Mechanisms_Preventing_Reflux_MCQ.txt

? What supports the lower esophagus against reflux? + Diaphragmatic crura - Phrenico-esophageal ligament - Lower esophageal sphincter tone - Angle of His ? What is the Angle of His, and how does it aid in preventing reflux? + The angle between the esophagus and fundus that prevents backward flow -...

? What supports the lower esophagus against reflux? + Diaphragmatic crura - Phrenico-esophageal ligament - Lower esophageal sphincter tone - Angle of His ? What is the Angle of His, and how does it aid in preventing reflux? + The angle between the esophagus and fundus that prevents backward flow - The angle between the stomach and diaphragm that prevents acid production - The angle between the fundus and diaphragm that prevents esophageal contraction - The angle between the esophagus and stomach that increases acid production ? Which segment of the esophagus contributes to maintaining low pressure during digestion? + Intra-abdominal segment - Diaphragmatic segment - Thoracic segment - Cervical segment ? What role does the phrenico-esophageal ligament play in preventing reflux? + It stabilizes the esophagus in the diaphragm - It enhances lower esophageal sphincter tone - It reduces intra-abdominal pressure - It prevents the formation of a hiatus hernia ? Which factor is crucial in preventing reflux? + Tone of the lower esophageal sphincter - Tone of the upper esophageal sphincter - Tone of the diaphragmatic crura - Tone of the phrenico-esophageal ligament ? What is a potential consequence of reflux related to the esophagus? + Columnar metaplasia leading to Barrett's esophagus - Hypertrophy of the esophagus muscle - Atrophy of the esophagus lining - Hyperplasia of esophageal glands ? What risk is significantly increased by the development of Barrett's esophagus? + Adenocarcinoma - Squamous cell carcinoma - Esophageal varices - Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) ? What can repeated esophagitis lead to in the esophagus? + Shortening of the esophagus and potential Type I hiatus hernia - Lengthening of the esophagus and potential Type II hiatus hernia - Thickening of the esophagus and potential varices - Narrowing of the esophagus and potential stricture formation ? How does heartburn typically present? + Burning pain located retrosternally - Sharp pain located in the lower abdomen - Dull ache in the upper back - Throbbing pain in the left shoulder ? What additional symptom can indicate stomach discomfort? + Epigastric pain - Substernal pain - Periumbilical pain - Lower abdominal pain ? What does volume reflux or regurgitation usually indicate? + Late symptom indicating more severe reflux issues - Early symptom of mild reflux - Symptom of upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction - Symptom of diaphragmatic weakness ? What is the first-line investigation for reflux? + Upper GI Endoscopy - 24-hour pH monitoring - Barium swallow - Abdominal ultrasound ? What does the Los Angeles classification system evaluate? + Severity of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - Type of esophageal hernia - Presence of esophageal varices - Length of the esophagus ? What is the gold standard investigation for atypical reflux symptoms without evidence of reflux? + 24-hour pH monitoring - Upper GI Endoscopy - Barium swallow - Capsule endoscopy ? What Demeester score indicates a strong correlation between symptoms and pH drops? + Over 14.7 - Under 7.0 - Between 8.0 and 10.0 - Exactly 12.5 ? What can be utilized for extended pH monitoring when normal pH studies are inconclusive? + Capsule study such as a Bravo capsule - Extended 48-hour endoscopy - Repeated 24-hour pH monitoring - Abdominal CT scan ? What is the primary treatment approach for reflux? + Medical management with Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) - Surgical intervention - Dietary changes alone - Endoscopic dilation ? What is the typical duration for Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) treatment? + 2 to 8 weeks - 1 to 2 weeks - 10 to 12 weeks - Over 12 weeks ? When might further intervention be necessary in reflux management? + If reflux persists despite medication or if severe symptoms like regurgitation occur - If initial treatment with antacids fails - If the patient experiences mild heartburn - If endoscopy shows no erosion or ulceration ? What might indicate the need for anti-reflux surgery? + Complications such as Barrett's esophagus or persistent symptoms - Mild reflux symptoms - Initial diagnosis of GERD - Positive response to PPIs