Philippine Politics and Governance 2nd Quarter Reviewer PDF

Vacancy Rules Philippine Politics and Governance 2nd Quarter Reviewer 1.​ Permanent Vacancy: ○​ Death, permanent disability, Lesson 1: Executive Branch...

Vacancy Rules Philippine Politics and Governance 2nd Quarter Reviewer 1.​ Permanent Vacancy: ○​ Death, permanent disability, Lesson 1: Executive Branch impeachment or permanent incapacity. Definition of Executive Power 2.​ Temporary Vacancy: ○​ Occurs when the President is ​ Executive Power: Responsible for the temporarily incapacitated due to execution of laws and managing the state. illness. ​ Bestowed upon a single person (e.g., the ○​ Voluntary: Written declaration by President). the President allows the ​ Empowers the President to implement Vice-President to act as President. policies, manage administration, and ○​ Involuntary: Majority of the maintain law and order. Cabinet can declare incapacity, ​ Includes control over the military and requiring Congressional approval. police. ​ Authority to appoint officials to assist in Vice President Vacancy governance. ​ Responsible for enforcing laws set by the ​ In case of a permanent vacancy, the legislative body (e.g., parliament). President may appoint a new Vice President from Congress, subject to confirmation. Qualifications for Presidency Executive Order No. 464 ​ Conditions to become President: ○​ Must be a natural-born citizen of the ​ Issued September 28, 2005. Philippines. ​ Ensures separation of powers and ○​ Must be a registered voter. adherence to executive privilege in ○​ Must be at least 40 years old on legislative inquiries. election day. ○​ Must be a resident for 10 years Executive Privilege immediately preceding the elections. ​ Regulations on ineligibility: ​ Covers confidential information between ○​ No re-election for the President. the President and public officials, including: ○​ Cannot have served more than four ○​ Military, diplomatic, national years succeeding a previous security matters, Cabinet president. discussions. Terms of Office Types of Executive Privilege ​ President and Vice-President serve a ​ State Secrets Privilege total of 6 years each, no re-election for ​ Presidential Communications President. Privilege ​ In cases of death or disability, the ​ Deliberative Process Privilege Vice-President serves temporarily until a new President is chosen. Limits to Executive Privilege ​ The Senate President or Speaker of the ​ Judicial Review: Courts can review House may act as President in certain executive privilege claims. situations.  ​ Congressional Investigations: Can ​ President has powers over foreigners: override privilege if information is critical ○​ Deportation after due process. for legislative functions. ○​ Change status from non-immigrant ​ Public Interest: Courts may rule that to permanent resident. public interest outweighs disclosure. ○​ Ability to overrule immigration ​ Criminal Investigations: Courts reject decisions before they become final. the invocation of executive privilege for documents related to criminal conduct. Powers of Eminent Domain Prohibitions ​ The government can seize private property for public use with just compensation. ​ Article VII - Executive Department ​ Limited by constitutional provisions ​ Salary changes for President and ensuring due process and just Vice-President are not allowed. compensation. ​ Cabinet members can't hold other offices ​ Powers include directing escheat during their tenure. proceedings and recovering ill-gotten ​ Relatives of the President can't be appointed wealth. to various government positions during their term. Power of Appointment ​ Appointments are limited in the two months before elections. ​ The President appoints officials as per the constitution, some needing Committee on Powers of the President: Control Appointments approval. ​ Mandate of control over all executive General Supervision over Local departments and offices, responsible for Governments strict law implementation. ​ Supervision despite autonomous status Powers of the President: Ordinance Power under Republic Act No. 7160. ​ Typically done through the Department of ​ Ability to issue executive orders for policy the Interior and Local Government. streamlining under Administrative Code of 1987. Other Powers Types of Executive Issuances ​ Ability to exercise constitutional and legally granted powers. 1.​ Executive Orders: General rules for executing laws. Departments under the Office of the 2.​ Administrative Orders: Relate to President government operations. 3.​ Proclamations: Declare public statuses, ​ Office of the Executive Secretary have force of law. (OES) The Executive Secretary is referred 4.