Physiology Questions PDF

1. The depolarization phase of the action potential in nerve fiber is primarily due to: a. Sodium influx via ligand gated channels b. Sodium influx via passive sodium channels c. Sodium influx via voltage-gated sodium channels d. Sodium influx via sodium-potassium pump Answer: c. Sodium influx via v...

1. The depolarization phase of the action potential in nerve fiber is primarily due to: a. Sodium influx via ligand gated channels b. Sodium influx via passive sodium channels c. Sodium influx via voltage-gated sodium channels d. Sodium influx via sodium-potassium pump Answer: c. Sodium influx via voltage-gated sodium channels 2. A new drug is developed to inhibit K-H pump. Which of the following transport processes is being inhibited? a. Simple diffusion b. Facilitated diffusion c. Primary active transport d. Secondary active transport Answer: c. Primary active transport 3. Which of the following types of nerve fibers is most sensitive to hypoxia? a. A-alpha b. A-DELTA c. B d. C Answer: c. B 4. Which of the following factors increases nerve excitability? a. Acidosis b. Cooling c. Local anesthesia d. Catelectrotonus Answer: d. Catelectrotonus 5. Which of the following is a characteristic of active transport? a. Downhill b. Not need carrier c. Need energy d. Rate limited Answer: d. Rate limited 6. Insulin administration leads to: a. Low extracellular K b. High intracellular Na c. Low intracellular HCO3 d. High extracellular protein Answer: a. Low extracellular K 7. Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system causes: a. A decrease in blood glucose level b. An increase in bronchial mucus secretion c. Bronchodilatation d. Stimulation of exocrine pancreatic secretion Answer: c. Bronchodilatation 8. Which of the following is considered nicotinic action? a. Autonomic ganglia b. Sympathetic postganglionic to sweat glands c. Sympathetic postganglionic to the heart d. Parasympathetic postganglionic to rectum Answer: a. Autonomic ganglia _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. An isotonic solution for a patient is: a. 0.45% NaCl b. 0.9% NaCl c. 5% glucose d. Pure water Answer: b. 0.9% NaCl 2. Parasympathetic nerves originate from: a. Cervical spinal cord b. Thoracic spinal cord c. Lumbar spinal cord d. Sacral spinal cord Answer: d. Sacral spinal cord 3. In adults, erythropoietin is mainly formed in the: a. Liver b. Kidney c. Spleen d. Bone marrow Answer: b. Kidney 4. At rest, the primary ion responsible for the resting membrane potential is: a. Na+ b. K+ c. Cl- d. Ca2+ Answer: b. K+ 5. Depolarization occurs when: a. Na+ influx via ligand-gated channels b. Na+ influx via passive channels c. Na+ influx via voltage-gated channels d. K+ efflux Answer: c. Na+ influx via voltage-gated channels 6. The duration of the cardiac cycle if heart rate is 120 beats per minute is: a. 0.4 seconds b. 0.5 seconds c. 0.6 seconds d. 0.8 seconds Answer: b. 0.5 seconds 7. A patient with a blood pressure of 160/100 would require: a. Increased sympathetic stimulation b. Increased parasympathetic stimulation c. Decreased sympathetic and increased parasympathetic stimulation d. No change in autonomic activity Answer: c. Decreased sympathetic and increased parasympathetic stimulation 8. Chemoreceptors become active below a blood pressure of: a. 100 mmHg b. 80 mmHg c. 60 mmHg d. 40 mmHg Answer: b. 80 mmHg 9. Baroreceptors are located in the: a. Carotid sinuses b. Aortic arch c. Left atrium d. Pulmonary veins Answer: a. Carotid sinuses 10. Resistance in circulation is highest in: a. Arteries b. Veins c. Arterioles d. Capillaries Answer: c. Arterioles 11. The fastest conduction velocity in the heart occurs in: a. SA node b. AV node c. Purkinje fibers d. Bundle of His Answer: c. Purkinje fibers 12. If the SA node is damaged, the second pacemaker is: a. AV node b. Purkinje fibers c. Bundle of His d. Right atrium Answer: a. AV node _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. The normal plasma osmolality range is: a. 260-270 b. 290-300 c. 320-340 d. 200-220 Answer: b. 290-300 2. Which of the following is a characteristic of facilitated diffusion? a. No carrier needed b. Needs protein carrier c. Active transport d. Does not require energy Answer: b. Needs protein carrier 