Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which pathway starts with Factor 12?
Which pathway starts with Factor 12?
What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the gastrointestinal tract wall?
What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the gastrointestinal tract wall?
What type of solution should be used for a patient with cerebral edema?
What type of solution should be used for a patient with cerebral edema?
What hormone is directly associated with the condition known as cretinism?
What hormone is directly associated with the condition known as cretinism?
Signup and view all the answers
Which gland is responsible for the secretion of calcitonin?
Which gland is responsible for the secretion of calcitonin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of lymphocyte is primarily responsible for organ transplant rejection?
Which type of lymphocyte is primarily responsible for organ transplant rejection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a peripheral chemoreceptor involved in monitoring blood gases?
Which of the following is a peripheral chemoreceptor involved in monitoring blood gases?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the correct equation to calculate the cardiac cycle?
What is the correct equation to calculate the cardiac cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
How is glucose transported across the cell membrane?
How is glucose transported across the cell membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the physiological action of oxygen binding to hemoglobin?
What is the physiological action of oxygen binding to hemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key symptom of Addison’s disease?
What is a key symptom of Addison’s disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which nerve is responsible for mediating the Hering-Breuer reflex?
Which nerve is responsible for mediating the Hering-Breuer reflex?
Signup and view all the answers
Total peripheral resistance is most dependent on which factor?
Total peripheral resistance is most dependent on which factor?
Signup and view all the answers
At what level of reduced hemoglobin does cyanosis occur?
At what level of reduced hemoglobin does cyanosis occur?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the spinal cord are sympathetic preganglionic neurons derived from?
Which part of the spinal cord are sympathetic preganglionic neurons derived from?
Signup and view all the answers
What physiological change occurs with an increase in the depth and rate of ventilation?
What physiological change occurs with an increase in the depth and rate of ventilation?
Signup and view all the answers
What parameters determine cardiac output?
What parameters determine cardiac output?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor leads to an increase in cardiac output?
Which factor leads to an increase in cardiac output?
Signup and view all the answers
Calculate the pulmonary ventilation if the tidal volume is 600 ml and respiratory rate is 14.
Calculate the pulmonary ventilation if the tidal volume is 600 ml and respiratory rate is 14.
Signup and view all the answers
How is expiration achieved during normal resting conditions?
How is expiration achieved during normal resting conditions?
Signup and view all the answers
What stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors in the body?
What stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What transport process is inhibited by a drug that prevents glucose absorption in the intestines?
What transport process is inhibited by a drug that prevents glucose absorption in the intestines?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does atropine administration have?
What effect does atropine administration have?
Signup and view all the answers
Aldosterone acts primarily on which part of the nephron?
Aldosterone acts primarily on which part of the nephron?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following reflexes is classified as monosynaptic?
Which of the following reflexes is classified as monosynaptic?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a typical neurological finding in a newborn during the first month of life?
What is a typical neurological finding in a newborn during the first month of life?
Signup and view all the answers
In which Brodmann area is the primary motor area located?
In which Brodmann area is the primary motor area located?
Signup and view all the answers
Which body part has a large representation in the motor cortex?
Which body part has a large representation in the motor cortex?
Signup and view all the answers
Which tract is referred to as the lateral motor system?
Which tract is referred to as the lateral motor system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of cell is affected by gastrectomy in relation to the secretion of intrinsic factor?
Which type of cell is affected by gastrectomy in relation to the secretion of intrinsic factor?
Signup and view all the answers
How do high-pressure baroreceptors respond to elevated blood pressure?
How do high-pressure baroreceptors respond to elevated blood pressure?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of increased PCO2 on the rate and depth of ventilation?
What is the effect of increased PCO2 on the rate and depth of ventilation?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of hypoxia occurs when cells cannot use oxygen, despite normal oxygen levels in the blood?
What type of hypoxia occurs when cells cannot use oxygen, despite normal oxygen levels in the blood?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process by which water moves from a diluted to a concentrated fluid?
What is the process by which water moves from a diluted to a concentrated fluid?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the maximum pressure in the arteries during heart contraction called?
What is the maximum pressure in the arteries during heart contraction called?
Signup and view all the answers
Which physiological mechanism helps the body conserve heat in cold environments?
Which physiological mechanism helps the body conserve heat in cold environments?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the composition of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
What is the composition of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Signup and view all the answers
During inspiration, what happens to intra-alveolar pressure?
During inspiration, what happens to intra-alveolar pressure?
Signup and view all the answers
What neurotransmitter is primarily involved in muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction?
What neurotransmitter is primarily involved in muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mechanism is primarily responsible for depolarization during the action potential in nerve fibers?
Which mechanism is primarily responsible for depolarization during the action potential in nerve fibers?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of transport process is inhibited by blocking the K-H pump?
What type of transport process is inhibited by blocking the K-H pump?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of nerve fibers exhibit the highest sensitivity to hypoxia?
Which type of nerve fibers exhibit the highest sensitivity to hypoxia?
Signup and view all the answers
What factor is known to increase nerve excitability?
What factor is known to increase nerve excitability?
Signup and view all the answers
Which characteristic is typical of active transport mechanisms?
Which characteristic is typical of active transport mechanisms?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does insulin administration have on extracellular potassium levels?
What effect does insulin administration have on extracellular potassium levels?
Signup and view all the answers
What physiological effect occurs with the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system?
What physiological effect occurs with the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following reflects a nicotinic action in the nervous system?
Which of the following reflects a nicotinic action in the nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Action Potential & Nerve Fiber Depolarization
- Depolarization primarily results from sodium influx through voltage-gated sodium channels.
