Nonlinear Affixation - Meeting 5 - Morphosyntax - PDF

Nonlinear Affixation Meeting 5 - Morphosyntax Diah R - STIBA IEC Jakarta 1  Linear Vs Nonlinear Affixation Linear is combining one morpheme with another. It includes prefixation, suffixation, and compounding. Re-play...

Nonlinear Affixation Meeting 5 - Morphosyntax Diah R - STIBA IEC Jakarta 1  Linear Vs Nonlinear Affixation Linear is combining one morpheme with another. It includes prefixation, suffixation, and compounding. Re-play Develop-ment Nonlinear Affixes are not simply attached in a linear sequence; instead, morphological changes may occur inside a word, through infixation, root modification (ablaut, umlaut), or other non- linear processes. Diah R - STIBA IEC Jakarta 2 Infixation An infix is an affix which occurs inside the stem to which it is attached. Examples of Infix in Bahasa Indonesia: Infix -el- Infix -er- Tunjuk → telunjuk Sabut → serabut Patuk → pelatuk Suling → seruling Gembung → gelembung Gigi → gerigi Tapak → telapak Kudung → kerudung Luhur → leluhur Runtuh → reruntuh(an) Cerita → ceritera Examples of Infix in English: Fan-bloody-tastis Cinde-fuckin’-rella un-freaking-believable Diah R - STIBA IEC Jakarta 3 Internal Modification Internal modification occurs when a phoneme (or a group of phonemes) in a word is replaced by another one and thus creates a new item. Or simply we say it changing sounds within the root (vowels/consonants) There are several possibilities of swapping the phonological segments — these include replacing vowels, consonants or both the same time (mixed modifications). Replacing all the sound segments result in a phenomenon called suppletion Examples: sing → sang → sung drive → drove → driven mouse → mice buy → bought go → went good → better → best Diah R - STIBA IEC Jakarta 4 Subtraction In rare cases, instead of adding segments, affixation removes them. The perfective forms of verbs (in Tohono O’odham (Uto-Aztecan, Arizona) Stem Perfective Happen t∫upidʒ t∫upi Drip popot popo 1. Stem: t∫upidʒ (to happen) o Perfective form: t∫upi o Explanation: Here, the stem "t∫upidʒ" has a segment removed (the "dʒ") to form o the perfective "t∫upi." The perfective aspect indicates a completed action. 2. Stem: popot (to drip) o Perfective form: popo o Explanation: In this case, the stem "popot" undergoes a segment removal, resulting in "popo." The perfective form conveys that the action has been completed. Diah R - STIBA IEC Jakarta 5 Suprafixation Affixes consist of SUPRASEGMENTAL elements like tone, stress, and nasalization. English appears to have a derivational suprafix consisting of a stress shift, which derives nouns from verbs. For example, the verb conVERT and the noun CONvert Verb Noun addréss áddress convért cónvert knock óut knóckout permĺt pérmit pervért pérvert rejéct réject subjéct sÚbject Diah R - STIBA IEC Jakarta 6 Reduplication Reduplication is a morphological process that involves the repetition of all or part of a word, typically to express grammatical or semantic changes. Full reduplication: Rhyming reduplication Rumah-rumah Hocus-pocus Anak-anak Nitty-gritty Batu-batuan Super-duper Sama-sama Hanky-panky Partial reduplication: (Sundanese) Pisah → papisah Goda → gogoda Batur → babaturan Terekel → teterekel Diah R - STIBA IEC Jakarta 7 Conclusion Non-linear affixation involves a variety of complex processes These processes add depth to the morphological structure of languages Recap of types: Infixation, Internal Modification, Subtraction, Reduplication, and Suprafixation Diah R - STIBA IEC Jakarta 8