Engineer in Society (MEE 101) PDF

Course Title: Engineer in society Course Code: MEE 101 Learning Outcomes At the end of this course, the students should be able to: 1. differentiate between science, engineering and technology, and relate them to innovation; 2. distinguish between the different cadres of engineering...

Course Title: Engineer in society Course Code: MEE 101 Learning Outcomes At the end of this course, the students should be able to: 1. differentiate between science, engineering and technology, and relate them to innovation; 2. distinguish between the different cadres of engineering – engineers, technologists, technicians and craftsmen and their respective roles and competencies; 3. identify and distinguish between the relevant professional bodies in engineering; 4. categorise the goals of global development or sustainable development goals (SDGs); and 5. identify and evaluate safety and risk in engineering practice. Course Contents History, evolution and philosophy of science. engineering and technology. The engineering profession – engineering family (engineers, technologists, technicians and craftsmen), professional bodies and societies. Engineers' code of conduct and ethics, and engineering literacy. Sustainable development goals (SDGs), innovation, infrastructures and nation building - economy, politics, business. Safety and risk analysis in engineering practice. Engineering competency skills – curriculum overview, technical, soft and digital skills. Guest seminars and invited lectures from different engineering professional associations. 1. Definition of Engineering and Technology Science is the study of facts, otherwise known as “what is.” Engineering is the use of the scientific facts to create something. Technology is the study of how to do something – working in the real world, like engineering except more concentrated on the details that don’t always show up in the textbooks. 1 For example, to build a bridge requires all three areas of knowledge. The science tells us the forces that will exist in all the different pieces; engineering tells us how to arrange the pieces to make the structure as strong as it needs to be at the lowest cost; technology tells us how to weld the pieces together. Science is the first work, the understanding that has to come before anything concrete can be made. The scientist work tirelessly, often for years, before finding anything. There’s a lot of speculation in science, but most of the time, science has determined something to be concrete before companies decided that it’s worth pouring money into to develop a useful product. Engineering come next, as companies test out the product. A lot of testing goes on…. hours and hours of it. Engineers grow weary as they test product, and then grow excited as something works and keep testing more designs. They struggle over diagrams, fix errors, get yelled at for taking too long, get yelled at for not taking long enough to test every angle…. and then the product is finished. It’s all worth it as people cheer the engineers. And the final product is Technology, ready to be used by millions of people. Engineering is the application of science and math to solve problems. It is application of science to the optimum conversation of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind. Engineers figure out how things work and find practical uses for scientific discoveries. Scientists and inventor often get credit for innovations that advance the human condition, but it is engineers who are instrumental in making those innovations available to the world. Definition of Engineer: The one who translates into action the dreams of humanity, traditional, knowledge, and concepts of science to achieve sustainable management of the planet through creative application of technology. Science: Well-founded, testable knowledge nature phenomenon. Technology: Systems crated for problem-solving and meeting the needs of the real world. 1) The scientist develops knowledge and understanding of the physical universe. 2) Science is the pursuit of knowledge in the purest sense without any concern to the needs of society. 3) Engineering connects pure science to society 2  4) Unlike science, engineering environment where engineers plan, design, build, manufacture and operate continually changes and the role of engineers has been fraught with challenges and uncertainties. 5) Throughout history, engineers have met these challenges through creativity, analysis and pure guts with successes and failures as well. What does an Engineer do? Engineers design, evaluate, develop, test, modify, install, inspect, and maintain a wide variety of products and systems. They also recommend and specify materials and processes, supervise manufacturing and construction, conduct failure analysis, provide consulting services and teach engineering courses in colleges and universities. Unlike the scientist, the engineer is not free to select the problem that interests him, he must solve problems as they arise; his solution must satisfy conflicting requirements. Usually efficiency costs money; safety adds to complexity; improved performance increases weight. The engineering solution is the optimum solution, the end result that, taking many factors into account, is most desirable. it may be the most reliable within a given cost. In many engineering problems the social costs are significant. Engineers employ two types of natural resources–Materials and Energy. Materials are useful because of their properties: their strength, ease of fabrication, lightness, or durability; their ability to insulate or conduct; their chemical, electrical, or acoustical properties. Important sources of energy include fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, gas) wind, sunlight, falling water, and nuclear fission. Since most resources are limited, the engineer must concern himself with the continual development of new resources as well as the efficient utilization of existing ones. History of Engineering The first engineer known by name and achievement is Imhotep, builder of the Step Pyramid at Saqqarah, Egypt, probably in about 2550 BC. Imhotep’s successors – Egyptian, Persian, Greek and Roman – carried civil engineering to remarkable heights on the basis of empirical methods aided by arithmetic, geometry, and a smattering of physical science. The Pharos (lighthouse) of Alexandria, Solomon’s Temple in Jerusalem, the Colosseum in Rome, the Persian and Roman road systems, the Pont du Gard aqueduct in France, and many other large structures, some of which endure to this day, testify to their skill, imagination, and daring. Of many treatises written by them, one in particular survives to provide a picture of engineering 3 education and practice in classical times: Vitruvius’ De architectura, published in Rome in the 1st century AD, a 10-volume work covering building materials, construction methods, hydraulics, measurement, and town planning. In construction medieval European engineers carried technique, in the form of the Gothic arch and flying buttress, to a height unknown to the Romans. The sketchbook of the 13th-century French engineer Villard de Honnecourt reveals a wide knowledge of mathematics, geometry, natural and physical science, and draftsmanship. In Asia. engineering had a separate but very similar development, with more and more sophisticated techniques of construction, hydraulics, and metallurgy helping to create advanced civilizations such as the Mongol empire, whose large, beautiful cities impressed Marco Polo in the 13th century. Civil engineering emerged as a separate discipline in the 18th century, when the first professional societies and schools of engineering were founded. Civil engineers of the 19th century built structures of all kinds, designed