​ Memorandum Orders: Administrative to as the “Little President” as she is next in rank after the President. details for specific offices. ​ Presidential Management Staff (PMS) 5.​ Memorandum Circulars: Inform about This involves Executive Secretarial and administrative matters. management assistance, policy research, 6.​ General/Special Orders: Commands as and performing the President’s agenda. commander-in-chief. ​ Office of the Special Assistant to the President (OSAP) The position under Powers over Aliens  consideration works closely with the ○​ Conferred by the Constitution upon President in his instructions concerning the legislative department. personal, political, and administrative ○​ Check and Balance - The Senate issues. maintains the balance of power in ​ Office of the Chief Presidential Legal the country by exercising legislative, Counsel (OCPLC) Carries out legal investigative, and confirmation advisory services for the President, writes powers, ensuring no one branch and assembles legal opinions and interprets becomes too powerful. the relevant laws. Lesson 2: Legislative Branch Qualifications Understanding Hearings ​ Qualifications for Senate: ​ A hearing is defined as a formal meeting or ○​ Natural-born citizen of the session of the Senate, House, or any joint or Philippines. special congressional committee, typically ○​ At least 35 years of age. ○​ Must be able to read and write. open to public attendance. Objectives ○​ Registered voter in their district. include: ○​ Resident of the district for at least 1 year. ​ Obtaining information and opinions: ​ Qualifications for House of Senators and representatives seek insights Representatives: from experts and citizens to inform ○​ Natural-born citizen of the legislative proposals. Philippines. ​ Conducting investigations: Committees ○​ At least 25 years of age. investigate areas of concern, looking into ○​ Must be able to read and write. issues like corruption, public safety, and ○​ Registered voter. compliance with federal laws. ○​ Resident of the Philippines for at ​ Evaluating government activities: least 2 years. Hearings are essential in assessing the performance of government departments The Senate and the effectiveness of federal laws in practice. Composition of the Senate Structure of Legislative Branch ○​ The Senate is the upper house of Congress responsible for legislative ​ Congress of the Philippines: power. ○​ Composed of two houses: Senate ○​ Smaller in number than the House (Upper House) and House of of Representatives. Representatives (Lower House). ○​ Serves as a training ground for national leaders. Legislative Power ○​ Works to maintain a check on the ○​ The authority to make, alter, and Executive branch's power. repeal laws, declare war, regulate interstate and foreign commerce, Senate Composition Details and control taxing and spending policies.  ​ Article VI, Section 2 of the ○​ Committee on Accountability of Constitution: Public Officers and Investigations ○​ The Senate must be composed of 24 ○​ Committe on Accounts Senators elected at large. ○​ Committee on Agrarian Reform ○​ Senators serve 2 consecutive terms ○​ Committee on Agriculture and Food (6 years total). ○​ Committee on Banks, Financial ○​ Cannot run for 6 years if they serve 6 Institutions and Currencies years. ○​ Committee on Civil Service and Government Reorganization Current Senate Leadership ○​ Committee on Constitutional Amendments, Revision of Codes and ​ Senate President: Francis "Chiz" G. Laws Escudero ○​ Committee on Cooperatives ​ Senate President Pro Tempore: ○​ Committee on Cultural Communities Jinggoy Ejercito Estrada ​ Current Senators: Secretariat in the Senate ○​ Pia Cayetano ○​ Francis “Tol” Tolentino ​ Role of the Secretariat: ○​ Nancy Binay ○​ Provides administrative and ○​ Joseph Victor Ejercito technical support to Senate ○​ Ronald “Bato” Dela Rosa members. ○​ Alan Peter Cayetano ​ Senate Secretary: ○​ Win Gatchalian ○​ Assists the Senate President in ○​ Aquilino “Koko” Pimentel III legislative and administrative (Minority Leader) support. ​ Senate Sergeant-at-Arms Tasks: Additional Current Senators ○​ Custody of the Senate mace. ○​ Attending Senate sessions and ○​ Manuel “Lito” Lapid maintaining order. ○​ Risa Hontiveros ○​ Grace Poe House of Representatives ○​ Christopher Lawrence Go ○​ Imee Marcos What is the House of Representatives? ○​ Loren Legarda ○​ Robinhood Padilla ○​ The Lower House of a bicameral ○​ Ramon Bong Revilla Congress. ○​ Raffy Tulfo ○​ Responsible for creating and passing ○​ Joel Villanueva laws and representing constituents. ○​ Juan Miguel Zubiri ​ Article VI, Section 5: ○​ Juan Edgardo "Sonny" Angara ○​ Composed of not more than 250 ○​ Cynthia Villar members, elected from legislative ○​ Mark