Mental Health Introduction to Public Health Chapter 19 Fall 2024 PDF

What’s New in Public Health ?  Chapter 19 Mental Health: Public Health Includes Healthy Minds  What is Mental Health? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mental health is “a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with...

What’s New in Public Health ?  Chapter 19 Mental Health: Public Health Includes Healthy Minds  What is Mental Health? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mental health is “a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community”  September is National Suicide Prevention & Awareness Month help us spread the facts about suicide and educate others on how we can help those who may be struggling. According to the CDC, nearly 46,000 lives were lost to suicide in 2020 alone. Comments or thoughts about suicide, also known as suicidal ideation, can begin small — for example, “I wish I wasn’t here” or “Nothing matters.” But over time, they can become more explicit and dangerous. https://www.nami.org/Get-Involved/Awareness-Events/Suicide-Prevention- Awareness-Month-(SPAM) What are some warning signs and risk factors for suicide?  Suicide Warning Signs Warning Signs Increased alcohol and drug use Aggressive behavior Withdrawal from friends, family and community Dramatic mood swings Impulsive or reckless behavior Suicidal behaviors are a psychiatric emergency. If you or a loved one starts to take any of these steps, seek immediate help from a health care provider or call 988 to reach the Suicide & Crisis Lifeline: Collecting and saving pills or buying a weapon Giving away possessions Tying up loose ends, like organizing personal papers or paying off debts Saying goodbye to friends and family If you are unsure, a licensed mental health professional can help  Suicide Risk Factors Research has found that 46% of people who die by suicide had a known mental health condition. Several other factors may put a person at risk of suicide, including but not limited to: A family history of suicide Substance use: Drugs can create mental highs and lows that worsen suicidal thoughts. Intoxication: Analysis from the CDC indicates around 1 in 5 people who die by suicide had alcohol in their system at the time of death. Access to firearms A serious or chronic medical illness Gender: Although more women than men attempt suicide, men are 4x more likely to die by suicide. A history of trauma or abuse Prolonged stress A recent tragedy or loss Notes of Hope  Mental Illness Mental illness account for more disability in developed countries than any other group of illnesses. Nearly half of all Americans will develop at least one mental illness during their lifetime. Categories of mental disorders are broad, heterogeneous, and somewhat overlapping. Mental illnesses are associated with: – Chronic disease Physical illnesses can predispose people to mental illnesses in part because many physical conditions are associated with abnormal levels of hormones and neurotransmitters that can affect mental health.... Chronic illness may also affect mental health through the mechanism of increased stress.J – Injuries Mental illnesses (consisting of mood, anxiety and psychotic disorders) were associated with 1.59 times (CI: 1.36– 1.87) greater risk of injuries in the past three months.... Having a history of a mental disorder was associated with 1.71 (CI: 1.21–2.41) times increase in the probability of recurrent injuries. – Substance abuse of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs. Substance abuse and mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety are closely linked, and while some substance abuse can cause prolonged psychotic reactions, one does not directly cause the other. However: Alcohol and drugs are often used to self-medicate the symptoms of mental health problems.  Connection between mood disorders and chronic diseases Mood disorder = a psychological disorder characterized by the elevation or lowering of a person's mood, such as depression or bipolar disorder…"true clinical depression is a mood disorder, which can interfere with everyday life for an extended time“  Epidemiology of Mental Illness: Who? What? When? Where? They are difficult to track due to overlap of symptoms. National Comorbidity Survey assessed mental disorders. Lifetime prevalence of the most common mental illnesses are: – 31% anxiety disorder Anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by significant feelings of anxiety and fear. Anxiety is a worry about future events, and fear is a reaction to current events. These feelings may cause physical symptoms, such as a fast heart rate and shakiness. – 21% mood disorder a psychological disorder characterized by the elevation or lowering of a person's mood, such as depression or bipolar disorder…"true clinical depression is a mood disorder, which can interfere with everyday life for an extended time“ – 25% impulse control disorder Impulse-control disorder (ICD) is a class of psychiatric disorders characterized by impulsivity – failure to resist a temptation, an urge, an impulse, or the inability to not speak on a thought. – 35% substance disorder Drug addiction, also called substance use disorder, is a disease that affects a person's brain and behavior and leads to an inability to control the use of a legal or illegal drug or medication. Substances such as alcohol, marijuana and nicotine also are considered drugs. When you're addicted, you may continue using the drug despite the harm it causes. National Institutes of Health/Mental Health  Epidemiology of Mental Illness Gender – Females have more anxiety and mood disorders. – Males have more impulse-control and substance disorders. Age – It is more prevalent in populations younger than 60. Region – Southeastern states have the highest levels. – Link is most likely associated with chronic diseases including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/mental- health.htm What are some factors that may cause mental illness?  