Infectious Diseases: RNA Viruses and Symptoms

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Questions and Answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

OLIGOTROPHIC = Nutrient-deficient aquatic ecosystems EUTROPHICATION = Nutrient-deficient aquatic ecosystems COLIFORMS = Microorganisms found in human and animal intestines

Match the following terms with their characteristics:

Pseudomonas and Vibrio = Salt-tolerant species COLIFORMS = Microorganisms found in soil and water Fecal coliforms = Live mainly in human and animal intestines MEMBRANE FILTER = Rapid method for testing water

Match the following terms with their associations:

Revised Total Coliform Rule = Allows a small number of total coliform-positive samples EUTROPHICATION = Addition of excess nutrients to aquatic ecosystems MEMBRANE FILTER = Method for detecting coliforms MPN procedure = Detects coliforms by a series of tests

Match the following terms with their properties:

Abyssal zone = Deepest layer of the ocean EUTROPHICATION = Results in nutrient-deficient ecosystems COLIFORMS = Often found in other habitats Fecal coliforms = Have no acceptable level in drinking water Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their applications:

MPN procedure = Detects coliforms in water MEMBRANE FILTER = Tests larger quantities of water Revised Total Coliform Rule = Regulates drinking water quality EUTROPHICATION = Monitors aquatic ecosystem health Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

COLIFORMS = Microorganisms often found in soil and water Fecal coliforms = Pathogenic microorganisms in drinking water EUTROPHICATION = Process of adding excess nutrients to ecosystems MEMBRANE FILTER = Rapid method for testing water quality Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their characteristics:

Pseudomonas and Vibrio = Microorganisms that dominate certain ecosystems COLIFORMS = Microorganisms that are often found in other habitats Fecal coliforms = Microorganisms that live mainly in human and animal intestines Abyssal zone = Deepest layer of the ocean where sunlight does not penetrate Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their associations:

Revised Total Coliform Rule = Regulates drinking water quality EUTROPHICATION = Results in aquatic ecosystem degradation MEMBRANE FILTER = Method for detecting microorganisms in water MPN procedure = Series of tests for detecting coliforms Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their properties:

Abyssal zone = Zone where sunlight does not penetrate EUTROPHICATION = Process that adds excess nutrients to ecosystems COLIFORMS = Microorganisms that are often found in other habitats Fecal coliforms = Have no acceptable level in drinking water Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

MEMBRANE FILTER = Method for testing larger quantities of water MPN procedure = Series of tests for detecting coliforms EUTROPHICATION = Process of aquatic ecosystem degradation Revised Total Coliform Rule = Regulation for drinking water quality Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

RNA Viruses that Infect Humans

Orthomyxoviruses are spherical particles with an average diameter of 80-120 nm.
Hemagglutinin is a receptor binding membrane fusion glycoprotein produced by influenza viruses that binds to receptors in RBCs, leading to clumping.
Antigenic drift is a kind of genetic variation resulting from the accumulation of mutations in the virus genes that code for surface proteins recognized by the host body.
Antigenic shift is the process by which two or more different viruses combine to form a new subtype with a mixture of surface antigens from different animal hosts.

Viral Diseases

Measles is an acute disease caused by Morbillivirus, also known as red measles or rubeola.
Rubella or German measles is somewhat similar to measles.
Yellow fever is the best-known arboviral disease.
Dengue fever is caused by a flavivirus and is also carried by Aedes mosquitoes.
PLEURODYNIA is an acute disease characterized by recurrent sharp, sudden intercostal or abdominal pain accompanied by fever and sore throat.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the cluster of symptoms resulting from the degradation of the immune system by HIV.

Viral Replication and Transmission

Reverse Transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme that catalyzes the replication of double-stranded DNA from single-stranded RNA.
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) is the most effective strategy in the battle against HIV, using multiple drugs simultaneously to interrupt the HIV multiplication cycle at several points.

Viral Classification

Rhinoviruses are a large group of picornaviruses (over 110 serotypes) associated with the common cold.
Caliciviruses are an ill-defined group of enteric viruses found in humans and mammals.
Norovirus is the best-known human pathogen, also known as the Norwalk agent.
Reoviruses have an unusual double-stranded RNA genome and both an inner and an outer capsid.
Rotavirus is a significant cause of diarrhea in newborn humans, calves, and piglets.

Prions and Neurological Disorders

Prions are incredibly hardy "pathogens" highly resistant to chemicals, radiation, and heat.
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are neurodegenerative diseases with long incubation periods but rapid progressions once they begin.
Poliomyelitis (polio) is an acute enteroviral infection of the spinal cord that can cause neuromuscular paralysis.
Spastic paralysis is characterized by weakness or paralysis and reduced muscle tone without other obvious cause.

Environmental Microbiology

Biosphere contains all physical locations on earth that support life, including the thin envelope of life that surrounds the earth's surface and extends some distance into the crust.
Decomposers, primarily microbes inhabiting soil and water, break down and absorb the organic matter of dead organisms.
Biomes are large assemblages of organisms that have adapted to a distinct geography and climate and are characterized by dominant life forms, usually plants.
Communities are composed of mixed assemblages of organisms that live together at the same place and time and that usually exhibit well-defined nutritional or behavioral interrelationships.
Food chains represent feeding relationships showing the flow of energy and nutrients through a series of organisms in an ecosystem.
Food webs reflect the actual nutritional structure of a community.