3. What does atropine cause in the intestinal wall? a. Contraction b. Relaxation c. Secretion d. Absorption Answer: b. Relaxation 4. Digitalis : a. Increasing K+ in extracellular fluids b. Decreasing K+ in extracellular fluids c. Increasing Na+ in extracellular fluids d. No effect on potassium Answer: a. Increasing K+ in extracellular fluids 5. Which type of nerve fiber is the slowest? a. A-alpha b. A-delta c. C d. B Answer: c. C 6. Which factor causes nerve block? a. Catelectrotonus b. Anelectrotonus c. Hyperpolarization d. Depolarization Answer: b. Anelectrotonus 7. Which transport process is affected by a drug influencing glucose absorption? a. Primary active transport b. Secondary active transport c. Simple diffusion d. Facilitated diffusion Answer: b. Secondary active transport 8. What causes repolarization? a. K+ efflux via voltage-gated channels b. Na+ influx via voltage-gated channels c. Na+ efflux via passive channels d. K+ influx via voltage-gated channels Answer: a. K+ efflux via voltage-gated channels _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Which pathway starts with Factor 12? a. Extrinsic b. Intrinsic c. Both extrinsic and intrinsic d. None of the above Answer: b. Intrinsic 2. Effect of sympathetic stimulation on the GIT wall? a. Contraction of the wall and relaxation of the sphincter b. Relaxation of the wall and contraction of the sphincter c. Relaxation of the wall and relaxation of the sphincter d. Contraction of the wall and contraction of the sphincter Answer: b. Relaxation of the wall and contraction of the sphincter 3. A patient has cerebral edema. What solution should be used? a. Hypotonic 0.3% b. Isotonic 0.9% c. Hypertonic 3% d. Hypertonic 5% Answer: c. Hypertonic 3% 4. A patient has undergone an organ transplant, which of the following causes rejection? a. B-lymphocytes b. Basophils c. T-lymphocytes d. Neutrophils Answer: c. T-lymphocytes 5. Calculate the cardiac cycle: Use the equation: 60 / heart rate Answer: Cardiac cycle = 60 / heart rate (will vary based on the given heart rate) 6. Calculate the cardiac output: Answer: Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate (depends on the provided values) 7. Which of the following is a baroreceptor? a. Aortic body b. Aortic arch c. Carotid body d. Pulmonary veins Answer: b. Aortic arch 8. Chemoreceptor stimulation occurs when arterial blood pressure falls to? a. Less than 80 mmHg b. Less than 60 mmHg c. Less than 100 mmHg d. Less than 50 mmHg Answer: a. Less than 80 mmHg _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Major cation in ICF is: a. Na+ b. K+ c. Mg d. HCO3 Answer: b. K+ 2. Transport of glucose across the cell membrane takes place by: a. Simple diffusion b. Facilitated diffusion c. Active transport d. Endocytosis Answer: b. Facilitated diffusion 3. The sympathetic nervous system has: a. Craniosacral origin b. Long preganglionic fibre c. Noradrenaline as its main neurotransmitter d. Increased activity during rest and sleep Answer: c. Noradrenaline as its main neurotransmitter 4. The parasympathetic nervous system has: a. Craniosacral origin b. Short preganglionic fibre c. Noradrenaline is the main neurotransmitter d. Increased activity during fear Answer: a. Craniosacral origin 5. Total peripheral resistance depends mainly on the: a. Arteriolar radius b. Arterial elasticity c. Venous return d. Blood viscosity Answer: a. Arteriolar radius 6. Saltatory conduction is the conduction of an action potential in: a. Un-myelinated nerve fibers b. Myelinated nerve fibers c. All nerve fibers d. Postganglionic autonomic nerve fibers Answer: b. Myelinated nerve fibers 7. Rate and depth of ventilation is increased by increasing: a. PO2 (oxygen) b. PCO2 (carbon dioxide) c. pH (decreased H+ ion concentration) d. PN (nitrogen) Answer: b. PCO2 (carbon dioxide) 8. When the cells are unable to use oxygen, this type of hypoxia is called: a. Anemic hypoxia b. Hypoxic hypoxia c. Histotoxic hypoxia d. Ischemic hypoxia Answer: c. Histotoxic hypoxia 9. The maximum pressure exerted in the arteries when blood is ejected from the heart is called: a. Pulse pressure b. Diastolic pressure c. Systolic pressure d. Mean arterial pressure Answer: c. Systolic pressure 10. Water movement from diluted to concentrated fluid