Villar districts. ○​ 20% must be from the party-list Senate Committees system. ○​ Reapportionment required after ​ Importance of Committees: every census. ○​ Central to Congress' lawmaking, investigative, and oversight Term Limits for House Members functions. ​ Committees: ​ Term Limits:  ○​ Members can serve for three Prohibitions on Legislators consecutive terms. ○​ Cannot serve more than three ​ Conflict of Interest: consecutive terms without a break. ○​ Senators/House members cannot represent others in legal cases Law Passage Process during their term. ○​ Prevents financial interests in ​ Article VI, Section 27: government contracts or franchises. ○​ Legislative process for a bill to ​ Incompatibility with Other Offices: become law. ○​ Must not hold other government ○​ Requires Presidential signing or positions while in office. must be returned with objections. ​ Post-Term Restrictions: ○​ A bill can become law without the ○​ Former legislators cannot be President’s signature if not acted reappointed to newly created offices upon in 30 days. during their term. ​ Nepotism Prohibition: Applies within House Leadership government offices under their influence. ​ Current House Leaders: Disqualifications for Office ○​ House Speaker: Hon. Romualdez, Ferdinand Martin G. ​ Common Disqualifications: ○​ Majority Leader: Hon. Dalipe, ○​ Statutory disqualifications, election Manuel Jose "Mannix" M. offenses, criminal convictions, ○​ Minority Leader: Hon. Libanan, mental incapacity, dual citizenship, Marcelino C. violations of ethical standards. Deputy Speakers Powers of Congress ​ Current Deputy Speakers: ​ Constitutional Powers: ○​ Hon. Gonzales, Aurelio "Dong" Jr. ○​ Includes the power to enact, amend, D. and repeal laws. ○​ Hon. Mendoza, Raymond Democrito ○​ Controls public spending and C. taxation policies. ○​ Hon. Balindong, Yasser Alonto ​ Impeachment Power: ○​ Others listed include Hon. Suarez, ○​ Congress can remove high-ranking Hon. Puno, Hon. Frasco, Hon. Villar, officials, initiated by the House, tried Hon. Singson-Meehan. in the Senate. ○​ Grounds for impeachment include Legislative Privileges treason, bribery, and other high crimes. ​ Privileges of Senators and House ​ Legislative Inquiry Power: Members: ○​ Allows Congress to investigate ○​ Privilege from Arrest: In offenses matters relevant to legislation while punishable by not more than six respecting due process rights. years imprisonment when Congress ​ War Powers: is in session. ○​ Congress can declare a state of war ○​ Privilege of Speech and Debate: with a recommendation from the Cannot be questioned or held liable President. for speeches made in Congress. ​ Martial Law: Congress can extend or ○​ Salary: Determined by law. revoke it, subject to majority vote.  ​ Habeas Corpus: Provides the right to ○​ Interpreting and applying laws in contest illegal detention. specific cases. ​ Confirmation Power: The Senate ○​ Striking down unconstitutional laws. confirms Presidential appointments. ○​ Settling actual controversies ​ Amnesty Proclamations: Require involving legally demandable and Congressional concurrence. enforceable rights. ​ Canvass and Proclaim Elections: ○​ Assessing whether any governmental Congress counts votes for President and branch has acted with grave abuse of Vice President. discretion. ​ Special Election Calls: Congress can call special elections for vacant offices. ​ Role of the Senate: Requires two-thirds concurrence for treaties negotiated by the The Judicial Branch of the Philippines President. ​ The judicial system operates as an ​ Includes delegation of powers to agencies independent branch of government. and defining crimes. ​ It consists of various courts, including the ​ Congress ensures public order and safety. Supreme Court and lower courts. ​ Non-Delegation of Legislative Power: Congress cannot delegate its law-making Three Branches of the Philippine authority except as allowed by the Government Constitution. ​ Judicial Review: Laws may be declared ​ Legislative: Congress (Senate and House unconstitutional; Congress must respect the of Representatives) Bill of Rights. ​ Executive: President, Vice President, Cabinet Law-Making Process ​ Judicial: Supreme Court and Other Federal Courts ​ 3 Readings of a Bill: ○​ 1st Reading: Introduced and Judicial Branch Functionality referred to a committee. ○​ 2nd Reading: Sponsorship and ​ The Judicial Branch: debate occur. ○​ Holds the power to mediate legal ○​ 3rd Reading: Final version disputes and controversies. discussed and voted upon before ○​ Acts as the “supreme arbiter” in legal sending to the House. matters affecting citizens' rights. ​ Bicameral Conference: Reconciles ○​ Comprises both the Supreme Court differences if