Causes and Prevention Precise causes of most mental disorders are unknown. Causes are viewed as products of interaction between: – Biological factors – Psychological factors—what are some examples in today’s world? – Sociocultural factors Genetic factors are important in: – Schizophrenia – Bipolar disorder – Autism – ADHD Indentifying and targeting risk factors involve: – Individual factors – Family factors – Community factors Social Media Impacts Mental Health? Myth or Fact? Of the 97% of teens ages 13-17 yo who have at least one social media account (Snapchat, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube) https://etactics.com/blog/social-media-and-mental-health-statistics  FACT Spending more than 3 hours on social media per day puts adolescents at a higher risk for mental health problems. 13% of kids ages 12-17 report depression and 32% report anxiety. 25% of 18 to 25-year-olds report mental illness. These age groups report high usage of social media. Nov 12, 2020  Children Emphasis is on biological and psychosocial experiences. Common disorders: – Autism – Mood disorder – ADHD Importance of accurate diagnosis and prevention strategies is elevated with children. – There are concerns about active boys being overdiagnosed with ADHD. – ADHD children often have disruptive disorders.  Autism Prevalence CDC has a new data visualization tool that lets users map and graph ASD data. Visit the website and explore the data! About 1 in 59 children has been identified with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) according to estimates from CDC’s Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network. [Read article] ASD is reported to occur in all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups. [Read summaryexternal icon] [Read article] ASD is about 4 times more common among boys than among girls. [Read article] Studies in Asia, Europe, and North America have identified individuals with ASD with an average prevalence of between 1% and 2%. [Data table pdf icon[235 KB, 6 Pages, 508]] About 1 in 6 children in the United States had a developmental disability in 2006- 2008, ranging from mild disabilities such as speech and language impairments to serious developmental disabilities, such as intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, and autism. [Read summary] www.autismspeaks.com  Eating Disorders Eating disorders typically appear during teen years or young adulthood. They are complex interactions of genetic, biological, behavioral, and psychosocial factors. It is a mental illness that lead to serious physical problems. – Anorexia nervosa – Bulimia nervosa – Binge-eating disorder Boys who want to “bulk up” or “slim down” are also affected. An estimated 1.1 to 4.2 percent of women have bulimia nervosa in their lifetime. Lifetime prevalence of binge eating disorder is 3.5% in women, and 2.0% in men (3). Onset of anorexia nervosa is most commonly around the same time as puberty. https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/  DID YOU KNOW? Young people between the ages of 15 and 24 with anorexia have 10 times the risk of dying compared to their same-aged peers. 1 in 5 anorexia deaths is by suicide 50-80% of the risk for anorexia is genetic. https://www.eatingrecoverycenter.com/sites/default/files/file /2021-04/Anorexia-Nervosa-Fact-Sheet.pdf  Serious Health Risks associated with anorexia The most serious health risk of anorexia is increased mortality rate. Other serious health risks include: Cardiac implications Heart, kidney and liver failure Bone loss/osteoporosis Anemia Electrolyte imbalances Low blood sugar Constipation, bloating and other gastrointestinal issues Amenorrhea Fertility challenges Low testosterone Suicide  Are Boys As Likely as Girls to Engage in Disordered Eating? A Recent Study found: that boys and girls were equally likely to engage in disordered eating, going against common assumptions. Therefore, boys face a similar risk to girls. Dr. Murray added that “these data suggest that children — both boys and girls — who experience puberty earlier than their peers, may be vulnerable to disordered eating behaviors.” https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/boys-just-as-likely-as-girls-to-engage-in- disordered-eating-study-shows#What-did-this-study-find?  Adulthood Personality traits and ability to cope with life stressors gain importance in the mental health of adults. Effective treatment options for mental illness include: – Psychotherapy – Medications Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent kind. PTSD gets an emphasis on treatment strategies. Mood disorders include depression and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia affects about 1% of people. – Effective treatment usually includes medication, psychotherapy, and family intervention.  Older Adults Highest rates of suicide occur with older adults, usually associated with depression. Risk factors for mental illness are: – Medical conditions and medications – Living conditions – Psychosocial stressors Treatment is similar to that of younger patients with emphasis on medication side effects.  Treatment Most people with mental disorders do not seek treatment Fear of the stigma is a hurdle to acknowledging the problem. Now, inpatient units are used for crisis care only. Housing is often a major problem for people with severe mental illness.  Cost of Mental Health Disorders A new Lancet Commission report on mental health said that mental disorders are on the rise in every country in the world and will cost the global economy $16 trillion by 2030. The economic cost is primarily due to early onset of mental illness and lost productivity, with an estimated 12 billion working days lost due to mental illness every year.  Mental Health Disparities among LBGTQ adults and youth LBGTQ adults are 2x as likely as heterosexual adults to experience a mental health condition 40% of LBGTQ adults have experienced rejection from family Transgender adults are 4x as likely as cisgender adults to experience a mental health condition LBGTQ youth are – At greater risk of suicidal ideation – 2x more likely to experience sadness & hopelessness – 2x more likely to experience depressive symptoms, seriously consider suicide, and attempt suicide https://www.nami.org/Your-Journey/Identity-and-Cultural-Dimensions/LGBTQI  What might be some of the reasons for mental health disparities among the LBGTQ community? Or risk factors?  