is called: a. Simple diffusion b. Osmosis c. Facilitated diffusion d. Bulk transport Answer: b. Osmosis 11. Mechanism by which the body can conserve heat in very cold weather is: a. Vasoconstriction of skin vessels b. Sweating c. Thirst d. Stretching the body Answer: a. Vasoconstriction of skin vessels 12. During inspiration, intra-alveolar pressure becomes less than the atmospheric pressure because of: a. Movement of air into lungs b. Decrease in intra-thoracic volume c. Contraction of diaphragm d. Relaxation of intercostals Answer: a. Movement of air into lungs 13. The composition of ECF? a. Plasma and ISF b. Plasma, ISF, and lymph c. Interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid d. Plasma, interstitial fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid Answer: a. Plasma and ISF 14. Alveolar pressure is: a. Atmospheric pressure b. Intrapulmonary c. Pleural pressure d. Intrapleural pressure Answer: b. Intrapulmonary 15. The normal value of Po2 in venous blood is: a. 100 mmHg b. 40 mmHg c. 46 mmHg d. 60 mmHg Answer: b. 40 mmHg 16. The neurotransmitter in a skeletal muscle neuromuscular junction is: a. Adrenaline b. Acetylcholine c. Noradrenaline d. Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) Answer: b. Acetylcholine 17. The volume of blood that remains in each ventricle after heart contraction is called: a. End systolic volume b. Stroke volume c. End diastolic volume d. Ejection fraction Answer: a. End systolic volume 18. Extracellular Fluid (ECF) consists of: a. Intracellular Fluid (ICF) and interstitial fluid b. Interstitial fluid and Plasma fluid c. Total body water and Intracellular Fluid (ICF) Answer: b. Interstitial fluid and Plasma fluid 19. Increase in depth and rate of ventilation will increase in: a. Oxygen ions (O2) b. Carbon dioxide ions (CO2) c. Hydrogen ions (H+) d. *** Answer: b. Carbon dioxide ions (CO2) 20. Cardiac output is determined by: a. Stroke volume and peripheral resistance b. Heart rate and peripheral resistance c. Blood pressure and peripheral resistance d. Stroke volume and heart rate Answer: d. Stroke volume and heart rate 21. Cardiac output increases with: a. Decrease in venous return b. Decrease in heart rate c. Sympathetic stimulation d. Parasympathetic stimulation Answer: c. Sympathetic stimulation 22. If the tidal volume is 600 ml & respiratory rate is 14, what’s the pulmonary ventilation? a. 8.4 L / min b. 10.2 L / min c. 12.0 L / min d. 7.5 L / min Answer: a. 8.4 L / min 23. Expiration in normal resting conditions is achieved by: a. Passive recoil of lung b. Contraction of respiratory muscles c. Both a & b Answer: a. Passive recoil of lung 24. A decrease in the pressure of oxygen will stimulate: a. Peripheral chemoreceptors b. Central chemoreceptors c. Baroreceptors d. Aortic chemoreceptors Answer: a. Peripheral chemoreceptors 25. Any new drug is developed to inhibit glucose transport absorption from intestine and renal tubules, which of the following transport processes is being inhibited? a. Simple diffusion b. Facilitated diffusion c. Primary active transport d. Secondary active transport Answer: d. Secondary active transport 26. Atropine administration causes which of the following effects? a. Miosis b. Bronchoconstriction c. Intestinal wall relaxation d. Decrease in heart rate Answer: c. Intestinal wall relaxation 27. Sympathetic postganglionic fibers to the heart release? a. Noradrenaline b. Acetylcholine c. Dopamine d. Serotonin Answer: a. Noradrenaline _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. A patient with calcium levels of 6.5 mg/dL manifests tetany. What symptom would you expect? A. Carpopedal spasm B. Flaccid paralysis C. Hypotension D. Bradycardia Answer: A. Carpopedal spasm 2. What is the circulating plasma (COP) volume in an adult weighing 70 kg? A. 3L B. 5L C. 7L D. 10L Answer: B. 5L 3. A patient develops an ulcer after taking NSAIDs. What is the mechanism? A. Inhibition of leukotrienes B. Inhibition of prostaglandins C. Increased mucus secretion D. Inhibition of thromboxane Answer: B. Inhibition of prostaglandins 4. A patient comes from a high-altitude area (e.g., Ubha). What is expected in their blood sample? A. Anemia B. Polycythemia C. Thrombocytopenia D. Leukocytosis Answer: B. Polycythemia 