Metabolism, Nutrients, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

• Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions occurring within the body's cells.
• Catabolism involves breaking down larger molecules into smaller units, releasing energy, like in digestion.
• Anabolism involves building smaller units into larger molecules, requiring energy, such as in protein synthesis.
• Nutrients are substances in food that support growth, repair, and body maintenance, including water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, and vitamins.
• Organic molecules are large molecules containing a carbon chain, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and vitamins.

Carbohydrates

• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• Monosaccharides are simple sugars like glucose, fructose, and galactose.
• Disaccharides consist of two simple sugars joined together, such as sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
• Polysaccharides consist of many simple sugars joined to form larger molecules like glycogen, cellulose, and starch.

Lipids

• Consist of one glycerol molecule and one, two, or three fatty acids and store energy.
• Triglycerides are the most common type of fat, including fat stored in the body, and consist of glycerol and three fatty acids.

Proteins

• Organic compounds are made of many amino acids.
• A peptide bond forms when amino acids bond together releasing a water molecule.
• A dipeptide consists of two amino acids bonded together.
• A polypeptide consists of 3-10 amino acids bonded together.
• Proteins are involved in all chemical reactions.

Vitamins

• Organic compounds are involved in immune defense, healing, and tissue health.
• Vitamins are cofactors for enzyme function.
• Inorganic compounds do not contain a carbon chain nor carbon.

Minerals

• Include substances, such as calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, which are required in small quantities in the diet.
• Minerals are components of hormones and enzymes, are important for bone, muscle, and nerve function, and regulate water balance.

Overview of metabolism, covering catabolism (breakdown) and anabolism (synthesis). Discussion of nutrients, including organic molecules like carbohydrates and lipids. Carbohydrate types (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides) and lipid composition are examined.