water-supply and sanitation systems, laid out railroad and highway networks, and planned cities. England and Scotland were the birthplace of mechanic engineering, as a derivation of the inventions of the Scottish engineer James Watt and the textile machinists of the Industrial Revolution. The development of the British machine-tool industry gave tremendous impetus to the study of mechanical engineering both in Britain and abroad. The growth of knowledge of electricity–from Alessandro Volta’s original electric cell of 1800 through the experiments Michael Faraday and others, culminating in 1872 in the Gramme dynamo and electric motor (named after the Belgian Z.T. Gramme)–led to the development of electrical and electronics engineering. The electronics accept became prominent through the work of such scientists as James Clerk Maxwell of Britain and Heinrich Hertz of German in late 19th century. Major advances came with the development of the vacuum tube, by Lee De Forest of the United States in the early 20th century and the invention of the transistor in the mid-20th century. In the late 20th electrical and electronics engineers outnumbered all others in the world. Chemical engineering grew out of the 19th-century proliferation of industrial processes involving chemical reactions in metallurgy, food, textiles, and many other areas. By 1880 the use of chemicals in manufacturing had created an industry whose function was the mass 4 production of chemicals. The design and operation of the plants of this industry became a function of the chemical engineer. Engineering Functions Problem solving is common to all engineering work. The problem may involve quantitative or qualitative factors; it may be physical or economic; it may require abstract mathematics or common sense. Of great importance is the process of creative synthesis or design, putting ideas together to create a new and optimum solution. Although engineering problems vary in scope and complexity, the same general approach is applicable. first comes an analysis of the situation and a preliminary decision on a plan of attack. In line with this plan, the problem is reduced to a more categorical question that can be clearly stated. The stated question is then answered by deductive reasoning from known principles or by creative synthesis, as in a new design. The answer or design is always checked for accuracy and adequacy. Finally, the results for the simplified problems are interpreted in terms of the original problem and reported in an appropriate form. In order of decreasing emphasis on science, the major functions of all engineering branches are the following: 1. Research: Using mathematical and scientific concepts, experimental techniques, and inductive reasoning, the research engineer seeks new principles and processes. 2. Development: Development engineers apply the results of research to useful purposes, creative application of new knowledge may result in a working model of a new electrical circuit, a chemical process, or an industrial machine. 3. Design: In designing a structure or a product, the engineer selects methods, specifies materials, and determines shapes to satisfy technical requirements and to meet performance specifications. 4. Construction: The construction engineer is responsible for preparing the site, determining procedures that will economically and safety yield the desired quality, directing the placement of materials, and organizing the personnel and equipment. 5. Production: Plant layout and equipment selection are the responsibility of the production engineer, who chooses processes and tools, integrates the flow of materials and components, and provides for testing and inspection. 5 6. Operation: The operating engineer controls machines, plants, and organization providing power, transportation, and communication; determines procedures; and supervises personnel to obtain reliable and economic operation of complex equipment. 7. Management and other functions: In some countries and industries engineers analyze customers’ requirements, recommend units to satisfy needs economically, and resolve related problems. 2. Different branches of engineering in practice in Nigeria and brief discussion of each. The field of engineering is divided into a large number of specialty areas: 1. Mechanic Engineering involves design, manufacturing, inspection and maintenance of machinery, equipment and components as well as control systems and instruments for monitoring their status and performance. This includes vehicles, construction and farm machinery, industrial installations and a wide variety of tools and devices. 2. Electrical Engineering involves design, testing, manufacturing, construction, control, monitoring and inspection of electrical and electronic devices, machinery and systems. These systems vary in scale from microscopic circuits to national power generation and transmission systems. 3. Civil Engineering involves design, construction, maintenance and inspection of large infrastructure projects such as highways, railroads, bridges, tunnels, dams and airport. 4. Aerospace Engineering involves design, manufacturing and testing of aircraft and spacecraft as well as parts and components such as airframes, power plants, control and guidance systems, electric and electronic systems and communication and navigation systems. 5. Nuclear Engineering involves design, manufacturing, construction, operating and testing of equipment, systems and processes involving the production, control and detection of nuclear radiation. These systems include particle accelerator and nuclear reactors for electric power plants and ships, radioisotope production and research. Nuclear engineering also includes monitoring and protecting humans from the potentially harmful effects of radiation. 6. Structure Engineering involves design, construction and inspection of load-bearing structures such as large commercial buildings, bridges and industrial infrastructure. 6  7. Biomedical Engineering is the practice of designing systems, equipment and devices for use in the practice of medicine. It also involves working closely with medical practitioners, including doctors, nurses, technicians, therapist and researchers, in order to determine, understand and meet their requirements for systems, equipment and devices. 8. Chemical Engineering is the practice of designing equipment, systems and processes for refining raw materials and for mixing, compounding and processing chemicals to make valuable products. 9. Computer Engineering is the practice of designing computer hardware components, computer systems, networks and computer software. 10. Industrial Engineering is the practice of designing and optimizing facilities, equipment, systems and processes for manufacturing, material processing, and any number of other work environments. 11. Environment Engineering is the practice of preventing, reducing and eliminating sources of pollution that affect air, water and land. it also involves detecting and measuring pollution levels, determining sources of pollution, cleaning up and rehabilitating polluted sites and ensuring compliance with local, state and federal regulations. 12. Agricultural Engineering these engineers are involved with conversing and developing the world’s natural resources including; soil, water, land, rivers and forests. They research and develop solutions to combat problems such as soil erosion and salinity. They are responsible for designing better methods of farming and forestry, improved farming machinery and building and also in lessening the impacts of humans on the environment. Agricultural Engineers may work towards solutions for problems such as sustainable agricultural production, the environmental impact of intensive agriculture and also look at the ways in which agricultural and primary products are handled. Many Agricultural Engineers are employed by government departments in such areas as water supply, agriculture, forestry, soil conservation and in environment protection agencies. Private employers may include consulting firms, manufacturers and distributors of agricultural and irrigation equipment, corporate farms, intensive animal industries and food processing plants. Work may also be available on overseas agricultural aid programs. 