5. Which of the following causes histotoxic hypoxia? A. Cyanide poisoning B. Carbon monoxide poisoning C. Anemia D. Hyperventilation Answer: A. Cyanide poisoning 6. What is the intra-alveolar pressure during inspiration? A. 0 mmHg B. -2 mmHg C. +2 mmHg D. -6 mmHg Answer: B. -2 mmHg 7. Central chemoreceptors are most sensitive to which of the following? A. Oxygen B. Carbon dioxide C. Hydrogen ions D. Bicarbonate Answer: B. Carbon dioxide 8. At what plasma glucose level does glucose appear in the urine? A. 120 mg/dL B. 180 mg/dL C. 200 mg/dL D. 250 mg/dL Answer: B. 180 mg/dL 9. Thickening of the left ventricle is due to which of the following? A. Increased preload B. Ejection against high pressure (resistance) C. Increased stroke volume D. Pulmonary embolism Answer: B. Ejection against high pressure (resistance) 10. Testosterone is secreted by which cells? A. Leydig cells B. Sertoli cells C. Granulosa cells D. Theca cells Answer: A. Leydig cells 11. Absorption of which vitamin requires bile salts? A. Vitamin C B. Vitamin K C. Vitamin B12 D. Vitamin A Answer: B. Vitamin K 12. Which conduction pathway has the slowest conduction velocity? A. SA Node B. AV Node C. Purkinje fibers D. Bundle of His Answer: B. AV Node 13. What is the upper limit of intraocular pressure in mmHg? A. 15 mmHg B. 18 mmHg C. 20 mmHg D. 25 mmHg Answer: C. 20 mmHg 14. Which hormone has the longest half-life? A. Cortisol B. Insulin C. Epinephrine D. Growth hormone Answer: A. Cortisol 15. Which hormone causes gallbladder contraction? A. Gastrin B. Secretin C. Cholecystokinin (CCK) D. Somatostatin Answer: C. Cholecystokinin (CCK) 16. Filtration rate in the glomerulus (FGR) decreases significantly below which pressure? A. 100 mmHg B. 90 mmHg C. 80 mmHg D. 60 mmHg Answer: C. 80 mmHg 17. What is the normal plasma glucose concentration range in mmol/L? A. 1.5 - 3.5 B. 2.5 - 5.3 C. 4.5 - 7.0 D. 6.0 - 8.0 Answer: B. 2.5 - 5.3 18. Which receptor is responsible for rapid adaptation? A. Pressure receptor B. Pain receptor C. Light touch receptor D. Thermoreceptor Answer: C. Light touch receptor 19. What should be given to a patient undergoing an organ transplant to prevent rejection? A. Platelet blocker B. Antibiotics C. Lymphocyte blockers D. Immunoglobulin Answer: C. Lymphocyte blockers 20. Where is erythropoietin formed? A. Liver B. Kidney C. Spleen D. Bone marrow Answer: B. Kidney 21. Which of the following is an anticoagulant? A. Aspirin B. Warfarin C. Heparin D. Vitamin K Answer: C. Heparin 22. Aldosterone acts on which part of the nephron? A. Proximal tubule B. Distal tubule C. Loop of Henle D. Collecting duct Answer: B. Distal tubule 23. Which of the following is a monosynaptic reflex? A. Withdrawal reflex B. Stretch reflex C. Crossed-extensor reflex D. Corneal reflex Answer: B. Stretch reflex 24. What is a normal neurological finding in a newborn during the first month? A. Babinski sign (dorsiflexion of big toe and fanning out of other toes) B. Loss of Moro reflex C. Absence of rooting reflex D. Normal plantar reflex Answer: A. Babinski sign 25. The primary motor area is located in which Brodmann area? A. Area 2 B. Area 4 C. Area 6 D. Area 17 Answer: B. Area 4 26. Which body part is represented by a large area on the motor cortex? A. Arms B. Feet C. Fingers D. Neck Answer: C. Fingers 27. Which of the following is called the lateral motor system? A. Corticospinal tract B. Rubrospinal tract C. Vestibulospinal tract D. Reticulospinal tract Answer: B. Rubrospinal tract 28. Gastrectomy affects secretion of intrinsic factor from which cell type? A. Chief cells B. Parietal cells C. Mucus cells D. G cells Answer: B. Parietal cells 29. Blocking parasympathetic activity would cause which effect? A. Bradycardia B. Hypotension C. Tachycardia D. Bronchoconstriction Answer: C. Tachycardia 30. Where is the visual cortex located? A. Frontal lobe B. Temporal lobe C. Occipital lobe D. Parietal lobe Answer: C. Occipital lobe 31. Loss of vibration and proprioception occurs due to damage in which sensory pathway? A. Spinothalamic tract B. DC-ML system (dorsal column-medial lemniscal system) C. Corticospinal tract D. Reticulospinal tract Answer: B. DC-ML system 32. How do high-pressure baroreceptors respond to increased blood pressure? A. Increase sympathetic