Transport Processes & Inhibition
- Inhibiting the K-H pump inhibits primary active transport.
Hypoxia & Nerve Fiber Sensitivity
- Nerve fibers of type B are most sensitive to hypoxia.
Nerve Excitability Factors
- Increased nerve excitability is observed with acidosis. Catelectrotonus is also a factor increasing excitability.
Active Transport Characteristics
- Active transport requires energy and a carrier. It moves molecules against a concentration gradient.
Insulin & Cellular Effects
- Insulin administration is associated with low intracellular HCO3 levels, and high intracellular Na levels.
Sympathetic Nervous System Stimulation
- Sympathetic nervous system stimulation leads to bronchodilation.
Parasympathetic Nervous System Origin
- Parasympathetic nerves originate from the sacral spinal cord.
Erythropoietin Production
- Erythropoietin is primarily produced in the kidney.
Resting Membrane Potential
- The primary ion responsible for the resting membrane potential is potassium.
Depolarization Mechanism
- Depolarization occurs with sodium influx through voltage-gated channels, rather than passive channels, ligand-gated channels, or potassium efflux.
Cardiac Cycle Duration
- The duration of a cardiac cycle at a rate of 120 beats/minute is 0.5 seconds.
Blood Pressure & Autonomic Stimulation
- A blood pressure of 160/100 requires decreased sympathetic stimulation and increased parasympathetic stimulation.
Chemoreceptor Activity Threshold
- Chemoreceptors become active when blood pressure drops below 80 mmHg.
Cardiovascular Resistance
- Resistance is highest in arterioles.
Heart Conduction Speed
- The fastest conduction velocity in the heart occurs among Purkinje fibers.
Pacemaker Backup
- If the SA node is damaged, the AV node serves as the backup pacemaker.
Plasma Osmolality
- The normal plasma osmolality is 290–300 mOsm/kg.
Facilitated Diffusion Characteristic
- Facilitated diffusion requires a protein carrier but does not require energy expenditure.
Atropine Effect
- Atropine causes relaxation of the intestinal wall.
Cerebral Edema Treatment
- Isotonic 0.9% NaCl solution is appropriate for cerebral edema.
Organ Transplant Rejection
- Organ rejection is often related to T-lymphocytes.
Cardiac Cycle Calculation
- Cardiac cycle calculation is 60 divided by the heart rate.
Cardiac Output Calculation
- Cardiac output equals stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate.
Baroreceptors Location
- Baroreceptors are located in the aortic arch.
Arterial Blood Gas Level
- Increased PCO2 increases ventilation rate.
Causes of Hypoxia
- Histotoxic hypoxia occurs when tissues cannot use oxygen due to poison.
Intra-Alveolar Pressure
- During inhalation, intra-alveolar pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure.
Extracellular Fluid Composition
- Extracellular fluid consists of interstitial fluid and plasma.
Oxygen Uptake & Ventilation
- The rate and depth of ventilation increases as oxygen uptake increases, specifically PCO2.
Histotoxic Hypoxia Cause
- Cyanide poisoning is a cause of histotoxic hypoxia.
Normal Blood Glucose Level & Glucosuria
- Glucosuria occurs when plasma glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL.
Lung Pressure and Compliance
- Intrapleural pressure becomes less than atmospheric during inhalation due to the decreased volume of the thoracic cavity.
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
- Peripheral chemoreceptors are triggered by a reduced oxygen level.
Muscle Contraction in Inspiration
- The diaphragm's descent is the primary muscle action for inspiration.
Sympathetic Pre-ganglionic Origin
- Sympathetic preganglionic neurons begin in the thoracic portion of the spinal cord.
Blood Vessels Controlling Flow Resistance
- Arterioles are the primary regulators of blood flow resistance.
Erythropoietin Origin
- Erythropoietin is primarily produced by the kidney.
Nicotinic Action
- Nicotinic actions affect autonomic ganglia directly.
Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure
- Albumin is the primary contributor to plasma colloid osmotic pressure.
Conduction Velocity in Heart
- The Purkinje fibers have the fastest conduction velocity in the heart.
Heart Rate and Cardiac Cycle
- At a heart rate of 75 beats per minute, a cardiac cycle is approximately 0.8 seconds long.
Pacemaker Response to Damage
- The AV node takes over as the pacemaker if the sinoatrial (SA) node is damaged.
Hypertension Effect on Baroreceptors
- Elevated blood pressure will cause a decrease in sympathetic activity and an increase in parasympathetic activity to manage high blood pressure.
Sympathetic Receptor Stimulation
- Beta-2 receptors are stimulated to cause bronchodilation.
Neural Control of Vomiting
- The vomiting center is in the hypothalamus.
Hormone Secretion in Endocrine Pancreas
- Glucagon is secreted by α cells within the endocrine pancreas.
Hypoglycemic Hormones
- Insulin is a hypoglycemic hormone.
Glucocorticoid Function
- Glucocorticoids increase blood glucose.
Clinical Features in Endocrine Disorders
- Acromegaly displays enlarged hands and feet, and hyperthyroidism has exophthalmos. Addison's disease exhibits hyperpigmentation.
Growth Hormone Effect
- Growth hormone involves protein synthesis.
Glucagon Receptors
- Glucagon receptors are primarily located on cell membranes.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in neurophysiology, including action potentials, nerve fiber sensitivity to hypoxia, and factors influencing nerve excitability. Explore the mechanisms behind transport processes and the roles of different nervous system stimulations. Test your understanding of these critical biological processes.