7 Chemical engineer Norma Alcantar uses the prickly pear cactus in her work to create an inexpensive, sustainable way to purify drinking water. (image credit: Norma A. Alcantar, Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida) There is often considerable overlap among the different specialties. For this reason, engineers need to have a general understanding of several areas of engineering besides their specialty. For example, a civil engineer needs to understand concepts of structural engineering, an aerospace engineer needs to apply principles of mechanical engineering, and nuclear engineers needs a working knowledge of electrical engineering. Particular, engineers require in-depth knowledge of mathematics, physics and computer applications such as simulations and computer-aided design. This is why most college programs include basic engineering courses in a wide range of topics before students choose to specialize in a particular area. 3. Inter-relationship between Engineering/Technology and other Disciplines and Professions. The function of the scientist is to know, while that of the engineer is to do. The scientist adds to the store of verified, systematized knowledge of the physical world; the engineer brings this knowledge to bear on practical problems. Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, transfer and rate processes, and systems analysis. Engineering profession is the application of scientific knowledge to meet social needs Societal Scientific Engineering knowledge Needs Design Analysis 8 Engineering Scientific  RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND TECHNOLOGY Science, Engineering and Technology are distinct, yet interrelated disciplines Both apply scientific principles to research and development ENGINEERING SCIENCE Applies scientific principles Applies the scientific to solves problem or method to explore the develop products nature world Practical applications of Practical applications of scientific knowledge and TECHNOLOGY engineering designs and discoveries Products and processes that serve societies wants product and needs Chemistry.about.com 9 Here is another way to look at it 10 Science Engineering Technology ……..is the body of …….is the application of ….. is the body of knowledge of physical and knowledge in order to knowledge, systems, natural worlds. design, build, and maintain processes, and artifacts that technologies results from engineering. ……seeks to describe and ….. seeks solutions for …… can be used to describe understand the natural world social problems, needs and almost anything made by and its physical properties. wants humans to solve a problem or meet a need. ……uses varied …….. uses varied approaches–scientific approaches–for example, methods such as controlled engineering design experiments or longitudinal processes or engineering …… results from the observational studies–to analyses–to produce and process of engineering. generate knowledge. evaluate solutions and technologies. Scientific knowledge can be Engineering aims to produce Technologies are anything used to make predictions the best solutions given made by humans to fill a resources and constraints need or desire 11 4. Decree No. 55 of 1970 and the aims and objectives of COREN Education in Nigeria. The Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria, COREN, was established by Decree 55 of 1970, which was amended by Decree 27 of 1992, and Engineers (Registration, etc.) Act Cap E11, LFN 2004, and now Engineers (Registration, etc.), (Amendment), Act 2018. It has the mandate to control and regulate the practice of engineering in all aspects and ramifications. It also determines what standards of knowledge and skills are to be attained by persons seeking to become registered as Engineering Personal i.e. Engineers, Engineering Technologist, Engineering Technicians and Engineering Craftsmen. 4.1 Decree 27 of 1992 4.2 The Engineers (Registration, etc.) ACT CAP E 11 of 2004 CHAPTER E11 ENGINEERS (REGISTRATION, ETC.), ACT An Act to establish the Council of Registered Engineers of Nigeria and to make provisions for other matters connected therewith. [1970 NO. 55] [5th December, 1970] [Commencement] Establishment of the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria, etc. 1. Establishment of the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (1) There shall be established on the coming into force of this Act, a body to be known as Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (hereinafter in this Act referred to as “the Council”) which shall be a body corporate by the name aforesaid and be charged with the general duty of --- (1992 No. 27) (a) determine who are engineers for the purposes of this Act; 12  (b) determining what standards of knowledge and skill are to be attained by persons seeking to become registered as engineers and raising those standards from time to time as circumstances may permit; (c) securing, in accordance with the provisions of this Act, the establishment and maintenance of a register of persons entitled to practice as registered engineers and the publication from time to time of lists of those persons; (d) regulating and controlling the practice of the engineering profession in all its aspects and ramifications’ (e) performing the other functions conferred on the Council by this Act. 2. Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Council shall consist of the following members from the register of engineers, that is (a) one person who shall be elected by the Council as the President; (b) six persons elected to represent the Nigerian Society of Engineers in the manner provided by the constitution of the Society; (c) four persons appointed to represent the universities with faculties of engineering in rotation; (d) one person appointed to represent polytechnics in rotation; (e) one person appointed to represent technical college in rotation; (f) six persons appointed to represent the State of the Federation in rotation; (g) four persons to be nominated by the Minister; and (h) one person to represent each of the following cadres to appointed from their respective registers, that is…. i. registered engineering technologist; ii. registered engineering technicians; iii. registered engineering craftsmen. (1992 No. 27) 3. The provisions of the First Schedule to this Act, shall have effect with respect to the qualification and tenure of the office of members of the Council, powers and procedure of the Council and the other matters there mentioned. 4. Regulation may provide for increasing or reducing the membership of the Council, and may make such consequential amendments of paragraph 1 of the First Schedule to this Act as the Minister considers expedient in consequence of the increase or reduction. 13 4.3 The Engineers (Registration, etc.), (Amendment), Act 2018. EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM This Act amends the Engineers (Registration, etc.) Act, Cap E11, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN), 2004 to among other things, broaden the powers of the Council and its Registrar, recognize the diversity of engineering profession and provide for engineering regulation monitoring. 