the Senate and House versions and lower courts. differ. ​ Presidential Approval: The President Judicial Branch Duties can sign or veto the final bill. ​ Promulgate Rules: Lesson 3: Judiciary Branch ○​ Establish procedures for pleading, practice, and court admission. Judicial Power Definition ○​ Ensure uniform application of rules across courts of the same grade. ​ Judicial power refers to the authority and ○​ Maintain administrative supervision responsibility given to the courts and judges within a legal system. over all courts and personnel. ​ Functions include: Court of Appeals:  ○​ Second highest court, consisting of ○​ Must be citizens of the Philippines 68 Associate Justices. and members of the Philippine Bar. ○​ Presided over by a Presiding Judge. ○​ Age requirements vary by court; e.g., Supreme Court members must be at Special Courts least 40. ○​ Experience criteria differ: Supreme ​ Sandigan Bayan: Court requires 15 years; ○​ Decides cases against government Sandiganbayan requires 10 years. officials and employees for graft and ○​ Must demonstrate competence, corruption. integrity, and independence. ​ Court of Tax Appeals: ○​ Limited jurisdiction concerning tax Judicial and Bar Council (JBC) violations and related cases involving revenue collection. ​ Constitutionally created body recommending judicial appointees. Regional Trial Courts (RTC) ​ Consists of representatives from the legal community and a retired Supreme Court ​ Established in regions for serious criminal member. cases. ​ Chief Justice serves as ex officio chairman. ​ Holds exclusive jurisdiction for cases not covered by other courts except Sandigan Powers and Jurisdiction of the Supreme Bayan. Court Shari’a Courts ​ Defined in Article VIII of the 1987 Constitution. ​ Equivalent to RTCs in provinces of ​ Functions split into: Mindanao. ○​ Judicial Functions: Settle actual ​ Governed by the Code of Muslim Personal controversies involving enforceable Laws. rights. ​ Decisions in Shari’a District Courts are final. ○​ Administrative Functions: Supervise the judiciary and bar, Composition of the Supreme Court appoint court officials, and set procedural rules. ​ Comprises Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. Original Jurisdiction ​ Can convene en banc or in divisions of three, five, or seven. ​ The Supreme Court hears specific cases ​ Members appointed by the President, based directly, such as those involving on nominees from the Judicial and Bar ambassadors or significant petitions. Council. Appellate Jurisdiction Chief Justice ​ The Supreme Court reviews and may amend ​ Alexander G. Gesmundo: 27th Chief judgments from lower courts concerning Justice, appointed on April 5, 2021. constitutionality and legality. ​ Law degree from Ateneo de Manila University. Impeachment and Removal Qualifications for Members of Judiciary ​ General Qualifications:  ​ Members of the Supreme Court can be Decentralization impeached for culpable violations, betrayal of trust, graft, or high crimes. ​ Aimed at creating a responsive Philippine Public Administration. Tenure and Retirement ​ Contributes to good governance by enabling localized decision-making. ​ Judicial officers, including Supreme Court ​ Addresses the "democratic deficit" by members, serve until 70 or incapacitated, empowering local governments and with retirement age provided by the communities. Constitution and impeachment as a ​ Represents a systematic dispersal of possibility. authority from the national to local levels. Characteristics of LGUs Lesson 4: Decentralization and Local 1.​ Income: Must be sufficient for essential Government services and facilities. 2.​ Population: Total number of inhabitants RA 7160: Local Government Code of 1991 within territorial jurisdiction. 3.​ Land Area: Must be contiguous unless ​ Decentralizes power in the Philippines. separated by an independent LGU and ​ Promotes local autonomy for local properly defined. government units (LGUs). ​ Establishes a framework for governance Levels of Local Government Units empowering LGUs to: ○​ Manage their affairs. ​ LGUs are organized into: ○​ Generate revenue. ○​ Provinces ○​ Deliver basic services. ○​ Cities ​ Devolves functions such as health, ○​ Municipalities education, infrastructure to LGUs. ○​ Barangays ​ Grants authority to impose local taxes and fees. Barangay Level ​ Requires LGUs to create development plans addressing local needs. ​ Smallest LGU unit; consists of: ​ Encourages public participation in ○​ Punong Barangay (Barangay governance. Captain) as executive. ○​ Sangguniang Barangay (Barangay Local Government Units (LGUs) Council) as legislature. ​ Political subdivisions at provincial, city, Municipality Level municipal, or barangay level. ​ Have their own executive and legislative ​ Distinct from cities; primarily consists of: branches. ○​ Mayor, Vice Mayor, Sangguniang ​ Characteristics: Bayan (Municipal Council). ○​ Body politic and corporate under RA ​ 1,493 municipalities in the Philippines. No. 7160. ○​ Responsible for: City Level ​ Preservation of culture. ​ Governed by municipal charters in addition ​ Promoting health and safety. to Local Gov’t Code. ​ Enhancing citizens' rights. ​ Requires a population of at least 250,000 for House representation.  ​ Elected mayor heads the local government. ​ Enact ordinances, approve budgets, supervise provincial operations. Province Level Mayor Responsibilities ​ Highest-level local government outside autonomous regions. ​ Supervise city or municipal programs, ​ Governed by a governor and a provincial enforce laws, generate revenue, and ensure legislature (Sangguniang Panlalawigan). services. Legislative Composition of LGUs ​ Each LGU has a legislative body to create ordinances and policies: Municipal Councils ○​ Sangguniang Panlalawigan: Provincial. ​ Approve local ordinances, budgets, and ○​ Sangguniang Panlungsod: City. regulate municipal activities. ○​ Sangguniang Bayan: Municipal. ○​ Sangguniang Barangay: Barangay. Vacancy and Succession in Local Offices ○​ Ex-Officio ○​ Barangay Council Causes of Vacancy Executive Composition of LGUs ​ Causes include: death, permanent disability, removal, resignation. Chief Executives Succession of Local Officials ​ Each local government has its head: ○​ Barangay: Punong Barangay. ​ Vice Governor or Vice Mayor succeeds in ○​ Municipality: Municipal Mayor. case of vacancy among chiefs. ○​ City: City Mayor. ​ Filling vacancies in Sangguniang members ○​ Province: Provincial Governor. occurs according to party affiliation. ​ Responsibilities include: ○​ Supervising local programs. Special Rules for Barangay Officials ○​ Policy guidance. ○​ Resource generation. ​ Highest-ranking Barangay Kagawad ○​ Service delivery. succeeds the chairperson in case of vacancy. Qualifications for Local Government Powers and Functions ​ Governor, Vice Governor, Mayor, Vice Governor Responsibilities Mayor, Sangguniang Panlalawigan, ​ Supervise provincial programs and projects. Sangguniang Panlungsod, and Sangguniang ​ Enforce laws, generate revenue, ensure Bayan Barangay and SK Officials. delivery of services. ​ Must be a Filipino citizen ​ Must be a resident of the locality for Vice-Governor Responsibilities at least one year immediately preceding the day of the election. ​ Preside over Sangguniang Panlalawigan. ​ Must be able to read and write ​ Appoints board officials, takes over if the Filipino, English, or any local dialect. governor position is vacant. ​ Must be a registered voter in the locality Sangguniang Panlalawigan Duties  ​ Must be 23 years old (Governor, Vice PROCESS OF ELECTION IN 2010 AND Governor, Mayor, Vice Mayor ) BEYOND ​ Must be 21 years old (Sangguniang Panlalawigan, Panlungsod, and ​ The automated election system (AES) has Bayan) been used since 2010 following Republic ​ Must be 18 years old (Barangay and Act 8436 (Election Automation Law). SK Officials) ​ RA 9369 (2007) further established the use of automated systems to: ○​ Speed up electoral processes. ○​ Reduce human errors and fraud risks. ​ 2010 marked the first nationwide fully Lesson 5: Elections and Political Parties automated elections, encompassing: ELECTION ○​ Vote shading on official ballots. CONDUCTING ELECTIONS BASED ON ○​ Automated counting and result PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION transmission. ARTICLE V of the 1987 Philippine Features of the System Constitution - Suffrage ​ Official Ballot: ​ SECTION 1: ○​ An oval paper ballot with ○​ All citizens of the Philippines may pre-printed names, accommodating exercise suffrage unless disqualified 300 names across both sides. by law. ○​ Features include watermarks, UV ○​ Must be at least 18 years old. features, and a unique barcode. ○​ Must have resided in the Philippines ○​ Different colors indicate various for a minimum of one year and in elective positions. the voting area for at least six ○​ Voters insert the ballot into the months prior to elections. machine at any orientation; the ○​ No literacy, property, or other machine scans both sides substantive requirements are simultaneously. allowed. Stand-Alone Machine Features SECTION 2: ​ The PCOS machine is disconnected from ​ Congress is responsible for ensuring: any network until the printing of results. ○​ The secrecy and sanctity of ballots. ​ An audit trail is maintained, documenting ○​ A system for absentee voting for activities processed by the machine. qualified Filipinos abroad. ​ Conducts a manual audit in randomly ○​ Procedures for disabled individuals selected precincts. and illiterates to vote without ​ Voters feed the ballot themselves, ensuring assistance. minimal human intervention. ​ Elections for the President and Vice President occur every six years. ELECTION DAY ​ Elections for Senators, members of the House of Representatives, and local ​ Voters go to the polling place to cast votes, government officials happen every three supervised by the Board of Election years. Inspectors (BEI).  ​ BEI includes a tech-trained member from ​ National ID, Postal ID, PWD card, Student the Department of Science and Technology ID, Senior Citizen ID, Driver's License, NBI (DOST). Clearance, Passport, SSS/GSIS ID, IBP ID, ​ Voting occurs 7:00 AM to 6:00 PM, with up and Barangay ID. to 10 voters allowed at once. ​ BEI demonstrates the empty ballot box and PARTY-LIST SYSTEM initializes the PCOS machine before voting starts. ​ Established by the 1987 Constitution: ○​ Open to various community sectors Counting, Canvassing, and Transmittal of except religious. Votes ○​ 2013 Supreme Court ruling allowed non-marginalized groups to ​ After voting, vigilance is critical during participate. counting and canvassing. ​ The BEI closes the machine to prevent Party-list Elections additional votes. ​ The machine automatically counts votes and ​ Representatives are elected indirectly prints eight copies of the Election Returns through party-list elections: (ERs). ○​ Voters vote for parties, not ​ ERs are distributed, with one posted outside individual candidates. for public viewing. ​ If sectoral representatives are fewer than 20%, additional parties receive seats until QUALIFICATION OF VOTERS 63 total seats are filled. ​ Parties must register 90 days before the ​ General Qualifications: election and provide representatives 45 ○​ Must be a Filipino citizen. days prior. ○​ Age 18 years and above. ○​ Resident of the Philippines for at Qualifications for Party-list Representatives least 1 year and in the voting area for 6 months. ​ Must be: ○​ Free from legal disqualifications. ○​ A natural-born citizen. ○​ A resident of the Philippines for at Regular Voters least 1 year. ○​ A registered voter. ​ Must be 15-30 years old. ○​ Able to read and write. ​ Resident of the voting area for at least 6 ○​ At least 25 years old. months. ​ Must not be disqualified under the law. ROLE OF COMELEC Registration Process ​ Mandated to uphold the principle of sovereignty and conduct elections: 1.​ Present a valid ID. ○​ Administers election laws and 2.​ Interview by registration staff. regulations. 3.​ Fill out an application form. ○​ Resolves contests related to election 4.​ Verification of the application form. qualifications and returns. 5.​ Capture biometrics. ○​ Appoints election officials and 6.​ Receive acknowledgment receipt. oversees polling places. Accepted Identification Documents Responsibilities of COMELEC  ​ May deputize law enforcement for ensuring ​ Institutions exist to organize society, free elections. establish rules, and clarify roles and ​ Registers political parties and organizations, responsibilities. excluding those that advocate violence or ​ They affect aspects like education, illegal means. healthcare, and politics. ​ Investigates election law violations and ​ Institutions provide stability and continuity, recommends measures to minimize maintaining order and offering a framework electoral spending. that evolves over time in response to societal changes. POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE PHILIPPINES Characteristics of Institutions ​ Defined as organized groups to influence government through elections. Culture ​ Political parties embody constituents' aspirations and are crucial for electoral ​ The organization reflects an institution's campaigns. identity and operational style. Notable Political Parties Values ​ NACIONALISTA PARTY: Oldest, ​ Institutional values differ from personal founded 1907. values, allowing members to function within ​ PARTIDO FEDERAL NG PILIPINAS: the organization. Established 2018. Hierarchy ​ LAKAS CMD: Largest party in the House of Representatives. ​ Defines the agenda, purpose, and ​ Other notable parties include operational processes of the institution. NATIONALIST PEOPLE'S COALITION, LIBERAL PARTY, and Behaviors PARTIDO DEMOKRATIKO PILIPINO among others. ​ Member interactions are shaped by the institution's culture, values, hierarchy, roles, Lesson 6: Civil Society and Social and expectations. Movements Roles Definition of Institutions ​ Leadership is crucial, providing identity and ​ A structured organization or established purpose within the institution. system designed to serve a specific purpose ​ Roles are structured