محاضرة رقم 1 الصحة العامة PDF

Public Health Lectures for 4th year College of Pharmacy Dr. Majeed Al-Hamdani 25-9-2024 First Term - jbjihcr  Lecture one General Items & ICD-11 September 2024 Health is a broad and multifaceted concept. Traditionally,...

Public Health Lectures for 4th year College of Pharmacy Dr. Majeed Al-Hamdani 25-9-2024 First Term - jbjihcr  Lecture one General Items & ICD-11 September 2024 Health is a broad and multifaceted concept. Traditionally, it has been defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity ( ‫ ) اﻟﻌﺠﺰ‬." This definition highlights that health isn't just about not being sick but encompasses overall wellness in various dimensions: 1. Physical Health, 2. Mental Health, and 3. Social Health. In response to the growing demand for pharmacists who are knowledgeable in pharmacy and population-based healthcare, there is a pressing need for future pharmacists to understand the broader concept of public health, which focuses on improving health at a population level.  The World Health Organization (WHO) described health in 1948, in its constitution, as: " A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity". The WHO definition envisages the following specific dimensions: 1- physical, 2- mental, 3- social, 4- spiritual, and 5- emotional. 1- Physical health:is concerned with anatomical integrity and physiological functioning of the body. It means the ability to perform routine tasks without any physical restriction. E.g., Physical fitness is needed to walk from place to place. 2- Mental Health- is the ability to learn and think clearly and coherently. E.g., a person who is not mentally fit (retarded) could not learn something new at a pace in which an ordinary normal person learns. 3- Social health- is the ability to make and maintain acceptable interaction with other people. E.g. to celebrate during festivals; to mourn when a close family member dies; to create and maintain friendship and intimacy, etc. 4- Emotional health - is the ability of expressing emotions in the appropriate way, for example to fear, to be happy, and to be angry. The response of the body should be congruent with that of the stimuli. Emotional health is related to mental health and includes feelings. It also means maintaining one’s own integrity in the presence of stressful situation such as tension, depression and anxiety. 5- Spiritual Health - Some people relate health with religion; for others it has to do with personal values, beliefs, principles and ways of achieving mental satisfaction, in which all are related to their spiritual wellbeing.  Factors affecting the health of a community: 1. Physical Determinants -The physical factors affecting the health of a community include: geography (e.g. high land versus low land), the environment (e.g. manmade or natural catastrophes) and industrial development (e.g. pollution occupational hazards) 2. Socio – cultural determinants – The socio- cultural factors affecting the health of a community include the beliefs, traditions, and social customs in the community. It also involves the economy, politics and religion in the community. 3. Community organization - Community organization include the community size, arrangement and distribution of resources (“relations of productions’) 4. Behavioral determinants- The behavioural determinants affecting health include individual behavior and lifestyle affecting the health of an individual and the community. E.g. smoking, alcoholism and promiscuity ( ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻞ او‬ ‫اﻹﺑﺎﺣﯿﺔ‬ Community pharmacies have great potential to deliver services to promote health and prevent disease and are well-placed in deprived communities. Throughout modern history, pharmacists ( part of a medical team ) have played a role in 3 directions: 1- promoting the health of the communities they serve. 2-maintaining the health of the communities they serve. And 3- improving the health of the communities they serve.  Another definition of the Public Health was defined by Sir Donald Acheson in 1988, as: “The science and art of 1- preventing disease, 2- prolonging life 3- promoting, 4- protecting and 5- improving health through organizing efforts of society.” ? ? ICD is the International statstical Classification of Diseases and Related Health (ICD), ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻨﯿﻒ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻸﻣﺮاض‬ ICD Revision ICD Coming into effect ICD Adoption adopted 1948 6th Revision into effect 1948 (WHA1.36) CD revisions under the auspices of WHO adopted May 1956 7th Revision into effect 1 Jan 1958 (WHА9. 29) adopted May 1966 8th Revision into effect 1 Jan 1968 (WHA19.44) adopted May 1976 9th Revision into effect 1 Jan 1979 (WHA29.34) adopted May 1990 10th Revision into effect 1 Jan 1993 (WHA43.24) adopted May 2019 11th Revision into effect 1 Jan 2022 (WHA72.15)  ICD serves a broad range of uses globally and provides critical knowledge on the extent, causes and consequences of human disease and death worldwide via data that is reported and coded with the ICD. Clinical terms coded with ICD are the main basis for health recording and statistics on disease in primary, secondary and tertiary care, as well as on cause of death certificates. These data and statistics support payment systems, service planning, administration of quality and safety, and health services research. Diagnostic guidance linked to categories of ICD also standardizes data collection and enables large scale research. For more than a century, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) has been the basis for comparable statistics on causes of mortality and morbidity between places and over time. Originating in the 19th century, the latest version of the ICD, ICD-11, was adopted by the 72nd World Health Assembly in 2019 and came into effect on 1st January 2022. As a classification and terminology ICD-11: allows the systematic recording, analysis, interpretation and comparison of mortality ( ‫ ) اﻟوﻓﯾﺎت‬and morbidity( ‫ ) اﻟﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻣرﺿﯾﺔ‬data collected in different countries or regions and at different times; ensures s the ability of computer systems to exchange data with unambiguous, shared meaning. and reusability of recorded data for the different use cases beyond mere health statistics, including decision support, resource allocation, reimbursement ( ‫ ) اﻟﺗﻌوﯾض‬, guidelines and more.  Changes for Mental Health Providers Change 1. New chapters on sexual health and sleep-wake disorders There are two new chapters related to mental health in the ICD-11. The first, Conditions Related to Sexual Health, includes: Sexual dysfunctions Sexual pain disorders Sexually transmitted infections Contraceptive management Changes to the male and female sexual anatomy The second new mental health chapter, Sleep-wake Disorders, includes: 1- Insomnia disorders, 2- Hypersomnolence disorders, 3- Sleep-related breathing disorders, 4- Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, 5- Sleep-related movement disorders, and 6- Parasomnia disorders ICD is a medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). It contains 1- codes for diseases, 2- signs and symptoms, 3- abnormal findings, 4- complaints, 5- social circumstances, and 6- external causes of injury or diseases ( etiology ). The code set allows more than 14,400 different codes and permits the tracking of many new diagnoses. The codes can be expanded to over 16,000 codes by using optional sub-classifications  ‫ض‬ ‫ﺸﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮا‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻸ ﺮة ﯾﺔ ﻋ‬ ‫ﻒ اﻟﻌﺎ ﻌﺎ ﻟﺷﺤﺎد‬ ‫ﺼﻨﯿ ﺨﺔ اﻟ ا‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺴ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‬ 11 ‫ا‬ The problem is that the intelligent people (like you ) are full of doubts, while the stupid ones are full of confidence. And because of that struggles are continued between charitable and evil things.