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• Microbiology: The branch of science studies living organisms visible only under a microscope.
• Microscopy: The science of investigating small objects and structures using a microscope. It includes the use of microscopes to see objects too small for the naked eye.

Introduction to Microbiology

• Microbiology: The study of organisms too small to see without magnification.
• Microbes: They have coexisted with humans, playing beneficial and detrimental roles in human life since the beginning of civilization.

Types of Microbiology

• Microbiology: Study of microorganisms and their effects on humans.
• Medical Microbiology: Study of infectious disease mechanisms, immunity, therapy methods, as well as the prophylaxis of infectious diseases
• Nursing Microbiology: Applies medical microbiology knowledge to patient care.
• Microbiology: The basic principles of various procedures.

Why Study Microbiology

• Microorganisms: Microbes live on and in human bodies, outnumbering human cells by about 10 to 1. They are known as indigenous microflora.
• Opportunistic Pathogens: Microbes that colonize the body, generally do not cause problems, but can cause infections if they access an area where they don't belong.
• Photosynthesis: Some microbes produce oxygen through photosynthesis, such as photosynthetic algae and bacteria (cyanobacteria), contributing significantly to the atmosphere's oxygen.
• Decomposition: Many microbes assist in the process of breaking down dead organisms and waste products. They are referred to as decomposers or saprophytes.
• Bioremediation: Some microbes, like genetically engineered ones, break down industrial wastes, like oil spills; this process is known as bioremediation.
• Environmental Cycles: Microbes participate in elemental cycles, like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
• Food Chains: Algae and bacteria serve as food for minute animals, thus they become important links.
• Digestion: Some microbes enhance intestinal digestion and create substances for their animal hosts.
• Industries: Microbes are used for food, beverage, chemical, and antibiotic industries, along with genetic engineering.
• Genetic Engineering: The insertion of a gene from one organism into yeast or bacterial cells to produce gene products coded by the new gene
• Biotechnology: Use of living organisms or their derivatives to create or modify useful products, or processes.

Importance of Microbiology in Nursing

• Microbes: They used for diagnoses and monitoring patient progress.
• Sterilization: Sterilization of surgical instruments use hot water or antiseptic to eliminate microbes.
• Infection prevention: They also administer alcohol to clean cuts as an antimicrobial measure.
• Disease Handling: Also provides nurses with the knowledge necessary to treat contagious individuals and their samples.
• Sample Testing: To evaluate antibiotic effectiveness, tests are performend on patient samples like sputum, feces, urine, and blood to identify microbes.
• Blood Identification: The nurse also uses simple immune reactions to evaluate blood groups of people.
• Disease Detection: Helps detect Tuberculosis with the Mantoux test.
• Diagnostic Tests: ELISA, electrophoresis, and radioimmunoassay, use the principles of microbiology to identify diseases.

Importance of Microbiology in Pharmacy

• Pharmaceutical companies: They employ microbiology for medicine and substance production like antibiotics, enzymes, vaccines, insulin, vitamins and steroids.
• Vitamin B and K: They are synthesized in many procedures.
• Antibiotics: Primarily come from microbes.
• Vitamin B-12: Obtained from bacteria culture.
• Human Insulin: Purely derived from microbial culture through rDNA technology for diabetics.
• Safer product adoption: The use of rDNA techniques using E. coli bacteria for human insulin production is regarded as more secure.
• Streptokinase: Enzymes that are used to disintegrates blood clots are derived from bacteria.
• Vaccines: Medicines used to prevent future diseases and infections. Live and dead vaccines are types produced from bacteria.
• Vitamins: Vitamins (especially vitamin B-12) are obtained through bacterial fermentation of genetically modified bacterial fermentation

Importance of Microbiology in Pharmacy

• Sterilization: Ensures manufactured medications are effective until their expiration dates.
• Microorganism degradation: It can cause degradation of drugs, leading to new infections if given to patients..
• New Drug Discovery: Exploring microbes for novel medications, including antibiotics and enzymes.