activity B. Decrease sympathetic activity and increase parasympathetic activity C. Decrease parasympathetic activity D. Increase renin secretion Answer: B. Decrease sympathetic activity and increase parasympathetic activity 33. Gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse through which mechanism? A. Active transport B. Facilitated diffusion C. Simple diffusion D. Osmosis Answer: C. Simple diffusion 34. Which of the following conditions causes edema by decreasing plasma osmotic pressure? A. Renal failure B. Heart failure C. Liver disease D. Venous obstruction Answer: C. Liver disease 35. What is the average amount of CO2 in every 100 ml of venous blood? A. 40 ml B. 45 ml C. 50 ml D. 55 ml Answer: C. 50 ml 36. What is a primary function of growth hormone? A. Lipid oxidation B. Protein synthesis C. Glucose uptake D. Bone resorption Answer: B. Protein synthesis 37. Calcitonin is secreted by which gland? A. Parathyroid gland B. Thyroid gland C. Adrenal gland D. Pituitary gland Answer: B. Thyroid gland 38. Cretinism is caused by an abnormality in which hormone? A. Cortisol B. Thyroxine C. Aldosterone D. Insulin Answer: B. Thyroxine 39. Addison’s disease is characterized by which symptom? A. High blood pressure B. Dark pigmentation C. Hypoglycemia D. Polycythemia Answer: B. Dark pigmentation 40. The Hering-Breuer reflex is mediated by which nerve? A. Phrenic nerve B. Glossopharyngeal nerve C. Vagus nerve D. Hypoglossal nerve Answer: C. Vagus nerve 41. Which of the following is a peripheral chemoreceptor? A. Aortic arch B. Carotid body C. Medulla oblongata D. Hypothalamus Answer: B. Carotid body 42. Which factor does NOT cause cyanosis? A. Reduced hemoglobin B. Methemoglobinemia C. Carboxyhemoglobin D. Hypoxia Answer: C. Carboxyhemoglobin 43. What is true about the binding of O2 with hemoglobin? A. It is an oxidation reaction B. It is an oxygenation reaction C. It forms carboxyhemoglobin D. It decreases hemoglobin’s affinity for CO2 Answer: B. It is an oxygenation reaction 44. Cyanosis occurs when reduced hemoglobin exceeds which level? A. 3 gm/dL B. 5 gm/dL C. 7 gm/dL D. 10 gm/dL Answer: B. 5 gm/dL 45. While reading a book, which muscle is primarily involved during inspiration? A. External intercostals B. Diaphragm C. Internal intercostals D. Abdominal muscles Answer: B. Diaphragm _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons arise from the: A. Cervical part of the spinal cord B. Thoracic part of the spinal cord C. Lumbar part of the spinal cord D. Sacral part of the spinal cord Answer: C. Lumbar part of the spinal cord 2. The blood vessels which offer the greatest resistance to blood flow are: A. Capillaries B. Veins C. Arterioles D. Venules Answer: C. Arterioles 3. In adults, erythropoiesis occurs in: A. Liver B. Bone marrow C. Spleen D. Kidneys Answer: B. Bone marrow 4. Which of the following is considered a nicotinic action? A. Pupil constriction B. Autonomic ganglia stimulation C. Bronchoconstriction D. Sweating Answer: B. Autonomic ganglia stimulation 5. Sympathetic tone serves which of the following autonomic functions? A. Pupil dilation B. Maintenance of normal arterial blood pressure C. Bronchodilation D. Gastrointestinal motility Answer: B. Maintenance of normal arterial blood pressure 6. Which of the following substances in plasma contributes most to plasma colloid osmotic pressure? A. Globulin B. Albumin C. Fibrinogen D. Hemoglobin Answer: B. Albumin 7. A 70-year-old man with cerebral edema complains of headaches and blurring of vision. Which solution should be recommended to treat his condition? A. 0.9% NaCl B. 3% NaCl C. Lactated Ringer’s solution D. Dextrose 5% Answer: B. 3% NaCl 8. A 45-year-old man with a 2-week history of diarrhea has stool positive for parasitic eggs. Which WBC type is expected to be high? A. Neutrophils B. Lymphocytes C. Eosinophils D. Basophils Answer: C. Eosinophils 9. The tendency for a transplanted organ to be rejected is reduced by drugs that inhibit: A. B lymphocytes B. T lymphocytes C. Neutrophils D. Platelets Answer: B. T lymphocytes 10. Lidocaine works by blocking which voltage-gated channel? A. K+ Channels B. Na+ Channels C. Ca2+ Channels D. Cl− Channels Answer: B. Na+ Channels 11. In patients with purpura and platelet counts