4.3 Aims and Objectives of COREN VISION To promote and ensure the highest standards of professionalism in Engineering practice in Nigeria. MISSION To Register and License Engineering Personnel and Firms and Make provisions for the control of Engineering practice. To Determine the academic standards of courses and accredit programmes to be offered by institutions training Engineering Personnel. To foster speedy acquisition of relevant engineering and technological skills through Continuous Professionalism Development To ensure that Engineering is practiced to improve the quality of life and promote development. To promote and ensure stability and cooperation within Engineering Family. APPROVED SCHEDULE OF ENTRY QUALIFICATIONS INTO ENGINEERING CADRES S/N ENGINEERS ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGISTS TECHNICIANS CRAFTSMEN 14  1. B.SC, B. ENG, B. HND in Engineering ND in WAEC Tec in from COREN Engineering from Technical/NABTEB Engineering accredited Polytechnics accredited or Monotechnics. Polytechnics or Monotechnics. 2. HND in an Degree in Engineering Full Trade Test. Engineering fields from East Bloc Technological + COREN translated as B.Sc. in Certificate (FTC). accredited PGD in Engineering Advance the same field e.g. Technician HND Civil Diploma. Engineering + PGD Civil Engineering 3 Diploma – Diploma – Grad from Craft Certificate Engineering from Continental Europe. from City & Guilds Continental Europe. 4 Degrees in B. Tech in Engineering Engineering from from some accredited the East Bloc American Universities translated as as contained in ABET M.Sc. list. 5 New B. Sc. in some countries in Eastern Bloc as degree 5. Engineering Professional Bodies Nigerian Society of Engineers HISTORY OF NSE 15 The Nigerian Society of Engineers is the umbrella organization for the Engineering Profession in Nigeria. The Society looks after the professional needs of member through well-structured programs and regular interactions among the different cadre of membership, enhancing high professional standard and ethical practices. The organization was founded on 16th February, 1958 major challenge by a group of young Nigerian graduate engineers and students in the UK, the Society was inaugurated at the Nigerian House in London. The NSE is registered with the Corporate Affairs Commission as a company Limited by guarantee. It was incorporated as a Company limited by guarantee and not having a share capital in 1967. The original Memorandum and Articles of Association were amended on 1st December 1998. Like some of its counterparts in other professions, the Society has distinguished itself through progressive and imaginative programs to become the avenue for the professional development of its members as well as technological development of the country. VISION: The Nigeria Society of Engineers shall be one of the very best Engineering Professional bodies in the world. MISSION: The Nigerian Society of Engineers is dedicated to providing quality service aimed at enhancing professional competence and development of its members at all times The Nigerian Society of Engineers is committed to focus collaboration with, influencing and providing quality advice to the various arms of Government, Industry, Commerce, Academia and the Society at large, for the purpose of uplifting the country as a whole The Nigerian Society of Engineers shall make meaningful contributions to the advancement of technology worldwide. OBJECTIVES OF THE SOICETY The objective of the Society is to promote the advancement of engineering education, research, and practice in all its ramifications. Naturally, this is with a view to maintaining and enhancing the professional capabilities of its members so as to better equip them to fulfill the needs of the profession for the good of the public and nation of large. 16 The objects for which the Society is established are: To provide a central organization for engineers in Nigeria and to generally to such things as may for time to time be necessary to maintain a strict standard or professional ethics among its members and to advance the interest of the engineering profession in Nigeria. To promote, protect, encourage and maintain a high standard of engineering study and practice and to encourage greater efficiency therein. To present to the Government of Nigeria the views of the Society on any subject of concern or interest to engineers in Nigeria and if considered advisable to join with any other bodies in submitting such representation. To represent to any other individual or bodies or organization the views of society on any subject of concern or interest to engineers in Nigeria or any appropriate subject on which the views of the Society may be invited. To provide a body to which the Government or other official or unofficial authority or organization in Nigeria can have resource for advice, assistance or the expression of views on any subjects of concern or interest to engineers in Nigeria. To facilitate the development and acquisition of technology by conducting visits to places of engineering interest, reading technical papers, holding meetings, conferences, publishing books journals and periodicals on engineering matters. To subscribe or guarantee or otherwise use monies of the Society for charitable or benevolent objects or scholarship on bursaries or for any exhibitions for any public genera or useful objects. To provide for the training and examination of students in engineering as well as the continuing professional update and development of its members. To nominate any member of members as arbitrators, panelists, investigators, auditors expert witnesses or specialist advisers, when called upon to do so. To assist necessitous members and any of the dependent kindred of deceased members including the widows and widowers of members and to appoint treasurer and distributor of any benevolent fund or funds which may be contributed by members or others for these purpose or any of the them and subject to the provisions of paragraph four (prohibiting payment being made to members), to make any contributions out of the surplus assets or income of the Society from time to time to any benevolent fund or funds. 17  To purchase, hold, lease, let, mortgage, sell, improve, or otherwise acquire and dispose of any movable or immovable property and any rights or privileges, which may be necessary or convenient for the advancement of any of the objects of the Society. To invest and deal with the monies of the Society not immediately required in any manner. To borrow money where necessary to promote any of the objects set out herein upon such securities as may be determined. To apply or petition for any legislation, parliamentary or otherwise that would further any of the objects of the Societies. To do all or any such lawful things are incidental or conducive to the attainment of the object and generally to further the profession of engineering in Nigeria as well as enhance the status of engineers in Nigeria. Provided that the Society shall not support with its funds and objects nor endeavor to impose on or procure to be observed by its members or others any regulation, restriction or condition which if an object of the Society would make it a trade union. To maintain and enhance links with national, international and multinational organizations and bodies to promote any of the objects of the Society. To collaborate with Industry, Commerce, Academia, and other such national bodies as may be necessary or convenient for the advancement of any of the objects of the Society. To promote and enforce a high standard of performance and professional ethics among its members. To watch over, promote, and protect the mutual interests of its members and to give advice to members. LIAISON WITH GOVERNMENT The Society liaises with Government on the NSE matters affecting the engineering progression on the Boards of some government bodies and organizations. 