Importance of Medical Microbiology

• Microbial Diseases: Study of microorganisms causing diseases (protozoa, bacterial, viral, fungal) including their mechanism and pathology.
• Disease Diagnosis: Diagnosing disease-causing microbes to administer the appropriate medication and combat infection which includes microscopic observation, ELISA tests, and western-blot

Importance of Medical Microbiology

• Treatment: Correctly identify the right antibiotic to treat a condition using the identification of specific microbes
• Mycobacterium: The presence of mycobacterium will need anti-TB antibiotics instead of the normal antibiotics.
• Testing: Microbiological assays are critical for the identification of certain organisms.

Importance of Microbiology in Agriculture

• Natural Pesticides: Microbes such as viruses and bacteria are used to target pests of farm crops.
• Natural pesticides: They are natural because they don't severely harm individuals, humans, animals, or wildlife.
• Natural Manures: Algae and bacteria enhance soil fertility through nitrogen fixation, which is a natural process as well as water retention capabilities.
• Crop rotation: It is used by farmers to allow the microbes in the roots to enhance soil fertility.
• Waste Control: Microbes aids in the process to break down synthetic pesticides and other harmful components to safeguard farms from the toxic accumulation.

Importance of Microbiology in the Environment

• Scavenging: Microbes clear decaying matter in air, water, and on surfaces
• Corpses: Without the microbes to breakdown dead bodies and organic material, the Earth would be loaded with these.
• Wastewater treatment: Microbes assist to decompose wastes, measured by the biological demand for oxygen which is needed to decay quintal quantities (100kg).

Importance of Soil of Microbiology

• Soil Protection: Preserving soil nature and structure.
• Soil fertility: Microbes within the soil layers support development of plants due to the increased presence of fertility and water.
• Water retention: Microbes help the soil hold water, the earth having microbes has a greater capacity to hold water.
• Humus: Is rich in organisms, promoting the production of organic plant fertilizers which make it easier for consumers to consume and have fertility.

Industrial Microbiology

• Industry microbiology: A specialized knowledge used in industries like pharmaceutical and drug, alcohol, food and beverage creation.

• Process: Fermentation

• Microbiology includes the study of: Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, Algae, Protozoa.

Effects on Humans

• Beneficial Microorganisms:
  • Food production, like bread and wine
  • Industrial uses: Enzymes, amino acids, and antibiotic products.
  • Agriculture: The bacteria promotes element recycling.
• Harmful Microorganisms:
  • Food spoilage
  • Bacterial, viral and fungal diseases.

Benefits of Microbiology

• Photosynthesis: Algae and cyanobacteria produce oxygen.
• Decomposers: Microbes break down substances into simpler forms.
• Bioremediation: The decomposition of industrial waste.
• Biotechnology: Its use in the antibiotic industry.
• Pasteurization: Is a mechanism used to kill damaging microbes to increase an item's life span as well as destroy bacteria in foods in the field of microbiology
• Vitamins: Used in the development of Vitamin K and B
• Vaccines: Microbes are attenuated to produce antibodies.
• Genetic Modification: It can benefit us through:
  • Vaccine Creation
  • Manufacturing goods of importance of medicine
  • Designing insect-resistant plants
  • Produce viruses to help in the correct gene delivery

History of Microbiology

• Hippocrates: It began in the 3rd century BC and began with his documentation's on human sickness and infection.
• Alexander the Great's death thought to be caused by malaria (Plasmodium falciparum), a mosquito-borne disease
• Yersinis pestis caused the Black Death between 1347 and 1351.
• Irish potato famine (1845-1849) was caused by potato blight (Phytophthora Infestans).

Invention of Microscope

• Microscopes: The development allowed in the modern field of microbiology
• Zacharias Jansen: Introduced and designed the first compound microscope.
• Robert Hooke: (1665) First to observe cells by using a magnification device.
• Anton von Leeuwenhoek was the first to accurately describe microbes in 1674.
  • Von Leeuwenhoek noted the description of bacteria and microorganisms as "Animalcules".

