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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
OLIGOTROPHIC = Nutrient-deficient aquatic ecosystems EUTROPHICATION = Nutrient-deficient aquatic ecosystems COLIFORMS = Microorganisms found in human and animal intestines
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Match the following terms with their characteristics:
Pseudomonas and Vibrio = Salt-tolerant species COLIFORMS = Microorganisms found in soil and water Fecal coliforms = Live mainly in human and animal intestines MEMBRANE FILTER = Rapid method for testing water
Match the following terms with their associations:
Match the following terms with their associations:
Revised Total Coliform Rule = Allows a small number of total coliform-positive samples EUTROPHICATION = Addition of excess nutrients to aquatic ecosystems MEMBRANE FILTER = Method for detecting coliforms MPN procedure = Detects coliforms by a series of tests
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Study Notes
RNA Viruses that Infect Humans
- Orthomyxoviruses are spherical particles with an average diameter of 80-120 nm.
- Hemagglutinin is a receptor binding membrane fusion glycoprotein produced by influenza viruses that binds to receptors in RBCs, leading to clumping.
- Antigenic drift is a kind of genetic variation resulting from the accumulation of mutations in the virus genes that code for surface proteins recognized by the host body.
- Antigenic shift is the process by which two or more different viruses combine to form a new subtype with a mixture of surface antigens from different animal hosts.
Viral Diseases
- Measles is an acute disease caused by Morbillivirus, also known as red measles or rubeola.
- Rubella or German measles is somewhat similar to measles.
- Yellow fever is the best-known arboviral disease.
- Dengue fever is caused by a flavivirus and is also carried by Aedes mosquitoes.
- PLEURODYNIA is an acute disease characterized by recurrent sharp, sudden intercostal or abdominal pain accompanied by fever and sore throat.
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the cluster of symptoms resulting from the degradation of the immune system by HIV.
Viral Replication and Transmission
- Reverse Transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme that catalyzes the replication of double-stranded DNA from single-stranded RNA.
- Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) is the most effective strategy in the battle against HIV, using multiple drugs simultaneously to interrupt the HIV multiplication cycle at several points.
Viral Classification
- Rhinoviruses are a large group of picornaviruses (over 110 serotypes) associated with the common cold.
- Caliciviruses are an ill-defined group of enteric viruses found in humans and mammals.
- Norovirus is the best-known human pathogen, also known as the Norwalk agent.
- Reoviruses have an unusual double-stranded RNA genome and both an inner and an outer capsid.
- Rotavirus is a significant cause of diarrhea in newborn humans, calves, and piglets.
Prions and Neurological Disorders
- Prions are incredibly hardy "pathogens" highly resistant to chemicals, radiation, and heat.
- Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are neurodegenerative diseases with long incubation periods but rapid progressions once they begin.
- Poliomyelitis (polio) is an acute enteroviral infection of the spinal cord that can cause neuromuscular paralysis.
- Spastic paralysis is characterized by weakness or paralysis and reduced muscle tone without other obvious cause.
Environmental Microbiology
- Biosphere contains all physical locations on earth that support life, including the thin envelope of life that surrounds the earth's surface and extends some distance into the crust.
- Decomposers, primarily microbes inhabiting soil and water, break down and absorb the organic matter of dead organisms.
- Biomes are large assemblages of organisms that have adapted to a distinct geography and climate and are characterized by dominant life forms, usually plants.
- Communities are composed of mixed assemblages of organisms that live together at the same place and time and that usually exhibit well-defined nutritional or behavioral interrelationships.
- Food chains represent feeding relationships showing the flow of energy and nutrients through a series of organisms in an ecosystem.
- Food webs reflect the actual nutritional structure of a community.
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Description
This quiz covers RNA viruses that infect humans, including their structure and symptoms such as flat warts and Koplik's spots.