by hierarchy and are within society, encompassing various essential for fulfilling the institution's concepts such as educational establishments agenda. and religious organizations. ​ In Political Science: Expectations ○​ Institutions comprise formal rules, informal norms, or shared ​ Members are expected to meet their understandings that guide political assigned roles within the institution. interactions. ○​ They can be formal (e.g., schools, Types of Institutions governments) or informal (e.g., families, traditions). Non-State Institutions Roles and Impact of Institutions  ​ Operate independently of government ​ Advocate for citizens' rights, raise awareness control, providing essential services without on critical issues, and offer assistance (e.g., relying on government funding. food, shelter). State Institutions NGO Types in the Philippines ​ Organizations created by the government to 1.​ DJANGOs: Focus on long-term fulfill specific tasks and provide public development projects to improve livelihoods services. and alleviate poverty. 2.​ Fundangos: Raise funds for specific projects, partnering with larger organizations. Functions of Institutions 3.​ MUNGOS: Provide microfinance services Educational Institutions to empower marginalized groups through financial resources. ​ Act as means for upward mobility, providing 4.​ COME N’GOs: Address immediate crises, opportunities for students to improve mobilizing quickly for relief and socioeconomic status. rehabilitation efforts. Norm Education Social Movements ​ Teach societal norms, values, and behaviors ​ Groups organized to promote or change through schools and families. societal aspects, aiming for social change through shared beliefs. Regulations Role of Social Movements ​ Establish rules and laws that maintain societal order and protect citizens’ rights. ​ Create social change, counteract undesired changes, and address social issues while Essential Services empowering marginalized voices. ​ Offer services like healthcare, education, Stages of Social Movements and public safety, underpinning community well-being. 1.​ Emergence: Initial identification of a problem; typically unorganized. Economic Facilitation 2.​ Coalescence: Problem identified, but lacks organization to act. ​ Financial institutions aid in managing 3.​ Bureaucratization: Organized groups economic transactions and support with paid staff. individual/business finances. 4.​ Decline: Movement diminishes due to fulfillment of purpose or repression. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) Examples of Social Movements Definition ​ People Power Revolution (1986): ​ Non-profit, voluntary groups organized at Peaceful revolution against dictatorship local, national, or international levels to involving millions of civilians. advocate for public interests. ​ Million People March (2013): Functions Advocated for transparency and accountability in government spending.  ​ War on Drugs: Controversial campaign ○​ Citizens by birth without needing to under President Duterte aimed at reducing act to acquire Philippine citizenship. drug-related issues but criticized for human ○​ Includes those who elect citizenship rights violations. based on the previous section. Lesson 7: Citizenship Modes of Acquiring Citizenship Definition of Citizenship 1.​ By Birth: Citizenship acquired at birth without a formal process. ​ Citizenship: 2.​ Naturalization: Citizenship obtained ○​ A legal status granted by a state, through a legal process. recognizing an individual as a full member of society. By Birth - Jus Soli ○​ Grants rights and responsibilities, influencing national identity and ​ Definition: Latin for "Right of soil." belonging. ​ Malolos Constitution, Title IV, Article ○​ Allows participation in politics, 6: All born in the Philippines are considered access to public services, and legal Filipino citizens. protections. ○​ Imposes civic duties like tax By Birth - Jus Sanguinis payment, law obedience, and potentially military service. ​ Definition: Latin for "Right of blood." ​ 1935 Constitution, Article IV, Section Who are Citizens of the Philippines? I: ○​ Recognition of citizenship based on United States v. Wong Kim Ark parentage. ​ 1987 Constitution, Article IV, Section ​ Every independent nation defines its I: citizenship criteria based on its laws. ○​ Citizens include those born to either Filipino father or mother. Article IV, Section I - 1987 Constitution of The Philippines Naturalization Definition ​ Categories of Citizens: ​ Naturalization: Process for non-Filipinos ○​ Those who were citizens at the to acquire Philippine citizenship. Constitution's adoption. ​ Qualifications: ○​ Children of Philippine citizens. 1.