Introduction to Psychology I: Skinner and Pavlov - Lecture Slides PDF

PSYC1071: Introduction to Psychology 1 Animal Learning and Cognition Lecture 2: Skinner and Pavlov Professor Anthony McGregor  Historical Background ✦ Charles Darwin (1809-1882) ✦ Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) ✦ John B Watson (1878-1958) ✦ Burrhus Frederick (BF) Skinner (1904-1990) ✦...

PSYC1071: Introduction to Psychology 1 Animal Learning and Cognition Lecture 2: Skinner and Pavlov Professor Anthony McGregor  Historical Background ✦ Charles Darwin (1809-1882) ✦ Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) ✦ John B Watson (1878-1958) ✦ Burrhus Frederick (BF) Skinner (1904-1990) ✦ Ivan P Pavlov (1849-1936)  "The major problems of the world today can be solved only if we improve our understanding of human behavior" About Behaviorism (1974) Burrhus Frederick Skinner 1904 - 1990  Historical Background Instrumental conditioning (Operant) (Stimulus) Response Outcome (reinforcer)  Operant or Instrumental conditioning Response shaping Schedules of reinforcement  Historical Background Instrumental conditioning (Operant) (Stimulus) Response Outcome (reinforcer)  Thorndike’s Law of Effect S R O +/- If a response leads to a satisfying outcome it will be strengthened The outcome (O) only strengthens or weakens the connection between S and R, and the outcome itself is not represented in animals on making the instrumental response.  Do animals only learn about a response? Colwill and Rescorla (1985) Stage 1 Stage 2 Test Lever press Food Food Illness Lever and and and Chain pull sucrose Sucrose nothing Chain Do animals only learn about a response? Colwill and Rescorla (1985)  Operant or Instrumental conditioning Response shaping Schedules of reinforcement Cumulative Record for a Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule Total Responses Since Start of Session 30 60 90 Time (sec)  Schedules of reinforcement Ratio Interval Fixed FR FI Variable VR VI  Schedules of reinforcement FI - studying for exams FR - ‘piece work’ in factories (gig ecomony?) VI - instagram VR - gambling  Historical Background ✦ Charles Darwin (1809-1882) ✦ Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) ✦ John B Watson (1878-1958) ✦ Burrhus Frederick (BF) Skinner (1904-1990) ✦ Ivan P Pavlov (1849-1936) Pavlovian or Classical conditioning  Pavlovian conditioning CS US UR CS = conditioned stimulus (light) US = unconditioned stimulus (food) UR = unconditioned response (salivation) CR = conditioned response (salivation) Pavlovian conditioning CS US UR CS US CR UR CS CR  Historical Background Instrumental conditioning Pavlovian conditioning (Operant) (Classical) Response Outcome Stimulus Stimulus (reinforcer) (CS) (US)  Before conditioning Bell No Response Food Salivation (unconditioned stimulus, US) (unconditioned response, UR) During conditioning Bell Food (unconditioned stimulus, US) Bell Salivation (conditioned stimulus, CS) (conditioned response, CR)  Asymptote Drops of Saliva Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery CS-US pairings CS alone CS alone  Stimulus generalisation Generalisation gradient Generalisation decrement Drops of Saliva 400 800 1200 1600 2000 Frequency Hz Rachman, S J (1966) Psychological Record, 16, 293-296  Before conditioning Leather Boot No Response Picture ?? (unconditioned stimulus, US) (unconditioned response, UR) During conditioning Leather Boot Picture (unconditioned stimulus, US) Leather Boot ?? (conditioned stimulus, CS) (conditioned response, CR)  Stimulus generalisation Generalisation gradient Generalisation decrement Strength of response! Slipper Ankle boot Knee high boot High heel Bare foot Footware  Historical Background ✦ Charles Darwin (1809-1882) ✦ Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) ✦ John B Watson (1878-1958) ✦ Burrhus Frederick (BF) Skinner (1904-1990) ✦ Ivan P Pavlov (1849-1936) Next week - the study of animal intelligence