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Questions and Answers
What is the characteristic feature of nonlinear affixation?
What is the characteristic feature of nonlinear affixation?
- It combines morphemes in a linear sequence.
- It avoids any form of modification to the root.
- It includes only prefixation and suffixation.
- Morphological changes occur inside the word. (correct)
Which of the following is an example of infixation in English?
Which of the following is an example of infixation in English?
- Re-play
- Develop-ment
- Unbelievable
- Fan-bloody-tastis (correct)
What does internal modification typically entail?
What does internal modification typically entail?
- Adding phonemes to the end of a word.
- Changing sounds within the root of the word. (correct)
- Removing consonants to simplify the word.
- Making the word longer without altering sounds.
Which phenomenon results from replacing all sound segments in a word?
Which phenomenon results from replacing all sound segments in a word?
In what scenario does subtraction occur in affixation?
In what scenario does subtraction occur in affixation?
Which of the following pairs is an example of internal modification?
Which of the following pairs is an example of internal modification?
Which best describes an infix?
Which best describes an infix?
What is a common feature of vowel changes in internal modification?
What is a common feature of vowel changes in internal modification?
What does the perfective form indicate?
What does the perfective form indicate?
What morphological process involves the repetition of all or part of a word?
What morphological process involves the repetition of all or part of a word?
Which of the following pairs illustrates the effect of suprafixation?
Which of the following pairs illustrates the effect of suprafixation?
Which of the following is an example of full reduplication?
Which of the following is an example of full reduplication?
What type of morphological process is represented by the transformation from 'popot' to 'popo'?
What type of morphological process is represented by the transformation from 'popot' to 'popo'?
Which term refers to elements like tone or stress in morphological processes?
Which term refers to elements like tone or stress in morphological processes?
What is one characteristic of partial reduplication?
What is one characteristic of partial reduplication?
Which of these processes includes removing segments to form new word forms?
Which of these processes includes removing segments to form new word forms?
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Study Notes
Linear vs. Nonlinear Affixation
- Linear affixation involves combining morphemes in a sequence, including prefixation, suffixation, and compounding.
- Examples of linear affixation:
replay,development. - Nonlinear affixation involves morphological changes within a word through infixation, root modification, and other non-linear processes.
- Nonlinear affixes are not added in a linear sequence.
Infixation
- An infix is an affix inserted within a stem.
- Examples in Bahasa Indonesia:
-el-:tunjuk→telunjuk(point → index finger)-er-:sabut→serabut(fiber → fibers)
- Examples in English:
fan-bloody-tastiscinde-fuckin’-rellaun-freaking-believable
Internal Modification
- Internal modification occurs when a phoneme or group of phonemes is replaced by another phoneme within a word, creating a new word.
- This includes replacing vowels, consonants, or both.
- All-sound segment replacement is called suppletion.
- Examples:
sing→sang→sungdrive→drove→drivenmouse→micebuy→boughtgo→wentgood→better→best
Subtraction
- In subtraction, affixation removes segments.
- Example in Tohono O'odham:
t∫upidʒ(to happen) →t∫upi(perfective form, indicating completion)popot(to drip) →popo(perfective form, indicating completion)
Suprafixation
- Suprafixes are composed of suprasegmental elements like tone, stress, and nasalization.
- English uses suprafixation through stress shift to derive nouns from verbs.
- Examples:
conVért(verb) →cónvert(noun)addréss(verb) →áddress(noun)
Reduplication
- Reduplication involves repeating a part or whole of a word for grammatical or semantic changes.
- Full reduplication:
rumah-rumah(houses),anak-anak(children) - Rhyming reduplication:
hocus-pocus,nitty-gritty,super-duper - Partial reduplication (in Sundanese):
pisah→papisah(separate → separated)
Conclusion
- Non-linear affixation involves complex processes that add depth to the morphological structures of languages.
- Key types of non-linear affixation: infixation, internal modification, subtraction, reduplication, and suprafixation.
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