Microbiology Lecture Notes PDF

## المحاضرة الاولى **Subject:** Branches of Microbiology **Date:** - Largest and most complex area of biological sciences. - Agricultural microbiology - Biotechnology - Food, dairy, and aquatic microbiology. - Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology. - Public health microbiology and ep...

## المحاضرة الاولى **Subject:** Branches of Microbiology **Date:** - Largest and most complex area of biological sciences. - Agricultural microbiology - Biotechnology - Food, dairy, and aquatic microbiology. - Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology. - Public health microbiology and epidemiology. - Immunology - And more. **Sub-Disciplines of Microbiology:** - Microbiologists are sometimes referred to by the type of microbial system that they study. - **Bacteriology:** Study of Prokaryotes. - **Mycology:** study of fungi. - **Phycology:** study of algae. - **Protozoology:** The study of protozoa. - **Virology:** The study of viruses. - **Immunology:** The study of the immune system. ## تأثير الميكروبات على الأرض **Subject:** The Impact of Microbes on Earth: small organisms with a Giant Effect. **Date:** - **Bacteriol-like organisms in the fossil record as far back as 3.5 billion years ago (Prokaryotes - organisms without a true nucleus).** - **2 billion years later, eukaryotes (organisms with a true nucleus) appeared.** - **[Volutionary Time line** - 3.5 billion years ago: Prokaryotes appeared - 2 billion years ago: Eukaryotes appeared - 1 billion years ago: Cockroaches, termites, reptiles appeared - Present Time: Humans and mammals appeared - **Probable origin earth:** ## The Historical Foundations of Microbiology. **Subject:** The Historical Foundations of Microbiology. **Date:** - Earliest record of microbes was from the work of (Robert Hooke) in the 1660s. - **Robent Hooke (1664):** - English naturalist and architect - May have been the first to see microorganisms. - Coined the word cell to describe what he saw while viewing tree bark. from a Cork oak. ## Introduction to Microbiology **Subject:** Introduction to Microbiology **Date:** - **The scope of Microbiology** - Microbiology: The study of living organisms that are too tiny to observed without the aid of magnification. - Microorganisms or microbes are living entities (such as bacteria, fungi and viruses) that are too minute to be observed with the naked eye but become visible when viewed through a microscope. - While they are commonly labelled as "germs", viruses, or agents, its important to note that not all of them are harmful and many play essential roles in supporting human life. ## در مجموعات الرئيسية من الكائنات الحية الدقيقة : **Subject:** The 5 major groups of microorganisms: **Date:** - The 5 major groups of microorganisms: bacteria, algae, fungi, Protozoa, helminthes (Parasitic invertebrates), and Viruses. - **Viruses:** non-cellular, parasitic protein-coated genetic elements that can infect all living things, including other microorganisms. - Less than 1% of known microorganisms cause disease. ## the Development of Aseptic ta #Techniques: **Subject:** the Development of Aseptic Techniques: **Date:** - Physicians and scientists began to realize that microorganisms can cause disease. - **Joseph Lister** introduced aseptic technique in 1860. Carbonic acid, a chemical antiseptic to prevent surgical wound infections. ## The Discovery of Pathogens and the Germ Theory of Disease. **Subject:** The Discovery of Pathogens and the Germ Theory of Disease. **Date:** - **Louis Pasteur:** - Pasteurization - **The Germ Theory of Disease.** - **Robert Koch:** - Koch's Postulates - Verified the germ theory. ## The General Characterteristics of Microorganisms. **Subject:** The General Characterteristics of Microorganisms. **Date:** - **Cellular organization.** - Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells - Prokaryotic cells are about 10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells - Prokaryotic cells lack many cell structures such as organelles. - All prokaryotes are microorganisms but only some eukaryotes are microorganisms. - **Prokaryotic cell:** cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, nucleoid, flagellum. - **Eukaryotic cell:** cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, etc. ## Antonie van Teeuwenhoek **Subject:** Antonie van Teeuwenhoek **Date:** - 1684 - Dutch fabric merchant - First Personto accurately describe living microbes. - Used a simple microscope (magnifying glass) - Made and reported many detailed observations. ## The Discovery of Microbes **Subject:** The Discovery of Microbes **Date:** - People have long been aware of the effects of microbial growth - Spoilage, disease, decomposition - Microbes are too small to be seen even with hand lenses. - Microscopes changed that ## Germ Theart of Disease. **Subject:** Germ Theart of Disease **Date:** - 1876 - Robert Koch provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax using experimental steps now called the Koch's Postulates. - He was the first to use agar as solid culture medium in bacteriology - **Koch's Postulates** - Disease always in sick, not in well individuals - Isolate microorganism in pure culture on artificial or artificial media. - Infection of a healthy animal host with pure microbe results in the same disease. - Microorganism must be re-isolated from infected animal again. ## The Development of Medical Microbiology. **Subject:** The Development of Medical Microbiology. **Date:** - **Louis Pasteur** worked with infusions in the mid-1800s. - **John Tyndall** showed evidence that some microbes have very high heat resistance and are difficult to destroy. - **Ferdinand Cohn** discovered and described endospores. Term "sterile" was introduced to mean the complete removal of all life forms, including endospores.