18  LIAISON WITH THE COUNCIL FOR THE REGULATION OF ENGINEERING IN NIGERIA, (COREN) The Society represented on COREN and arranges registration interviews for COREN. It maintains close relations with the body on all issues relating to the Engineering Profession. These include Engineering Regulation Monitoring (ERM), Mandatory Continuing Professional Development, (MCPD), and remuneration for Engineers. Membership of NSE The following are guidelines for persons aspiring to become members of the Nigerian Society of Engineers. There are grades of membership namely: Fellow, Honorary Fellow, Corporate Member, Graduate Member, Associate and Student Member. The education and training required for each grade of membership are listed hereunder: Fellow, Honorary Fellow, Corporate Member, Graduate Member, Associate and Student Member. 1. Student Member A Student Member shall be a person who is undertaking an approved engineering course of training leading to a degree in an institution recognized by the Council of the Society for the purpose of training professional engineers. 2. Associate Member A person seeking edition, as an Associate of the Society shall possess an academic qualification at the level of a university degree in the sciences allied to engineering science, or the qualifications approved by the Council of the Society. In addition, he shall have been engaged on work related to the practice of engineering for a minimum period of 5 years. 3. Graduate Member A person seeking admission to Graduate Membership shall possess an academic qualification acceptable to the Council of the Society and registrable by the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN) under the provisions of the Engineering Regulation Decree a requirement for entry into this class. HND holders are not registrable. 19 4. Corporate Member CANDIDATES ARE GROUPED INTO VARIOUS CATEGORIES THUS: A1 Candidates who are holders of the Bachelor’s degree in Engineering whose institutions’ programs are accredited by COREN and with such candidates having been registered by COREN as professional Engineers. A2 Candidates who are already Corporate Members of Engineering Institutions (licensed as professional Chartered or Registered Engineers) recognized by COREN. B1 Candidates who are holders of the Bachelor’s degree in Engineering whose qualifications are accredited by COREN or any oversea accreditation board recognized by COREN. Such candidates must have acquired a minimum of 4years post-qualification experience. B2 Candidates who obtained HND and PGD in the same field of Engineering from approved institution and had acquired a minimum 6years post-graduation experience in the practice of Engineering. C1 Candidates who are holders of correct and adequate basic academic qualifications by COREN Standard and Regulations who are 40years and above. Such candidates as at the time of application must have a minimum of 10years post-qualification experience. The candidates must appear in person. C2 Candidates who are holders of correct and adequate qualifications by COREN Standard and Regulations and are top executives in Government parastatal or Industries etc. who are not only 45years and above with respect of age, but who, as at the time of application have minimum of 15years post qualification experience. They may be accorded Presidential interview through NSE branch. D4 The candidate must be up to 50years of age and above and have either of the following credentials B.Sc. in Sciences with Post Graduate Diploma (PGD) and master’s degree in Engineering City & Guilds of 1999 with PGD and Master’s degree in the same field of Engineering. 5. Honorary Fellow 20 The Council of the Society may at its discretion elect distinguish persons to Honorary Fellowship, such persons, though not necessarily engineers, would normally have used their positions to render notable assistance to the practice of engineering science. 6. Fellow All candidates must have been corporate members of the Society for 10 years in addition to what we have in the Memorandum and Articles of Association of NSE. All HND holders must have additional academics qualification(s) before fellowship. All referees must be financial members of the Society and their reference letters must be revised before the consideration of the candidate’s application. Only the President can waive this option. o Must have attended at least 5 AGMs in the last ten years prior to the year of application. o Must have written and presented four (4) Technical/Management papers at NSE and or any other for acceptable to the Board of Fellows. All papers must have been presented in the last 10 years. o Must have worked on some outstanding projects (that stand out from the ordinary). attended the yearly refresher Engineering Course/Workshops to make him or her current on engineering practice and not with obsolete knowledge – must show evidence of this in the application form. o Must be active in his or her Branch and Division activities Financial status must be consistent. There must be evidence of consistency in the payment of dues to NSE in the last 5 years. (a) PROCESSING FEES The processing fees for the two categories of Fellowship had been reviewed upwards as follows: i) By invitation – the Council had approved N2.2m for applicants by invitation. The intention was to limit the number of applicants for this category and encourage applicants by application. ii) By application – the Council also approved N300,000 for this category of applicants. Members Benefits 1. Courses/Workshops/Conference 21 The Society offer courses and workshops regularly for professional improvement and continuing education of members. These courses/workshops are coordinated by the Professional. Development Directorate of the National Headquarters and are organized nation-wide through Divisions and Branches of the Society and the Nation Headquarters. The Society holds Engineering Conference every year and an international conference every two years between the last week in November and December. Conference Themes are chosen based on contemporary issues and a communique issued at the end of proceedings. 2. Careers and Employment Advice The Society provides advice to members on job placement and career progression through her Job placement unit. The unit maintains a list of members wishing to change jobs or in search of jobs, and also match jobs opportunities by its job listing. 3. Liaison with the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN) The Society is represented on the Council of COREN and maintains close relations with the body on all issues relating to the profession. These include Engineering Regulations Monitoring (ERM), Mandatory Continuing Professional Development (MCPD) and Engineers remuneration. 4. Forum The Society provides a forum for engineers to exchange ideas and update their knowledge on contemporary and future developments in engineering 5. Code of Ethics The Society has established a Code of Ethics to control the professional conduct of her members. Disciplinary actions are instituted under this code. 6. Advisory Services The Society provides guidance to members on a wide range of matters relevant to their involvements with and development in the profession. Government and the general public may also seek advice of the Society on Professional Engineering matters. 7. Awards and Prizes 22 Grants/Fellowships/Awards and Prizes for papers, research and other contributions to the professions are awarded by the Society from time to time to those who distinguished themselves in the profession. 8. Benevolent Fund The Society maintains a benevolent fund to which individual members contribute. The fund is to help members and their families in distress. 