Scientists

• Aristotle: Lived around 350BC, the belief in the spontaneous generation of life from nonliving matter originated with him.
• Robert Hooke: Improved microscopes, and used it to see a thin slice of a cork
• Alexander Fleming: Discovered lysozyme and linked bacterial growth inhibition to penicillin, and received Nobel Prize.
  • Discovered penicillin
• Francesco Redi disproved spontaneous generation of flys for decaying meat when entry of fly's were prevented
• John Needham showed that broth that has been boiled would form into cloud when it was left out.
• Lazzaro spallanzani- Disputed spontaneous generation, revealing microbes come from air
  • No growth observed until flasks were opened.
  • Spallanzani demonstrated that microbes existed everywhere.

Louis Pasteur

• Louis Pasteur: Known as the father of medical microbiology, worked during the mid-to-late 1800s
• Louis Pasteur: Developed a technique to eliminate microbes responsible for the spoilage of wine.
• Louis suggested that, instead of being produced spontaneously, the living beings in broth originated elsewhere.

Louis Pasteur

• In Pasteur's research, no microorganisms were able to proliferate in the broth.
• Germ Theory: Louis Pasteur supported the germ theory which determined bacteria as a cause of infections.
• Pasteurization: He confirmed bacteria could be eliminated through boiling and then freezing of liquids.

Scientists Contributions

• Louis Pasteur: Devised the Germ Theory
• Louis Pasteur: The development of sterilization strategies
• Louis Pasteur: The growth of techniques for growing microbes
• Louis Pasteur: The development of pasteurization procedure
• Louis Pasteur: Studies on lethal conditions such as rabies and Anthrax
• Louis Pasteur: He created a weakened vaccine, which consisted of Anthrax as well as a rabies vaccine.
• Joseph Lister- Known as the father for antiseptic surgery whom recognized infections were caused by microbes.
• Joseph Lister: He developed the method to remove microbes by a mist of carbolic into hospital rooms which further caused decreased deaths due to these conditions.
• Robert Koch developed the method called Koch's postulates to determine what agent caused conditions.

Koch's Postulates

• The microorganism or other pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease.
• The pathogen can be isolated from the disease host and grown in pure culture.
• The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.
• The pathogen must be reisolated from the new host and shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen.

Koch's Other Contributions

• Staining method of bacteria observation
• Hanging method to detect motility
• Isolating with a pure substance is done by planting the organism on a solid medium
• Koch's postulates

Edward Jenner

• His study consisted in the study of milkmaids and their condition of Cowpox allowing them to generate protection from Smallpox.
• Edwards tested this theory by injecting a boy who showed no signs of disease from pus of Cowpox.
• The procedure resulted in the first creation of a vaccine for Smallpox

Discovery of Microbes that have caused disease

• Leprosy bacillus - Hansen 1874
• Gonococcus - Neisser 1879
• Typhoid bacillus - Eberth 1880
• Staphylococcus - Ogston 1881
• Diptheria bacillus - Loeffler 1884
• Tetanus bacillus in soil - Nicolaier 1884
• Pneumococcus - Fraenkel 1886
• Meningococcus - Weicheselbaum 1887

Milestones in immunization

• Vaccines: Consisted again plague and typhoid fever in the year 1897.
• Vaccines: Consisted of BCG by Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin in 1924
• Vaccines: Against yellow fever in the year 1938
• Vaccines: Against Polio (Jonas Salk) in the year 1953
• Vaccines: Against Hepatitis B in the year 1963
• Vaccines: The eradication of the smallpox vaccine was created in the year 1979

Defense against infections

• Paul Ehlrich proposed in 1891 that antibodies promote more immunity in humans
• A cure was created for the Sypillis condition in 1910 through the aid of Alexander Felmming
• Gerhard J. Domagk aided and developed an antibacterial agent called Prontosil to eliminate streptococcus which aided in the growth of mice cells
• H.Boyd Woodruff and Selman Waksman discovered Actinomycin for human bodies through soil.