Metabolism - Organic Molecules and Nutrients
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Summary
This document is an overview of metabolism, explaining the breakdown and synthesis of molecules within cells. It also includes information on organic molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, and their functions as nutrients. This is a biology resource that may be suitable for high school students.
Full Transcript
- Metabolism → sum of all chemical reactions occurring with cells of body - Catabolism → larger molecule broken down into smaller units releasing energy, e.g., digestion - Anabolism → Smaller units built up into larger molecules requiring energy, e.g., protein synthesis - Nutr...
- Metabolism → sum of all chemical reactions occurring with cells of body - Catabolism → larger molecule broken down into smaller units releasing energy, e.g., digestion - Anabolism → Smaller units built up into larger molecules requiring energy, e.g., protein synthesis - Nutrient → substance in food used for growth, repair, maintaining body - includes water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins - Organic molecule → Large molecules containing a carbon chain - includes carbohydrates (and sugars), lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and vitamins - Carbohydrate → Molecule containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen - Monosaccharides → Simple sugar, e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose - Disaccharides → Two simple sugars joined to form larger molecule, e.g., sucrose, maltose, lactose - Polysaccharides → Many simple sugars joined to form larger molecule, e.g., glycogen, cellulose, starch - Lipid → consists of one glycerol molecule and one, two, or three fatty acids storing energy - Triglyceride → most common fat including fat stored in body - glycerol and three fatty acids - Proteins → Organic compounds made of many amino acids - Peptide bond → when amino acids bond together they release a water molecule - Dipeptide → Two amino acids bonded together - Polypeptide→3-10 amino acids bonded together - Involved in all chemical reactions - Vitamins → Organic compounds involved in immune defence, healing, tissue health - Cofactors for enzyme function - Inorganic compound → Compounds that do not contain a carbon chain, most do not have carbon - Mineral → things like calcium, phosphorus and magnesium that are required in diet in small quantities - Components of hormones and enzymes, important for bone, muscle, and nerve function and regulate water balance