9. Competition The Society sponsors and encourages competitions at all levels, Secondary schools through Universities to Professional. The “Engineer of the Year” Award has also been instituted. 10. International Relations The Society is represents Nigeria through her membership of the Commonwealth Engineers Council (CEC) and World Federation of Engineering Organization (WFEO). The Society is also the Secretariat of the Federation of African Engineering Organization (FAEO). Foreign Industrial tours are also organized by Branches and the Headquarter coordinated by the International Affairs unit at the Headquarters. CODE OF ENGINEERING CONDUCT Every member is expected in his general conduct to uphold and enhance the honour and dignity of the Engineering profession and the reputation of the Nigerian Society of /engineers and to act always in the public interest: 1. A member shall make available his professional knowledge and experience in accordance with his code as a consultant or adviser, or a salaried employee, or a teacher of Engineering Science, or other people connected with the works. 2. A member shall not practice in a dual capacity as a consultant and as a contractor for the same project except with the prior written consent of the client. 3. A member shall not place orders on his own behalf in respect of a project on which he is engaged but shall only do so explicitly on behalf of his client. 4. A member shall not be the medium of payments made on his client’s behalf unless specifically so requested in writing by his clients, but shall only issue certificate for payments. 23  5. A member shall not take part in competition involving the submission of proposals and designs for engineering work unless an assessor which shall be an Engineer of acknowledged standing has been appointed to whom all such proposals and designs are to be submitted for adjudication. 6. A member shall not invite or submit priced proposals under conditions that constitute price competition for professional services. 7. A member shall not advertise engineering services in self-laudatory language or in any other manner derogatory to the dignity of the profession. 8. A member, on engineering works in a foreign country the members may adapt his conduct according to the professional standards and customs of the country, but shall adhere as closely as practicable to the printable of this code. Engineering Skills and Competencies Successful professional engineers require a combination of different engineering skills and competencies. It’s not just about going to studying a particular discipline at university. In addition to high-quality engineering work, potential employers consider a variety of factors: Attention to detail Interpersonal skills Problem-solving abilities Communication skills Critical thinking Innovation and creativity Physics and Mathematics Engineers are technical people who understand ways of finding a problem and creating a solution for it. To see a problem and find a solution, there must be a means to model or represent it. Technical skills are required. Physics and mathematics allow the world and everything within it to be observed and analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Drafting 24  Drafting is one of the most effective ways of communicating engineering designs, plans, and specifications. It follows globally accepted engineering practices and allows important details in the drawing to be understood clearly by other engineers. While engineering drawings can be done by hand, modern engineering firms use computer-aided drafting (CAD) software. This skill plays an important role in creating a variety of engineering document. General assembly drawings Construction drawings Material take offs (MTOs) and estimates Electrical layouts Instrumentation loop diagrams Process flow diagrams (PFDs) Piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs) Project Management This is a necessary component of any engineering project. This oversees the sequence of steps that are conceptualized, defined, planned, and executed to solve a given problem. Project management mostly revolves around optimizing resources such as manpower, capital, and time. The evolution of project execution tools has enabled modern cost-saving strategies. This competency ensures that the design is met with utmost quality while following the planned budget and cost. Each aspect is properly documented and communicated to stakeholders. Engineering Economics This is useful in the preliminary stages of a project where the most critical decisions are made. Conclusions made in this phase dictate the cost of the project. Engineering economics focuses on the feasibility and profitability of a proposed solution. It considers its required capital, incurred savings, maintenance, and operating costs. Quality Management 25  A good understanding of quality management ensures that products and services are delivered free from deficiencies and errors. It further enhances customer satisfaction. Quality management builds brand integrity which leads to better marketing opportunities. Quality management promotes leadership, evidence-based decision-making, continuous improvement, organization of resources, and clear documentation. Engineering Ethics Ethics governs engineers to make morally responsible decisions. It sets guiding principles for tackling issues that may conflict with the interest of the general public. Professional engineering practice gives paramount importance to the health, safety, and welfare of people and the environment. Data Analysis Data analysis involves collecting, organizing, processing, and modeling data. It aims to find meaning from a large mass of information. This skill has a huge potential for adding value to any process or business operation. A scientific approach in dissecting data leads to smarter and more informed decisions. Some of the benefits of data analysis are efficient operations, greater marketing reach, and higher customer satisfaction. Process Control Process control overlaps instrumentation and control engineering and chemical engineering. The understanding of process control is key for engineers tasked to work on monitoring and controlling process parameters. It involves knowledge of control architectures, sensors, and actuators. Safety management is also a part of process control. Most aspects of process control ensure process hazards are identified and addressed with the appropriate safeguards. Examples of these safeguards are, Safety Instrument Systems (SIS) Emergency Shutdown Systems (ESD) 26  Fire and Gas Systems High Integrity Pressure Protection Systems (HIPPS) Risk Assessment Conducting a proper risk assessment is one of the critical steps a services company would take in planning any engineering project or operation. It identifies and evaluates potential threats and hazards. Risk assessment is conducted through various techniques. Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) Hazard Identification Study (HAZID) Pre Startup Safety Review (PSSR) Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) Failure Tree Analysis (FTA) Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA) A good risk assessment plan is comprehensive. Hazards are evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively. This not only assesses the risk level of a threat, but also provides effective, achievable, and cost-efficient solutions. Programming Programming is the design, analysis, and creation of computer instructions. It allows engineers to communicate with machines through the use of programming languages. Common programming languages that engineers use are C, C++, Java, and MATLAB. Programming is not only necessary in the information and communications technology sector, but in the industrial and manufacturing field as well. It is regarded as one of the most fundamental skills for developing instrumentation and control systems. Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) This covers finite element analysis (FEA), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and multibody dynamics (MBD) to name a few. Knowledge of CAE enables engineers to use computer software to perform engineering analyses that are tedious to be done manually. 27 Through CAE, an object can be modeled in a virtual environment where it is subjected to conditions representing an actual application. The best configuration can be determined easily through fast design iterations. Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) CAM is a specific type of programming. It enables engineers to control machine tools and equipment to perform fabrication, manufacturing, and various other tasks. The introduction of computer numerical control or CNC machines allowed the operations of manufacturing plants to be partially or fully automated. Mass production became cheaper and faster while maintaining or even improving the quality of the product. Engineering Skills & Competencies Make a Great Engineer This article covered only some of the basic knowledge and skills required of a professional engineer. There is always more to learn and apply, especially in the evolving digital execution in different industries. Ultimately, all of these attributes have the objective of achieving quality, efficiency, and development. Multi-Discipline Engineering Services Vista Projects is an integrated engineering services firm able to assist with your mechanical engineering requirements. With offices in Calgary, Alberta, and Houston, Texas, we help clients with customized system integration and engineering consulting across all core disciplines. Civil Structural Electrical Instrumentation & Controls Mechanical Piping Process 28 The United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) The United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to achieve decent lives for all on a healthy planet by 2030. As things stand, most of them are likely to be missed. This is partly because they fail to address human population growth. Positive, empowering population solutions are key to meeting the SDGs. Read on to learn about the links between population and each of the 17 goals. GOAL 1: NO POVERTY High fertility rates can trap countries in poverty. The World Bank has warned that extreme poverty will not decrease in 2021 due to population growth eclipsing economic growth in the poorest nations. Large family size and poverty often go hand-in-hand. People living in deprived areas are usually not empowered to choose the number of children they have and in some cases feel the need to have many so they can be provided for in their old age. When people are poor and have many children, they cannot invest enough in each child which often leads to kids not being able to attend school and girls getting married off as child brides. Women are also less able to gain financial independence when they have many children to look after at home. Ensuring everyone is empowered to choose small families is key to eradicating poverty. In June 2020, the World Bank forecast that the three countries which between them have a third of the world’s poor – Nigeria, India and the Democratic Republic of Congo – will not grow their economies faster than their populations.“ 29 Please contact your government to press them for greater commitment to the SDGs, and to recognise the importance of tackling population in advance of the Summit of the Future. Please click below to find contact information and draft text. GOAL 2: ZERO HUNGER Feeding the world without destroying more nature will become increasingly difficult and eventually impossible under sustained population growth. According to the World Resources Institute, the calorie requirements of a population of 10 billion are 56% higher than current total crop production. Agriculture is already a leading cause of environmental degradation and further conversion of land for farming purposes will have devastating consequences for biodiversity and our climate. A landmark 2019 report by the EAT-Lancet Commission states “Healthy diets from sustainable food systems are possible for up to 10 billion people but become increasingly unlikely past this population threshold.” Our population is projected to exceed 10 billion in the second half of the century. When population growth exceeds development progress, past achievements are quickly undone – the number of people suffering from hunger has increased again over the past three years. Experts have warned that vulnerable areas like the Sahel face catastrophe unless action is taken to reduce fertility rates. GOAL 3: GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING Insufficient funding for healthcare systems can cause them to buckle under the pressure of growing populations. Lack of access to quality reproductive healthcare including modern contraception and medically safe abortion leads to high unwanted pregnancy rates and preventable maternal deaths. Worldwide, still almost half of all pregnancies are unintended and more than 800 women die from pregnancy-related complications every day. Because of population growth, the absolute number of women with an unmet need for contraception is still increasing. Very high population densities facilitate disease transmission and hurt public health, especially in areas where health services are already overburdened. Investing in quality health care for all, including easy access to family planning, helps slow population growth and improves lives. GOAL 4: QUALITY EDUCATION 30 Greater investment in quality education is key to alleviating poverty and ending population growth. Due to gender inequality, girls are disproportionately affected by lack of access to education — still one in four girls does not attend secondary school and in sub-Saharan Africa, the number of girls out of secondary school has increased by 7 million since 2007 due to the region’s population growth. Generally, the more years a woman spends in education, the smaller her family size. When women are able to delay childbirth and have fewer children, this also empowers them to pursue educational opportunities, such as advanced degrees, which would be difficult or impossible with many dependents. In sub-Saharan Africa, the number of girls out of secondary school has increased by 7 million due to the region’s population growth. GOAL 5: GENDER EQUALITY Empowering women and girls to take control of their bodies and lives is crucial for solving our biggest social and environmental crises. Gender inequality is one of the main drivers of high fertility rates. Not a single country has yet achieved full equality, and the worst gender-based injustices and crimes continue to be common and widespread. According to the UN, ending gender-based violence, harmful practices (including child marriage and FGM), preventable maternal deaths, and unmet family planning needs is affordable and within reach, but still suffers from a severe funding shortage. In the meantime, the number of women and girls subjected to harmful practices is increasing due to slow progress and population growth. The proportion of women and girls subjected to FGM is decreasing overall, but the number of women and girls subjected to it is growing because of population growth. That number could grow from 4.1 million in 2020 to 4.6 million a year by 2030, since the cohort of girls in many high-prevalence countries is growing.” GOAL 6: CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION The combination of climate change and population growth is fuelling a global water crisis. As our numbers grow, aquifers get overdrawn, pollution increases, and the capacity to safely dispose of wastewater is