Important Risk Factors LBGTQ Mental Health Coming Out Rejection – According to a 2013 survey, 40% of LGBT adults have experienced rejection from a family member or a close friend. A 2019 school climate survey showed that 86% of LGBTQ youth reported being harassed or assaulted at school, which can significantly impact their mental health. Trauma Inadequate mental health care Suicide – Many people in this community struggle in silence — and face worse health outcomes as a result. – The LGBTQI population is at a higher risk than the heterosexual, cisgender population for suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts. – High school students who identify as lesbian, gay or bisexual are more than four times as likely to have attempted suicide compared to their heterosexual peers. – 40% of transgender adults have attempted suicide in their lifetime, compared to less than 5% of the general U.S. population. Homelessness – It is estimated that LGBTQI youth and young adults have a 120% higher risk of experiencing homelessness — often the result of family rejection or discrimination based on gender identity or sexual orientation. Substance Abuse – LGB adults are nearly twice as likely as heterosexual adults to experience a substance use disorder. Transgender individuals are almost four times as likely as cisgender individuals to experience a substance use disorder. Illicit drug use is significantly higher in high school-aged youth who identify as LGB or are unsure of their identity, compared to their heterosexual peers https://www.nami.org/Your-Journey/Identity-and-Cultural-Dimensions/LGBTQI  Covid Impact on Mental Health Rates of anxiety and depression among U.S. adults were about 4 times higher between April 2020 and August 2021 than they were in 2019. Some of the sharpest increases were among males, Asian Americans, young adults, and parents with children in the home, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2021/11/numbers- depression-anxiety  Anxiety escalates during Covid 7.4% – 8.6% Range of average monthly percentages of U.S. adults reporting symptoms of anxiety, January–December 2019 1 28.2% – 37.2% Range of average submonthly percentages of U.S. adults reporting symptoms of anxiety, April 2020–August 2021 2 https://www.apa.org/monitor/2021/11/numbers-depression-anxiety  Depression escalates during Covid 5.9% – 7.5% Range of average monthly percentages of U.S. adults reporting symptoms of depression, January–December 2019 1 20.2% – 31.1% Range of average submonthly percentages of U.S. adults reporting symptoms of depression, April 2020–August 2021 2 https://www.apa.org/monitor/2021/11/numbers-depression-anxiety  A Mental Health Day https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=ment al+health+2019+videos&&view=detail&mid=E 8C002C9A16E026D37B2E8C002C9A16E026D3 7B2&rvsmid=DE96EB78844A7F8976F1DE96EB 78844A7F8976F1&FORM=VDMCNR  We All Have Mental Health https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=ment al+health+2019+videos&&view=detail&mid=E D296E3B885246552DB1ED296E3B885246552 DB1&rvsmid=DE96EB78844A7F8976F1DE96E B78844A7F8976F1&FORM=VDQVAP https://try.talkspace.com/michael?utm_source=google&utm_medium=semnb&utm_campaign=Search _Google_NB_MP_Desktop_Exact&utm_content=MP- 1&utm_term=michael%20phelps%20mental%20health&gclid=CjwKCAjw7fuJBhBdEiwA2lLMYeCrRP1s3y yyFhAJZj6gmDwAqJ5NxiaU8wKabhhltzFMBd_k38CvdBoCW10QAvD_BwE  Athletes for Hope https://www.athletesforhope.org/2019/05/mental- health-and-athletes/  Why is Mental Health Important? One in four Americans will experience a need for addiction treatment or mental health care in their life. Two-thirds of these people will be undiagnosed and/or untreated, due to a lack of knowledge and the stigma of talking about mental illness. In the United States, only 41% of the people who had a mental disorder in the past year received professional health care or other services. Even when people decide to get help, it’s frequently after many years of waiting and putting it off. The longer a person waits to seek help, the more difficult their recovery can be. But research shows that people with mental health problems are more likely to seek help if someone close to them suggests it. That can be you. In the United States, someone dies by suicide every 12.3 minutes. And for every suicide, 25 more people attempt suicide. Every day, 140 people in the United States die of a drug overdose, 91 specifically because of opioids. Approximately 80,000 people in the United States lose their life to alcohol use disorder each year.  Center for Counseling and Student Development In crisis? Come in M - F between 11 am - 4 pm for a brief crisis screening or call us at 252- 328-6661 (press '2' if after-hours). The mission of the Center for Counseling and Student Development (CCSD) is to enhance personal growth through developmental, preventive, and therapeutic programming designed to facilitate skill development, improve functioning, and increase understanding of self and others. The CCSD's programs and services are designed to be an integral part of the university structure and contribute toward the university's mission of education, research, and service. As such, individual and group programs and outreach activities are designed to enhance the quality of life for ECU students in the areas of cognitive, emotional, social, career, and academic development. The CCSD staff affirm an inclusive definition of diversity and respect and celebrate the richness of each student's experience.  Discussion Question 1 Do you think most people realize how common mental illness is in the population? What can be done to reduce any stigma that may still surround seeking help for mental illness?  Discussion Question 2 Visit the National Institute of Mental Health website, www.nimh.nih.gov, and review different mental health disorders and treatment strategies. How can we improve mental health prevention strategies?