Medication List 7 PDF

Medication List from Module 7 – Hypertension & Dyslipidemia This list includes medications, their use, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and clinical details relevant to hypertension and dyslipidemia management. 1. Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics Medications: Hydrochlorothiazide (Mi...

Medication List from Module 7 – Hypertension & Dyslipidemia This list includes medications, their use, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and clinical details relevant to hypertension and dyslipidemia management. 1. Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics Medications: Hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide®), Chlorthalidone, Indapamide, Metolazone (Zaroxolyn®). Use: First-line treatment for hypertension. Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits Na+/Cl- transporter in the distal convoluted tubule, reducing sodium reabsorption → decreases blood volume and lowers BP. Pharmacokinetics: Oral absorption; renally excreted. Details: o Less effective in renal impairment. o Can be combined with loop diuretics for resistant hypertension. o Avoid nighttime dosing to prevent nocturia. 2. ACE Inhibitors (ACE) Medications: Lisinopril (Prinivil®, Zestril®), Ramipril (Altace®), Enalapril (Vasotec®), Benazepril (Lotensin®), Captopril (Capoten®). Use: First-line for hypertension, heart failure, and CKD. Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) → prevents angiotensin II formation, leading to vasodilation and reduced aldosterone secretion. Pharmacokinetics: Oral absorption, hepatic metabolism, renal excretion. Details: o May cause hyperkalemia, dry cough, and angioedema. o Avoid in pregnancy and bilateral renal artery stenosis. o Monitor kidney function and electrolytes. 3. Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) Medications: Losartan (Cozaar®), Valsartan (Diovan®), Irbesartan (Avapro®), Telmisartan (Micardis®), Candesartan (Atacand®). Use: Alternative to ACE inhibitors for hypertension. Pharmacodynamics: Blocks angiotensin II receptors, preventing vasoconstriction and lowering BP. Pharmacokinetics: Hepatic metabolism, renal/fecal excretion. Details:  o Does not cause cough like ACE inhibitors. o Avoid in pregnancy. o Contraindicated with ACE inhibitors due to increased renal risks. 4. Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) Medications: Amlodipine (Norvasc®), Nifedipine (Adalat CC®, Procardia®), Nicardipine (Cardene®). Use: Hypertension, especially in Black patients and elderly. Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits calcium influx in vascular smooth muscle, leading to vasodilation and BP reduction. Pharmacokinetics: CYP3A4 metabolism, fecal/renal excretion. Details: o Common side effects: Peripheral edema, flushing, headache. o Avoid immediate-release nifedipine due to increased risk of MI. 5. Loop Diuretics Medications: Furosemide (Lasix®), Torsemide (Demadex®), Bumetanide (Bumex®). Use: Resistant hypertension, heart failure, renal failure. Pharmacodynamics: Blocks Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter in the loop of Henle, leading to diuresis and BP reduction. Pharmacokinetics: Renal elimination, short half-life. Details: o More potent than thiazides, but causes hypokalemia. o Can cause dehydration & ototoxicity. o Monitor electrolytes & kidney function. 6. Beta-Blockers Medications: Metoprolol (Lopressor®, Toprol XL®), Atenolol (Tenormin®), Carvedilol (Coreg®), Labetalol (Trandate®). Use: Post-MI, heart failure, arrhythmias (not first-line for hypertension). Pharmacodynamics: Blocks beta-1 receptors, reducing heart rate, cardiac output, and renin secretion. Pharmacokinetics: Hepatic metabolism, renal excretion. Details: o Can cause bradycardia, fatigue, depression. o Avoid in asthma due to bronchospasm risk. 7. Statins (HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors) Medications: Atorvastatin (Lipitor®), Rosuvastatin (Crestor®), Simvastatin (Zocor®), Pravastatin (Pravachol®). Use: First-line for dyslipidemia, lowers LDL cholesterol, reduces CV events. Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol synthesis & increasing LDL clearance. Pharmacokinetics: Hepatic metabolism, fecal excretion. Details: o Can cause myopathy & liver toxicity. o Avoid in pregnancy. o Check lipid panel & liver enzymes regularly. 8. Ezetimibe (Zetia®) Use: Adjunct to statins for LDL reduction. Pharmacodynamics: Inhibits cholesterol absorption in the small intestine, lowering LDL levels. Pharmacokinetics: Hepatic metabolism, fecal excretion. Details: o Less effective than statins but well-tolerated. o Used in combination with statins for additional LDL lowering