe is taught to give right drug and combat infection effectively. This diagnosis includes methods like microscopic observation, ELISA tests, western-blot, etc. IMPORTANCE OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY: Treatment of disease. One cannot blindly give an antibiotic if there is an infection. Identification of specific microbe helps to decide which antibiotic is needed. For example presence of mycobacterium requires anti-TB antibiotics and not routine antibiotics for complete cure. This identification of the specific organism is possible by microbiological assays. IMPORTANCE IN AGRICULTURE: Natural Pesticides: Few microbes like bacteria and virus are exploited against pest attacking farm crops. Hence they are called natural pesticides. They are so specific to the pests or insects and don’t cause any harm to the plant or animals and humans. IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY AGRICULTURE Natural manures: Few microbes like algae and bacteria are grown up to enhance soil fertility by fixing nitrogen and also water retaining the capacity of the soil. Thus they also maintain soil microbiology suitable for plant growth. Crop rotation is a technique adopted by farmers to enhance soil fertility by use of microbes in roots of leguminous plants. IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY AGRICULTURE Decompose the waste: Microbes decompose the synthetic pesticide residues and other toxic material in agriculture soil and thereby protecting farms from toxin accumulation. IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY IN THE ENVIRONMENT Microbes in the environment play an important role in scavenging. This means they clear any dead and decaying matter on the surface, in air and water. Without microbes, this earth would have been full of corpses, i.e., dead bodies. Microbes decay any organic substance directly and inorganic substances indirectly. Role of microorganisms in wastewater treatment: Wastewater is treated by microbes to free from all garbage. This is termed as biological oxygen demand. i.e., amount of oxygen required by microbes to decay on quintal (100kg) of waste. IMPORTANCE OF SOIL MICROBIOLOGY: Soil microbiology is very important to maintain soil structure and nature. ▫ The layers of soil which have microbes support the growth of plants due to more water and fertility. ▫ Microbes in soil keep up water, the earth having microbes has higher water holding capacity. ▫ The humus is the top layer of soil rich in microbes suitable for plant growth. This is because microbes produce natural organic fertilizers which are compatible and easy to absorb.and also fertility.  In Industry microbiology is highly used in manufacturing and processing of drugs, alcohol, food, etc. Fermentation Process BENEFITS algae and cyanobacteria for the oxygen they breathe Many microbes are responsible in breaking down substances into simplier forms of matter Bioremediation is the decomposition of industrial waste The use of microbes in an antibiotic industry is an example of biotechnology Fermentation and Pasteurization Process ▫ Pasteurization- a process in which wine, beer, and milk are heated to destroy microorganisms that cause spoilage and increase the shelf life of these products is called Formation of Vitamin K and B Production of antibodies in the form of attenuated or weakened vaccine.  Genetic engineering of microorganisms can benefit us in which of the following ways? 1. production of vaccines 2. production of medically important products 3. to engineer plants that are resistant to insects and disease 4. to produce viruses that can deliver genes to correct genetic defects in humans is credited with the discovery of microorganisms using high quality magnifying lenses (early microscopes)? ROBERT HOOKE Credit for the build-up of a compound light microscope and used it to observe thin slice of cork. ALEXANDER FLEMING He discovered lysozyme and linked bacterial growth inhibition to penicillin because of this discovery he won a noble prize. DISCOVERED Penicillin LOUIS PASTEUR this French chemist who developed a process to kill microbes that were causing the wine to spoil THANK YOU!!!!!