increasingly compromised. Currently, a staggering 2.2 billion people around the world do not have safe drinking water and 4.2 billion lack safe sanitation services. In the UK, overexploitation and drought could lead to severe water shortages by 31 mid-century. The UK population is expected to reach 73 million by 2041, with the fastest growth occurring in areas that are already the most water-stressed. Experts estimate that by 2050, 5 billion people – more than half the global population – will live in waterstressed regions. GOAL 7: AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY The number of people using dirty fuels is still increasing due to population growth and slow progress in rolling out renewable energy. Global energy demand is expected to increase by 50% over the next 30 years as a result of population growth and economic development. High- income countries must lead the way in transitioning to clean fuels and support low-income countries to do the same. Ending population growth will make a global switch to affordable and clean energy a lot more achievable. The absolute number of people relying on polluting fuels and technologies for cooking has actually increased, reaching an estimated 3 billion people.“ GOAL 8: DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH A high number of young dependents makes economic prosperity almost impossible and is also a recipe for social unrest. The high population is exerting a lot of pressure on our economy. As a country we have made tremendous gains over the years but the impact is not reflected on our economy because the gains have been dissipated by population growth.” In high-income nations, the pursuit of economic growth is in direct conflict with other SDGs, in particular in regard to environmental impact. Infinite economic and population growth can never be sustainable on a finite planet. As a global community, we must strive towards a healthy environment and well-being for all, not endless growth. GOAL 9: INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE The larger the population, the harder it is to provide access to modern infrastructure and technologies to everyone, and the more nature we will destroy in the process. Conversion of land to human infrastructure is a key driver of biodiversity loss, and construction is a major 32 source of greenhouse gases. The expansion of roads in South Asia, for example, is increasingly threatening the survival of tigers. Only 5,500 remain in the wild today and 40% of tiger habitat has been lost over the last 15 years alone. In the UK, the controversial HS2 rail network is thought to threaten more than 30 ancient woodlands. GOAL 10: REDUCED INEQUALITIES Vast disparities exist between the rich world and the Global South, and within countries themselves. A more just global system, in which resources are distributed more equitably, is essential. Whilst we must limit the number of new consumers everywhere, choosing a small family is particularly impactful among the wealthiest of us. GOAL 11: SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES More than half the world’s population lives in urban areas today. By 2050, this proportion is expected to rise to 68%. Rapid urban population growth can outstrip the pace at which infrastructure such as clean water, sanitation, health, jobs and education can be offered. According to WWF, one of the main causes of habitat loss is land for human habitation with urban areas doubling since 1992. Access to green spaces is important for physical and mental health, but natural and semi-natural areas are increasingly falling victim to housing demands. In the UK, population growth is expected to lead to a 7.6% decline in the amount of green space available per person by 2040. The number of people living in slums has grown: from an estimated 792 million in 2000, to over 1 billion in 2016.“ GOAL 12: RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION According to the UN, material footprint per capita in high-income countries is 60% higher than in upper-middle-income countries and more than 13 times the level of low-income countries. Responsible consumption and production of food and goods must go hand-in-hand with measures to end our population growth. The very high number of people escaping poverty is the main reason that average resource use per person in 2050 is projected to be 71% higher than today. We are already using resources 1.75 times faster than they can regenerate – unless things change, we will require three Earths to supply our needs by 2050. 33 GOAL 13: CLIMATE ACTION Unsustainable consumption patterns in high-income countries are largely responsible for the climate crisis but every additional person on our planet adds more emissions. A comprehensive review of available climate solutions by Project Drawdown found that slowing population growth through the combination of educating girls and providing family planning would be one of the most powerful ways to reduce atmospheric CO2 by 2050. The 2019 Scientists’ Warning of a Climate Emergency, endorsed by more than 11,000 scientists, called for ending and ultimately reversing human population growth, among other transformative actions, to avert the worst effects of climate change. Sign up for our mailing list now to get the latest population and consumption news in your inbox every month. GOAL 14: LIFE BELOW WATER Pollution (plastic and runoff), overfishing, coral bleaching, and coastal ecosystem destruction are all exacerbated by population growth. Two-thirds of marine areas have been damaged by human activity and a third of sharks and rays and a third of reef corals are threatened with extinction. Tackling the loss of life under water has to include a commitment to reducing population growth and runaway consumption. Family planning, women’s education and empowerment together can also enable more women to participate in marine resources management; enhance food security and mitigate the impacts of climate change. GOAL 15: LIFE ON LAND Human population growth is one of the main causes of biodiversity loss. According to WWF, we have lost 60% of all vertebrate wildlife populations since 1970. During that time, our population has more than doubled. A landmark 2019 UN assessment explicitly noted that human population growth is an indirect driver of biodiversity loss and stated: “changes to the direct drivers of nature deterioration cannot be achieved without transformative change that simultaneously addresses the indirect drivers.” To be truly effective in the long- term, conservation efforts must incorporate population solutions. 34 GOAL 16: PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS In the absence of prosperity and strong institutions, population growth contributes to conflicts related to scarce resources. Educating and empowering women and communities, including ensuring access to voluntary family planning services, can help support peace and stability goals by increasing the foundation for stability. And where families can choose the number and timing of their children, women may have more opportunity to take part in civil society and peacebuilding. GOAL 17: PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS Cross-sectoral partnerships that recognize the crucial links between social and environmental issues are key to a better future. COVID-19 has presented unprecedented challenges, reversing decades of development and causing a deep global recession. Never has there been a more critical time for strengthening partnerships and securing the next ten years of collaboration for sustainable development. The international community must foster recognition of the urgent need to end human population growth as soon as is ethically possible, and promote greater investment in empowering solutions. 35