​ Age: 21 years or older. ○​ Individuals born before January 17, 2.​ Resident for at least ten years (can 1973, to Filipino mothers who reduce to five years under certain choose citizenship upon reaching conditions). adulthood. 3.​ Good moral character and language ○​ Naturalized citizens in accordance proficiency. with the law. Naturalization Process Who are the Natural-Born Citizens of the Philippines? ​ Judicial Approval is required for citizenship through naturalization. Article IV, Section II - 1987 Constitution of ​ Marriage to a Filipino does not The Philippines automatically confer citizenship but can ease the naturalization process. ​ Natural-Born Citizens:  ​ Citizenship Retention and ​ Recognition of Youth Role: Re-acquisition Act (RA 9225): Allows ○​ The state acknowledges the vital role former citizens to reacquire citizenship of youth in nation-building. without renouncing foreign citizenship. ○​ Commitment to promoting and protecting the physical, moral, Naturalization Laws spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being of the youth. 1.​ Commonwealth Act No. 473: Judicial ○​ Instilling patriotism and process for naturalization. nationalism. 2.​ R.A. No. 9139: Administrative process for ○​ Encouraging youth involvement in naturalization. public and civic affairs. 3.​ RA 10636: Legislative process for citizenship grants. Government Responsibility 4.​ RA 10148: Grants citizenship under special considerations. ​ Education as a Foundation: ○​ The government is responsible for Loss of Philippine Citizenship promoting the overall well-being of youth, starting with education. ​ Primary Modes of Loss: ○​ Ensuring a well-structured 1.​ Naturalization in a foreign country. education system that delivers 2.​ Express renunciation. quality education. 3.​ Oath of allegiance to a foreign ​ Learning Beyond Curriculum: country. ○​ Schools teach essential values such 4.​ Service in foreign armed forces. as patriotism, love of humanity, 5.​ Marriage to a foreigner under respect for human rights, national specific laws. history, citizenship rights and duties, ethical values, and critical thinking Reacquisition of Philippine Citizenship skills. ​ Citizenship Retention and Youth Programs and Initiatives Reacquisition Act (RA 9225): ○​ Oath of allegiance required to ​ Government Programs: reacquire citizenship. ○​ Examples include the National ○​ Eligibility includes former Feeding Program, TESDA, and the natural-born citizens and their Alternative Learning System that children under 18. enhance various aspects of youth ○​ Applicants must submit various well-being. documents to support their request. ​ Youth in Nation-Building Act: ○​ Purpose: Establishes the National Implications of Citizenship Loss and Youth Commission, focusing on Reacquisition creating comprehensive programs for youth development. ​ Loss affects ability to hold public office, dual ○​ Objectives: citizens may face disqualification. ​ Lead in policy formulation ​ Reacquiring citizenship restores civil, and setting priorities for economic, and political rights. youth programs. Lesson 8: Integration and Youth ​ Encourage active youth Empowerment participation in governmental and State's Role in Youth Development non-governmental programs.  ​ Develop the youth’s full ○​ Empowers future leaders through potential as partners in training and promotes active nation-building. citizenship. ​ Increase funding for youth programs from various Responsibilities and Structure of SK sources. ​ Qualified Members: ○​ Composed of Filipino citizens aged 15-30 residing in the barangay for at Powers of the National Youth Commission least six months. ​ Authority: ○​ Appoint and discipline officers and personnel, in compliance with ​ Duties: applicable laws. ○​ Convene at least twice a year to ○​ Enter into contracts and manage address issues affecting youth budget allocations. interests. ○​ Acquire necessary resources and ○​ Develop a Comprehensive Barangay oversee department Youth Development Plan aligned implementations of youth projects. with national youth development plans. Functions of the National Youth ​ SK Federation: Commission ○​ Composed of elected SK Chairpersons promoting ​ Policy-making: collaboration to tackle regional ○​ Formulate national policies for youth issues. youth. ○​ Manage a national integrated youth Current Issues in SK Governance promotion and development program. ​ Case Study: ​ Consultation and Coordination: ○​ Allegations regarding misconduct ○​ Create forums for dialogue between and misuse of funds within the youth and government. Manila SK Federation underscore ○​ Collaborate with agencies for governance challenges. effective implementation of youth programs. Importance of Youth Engagement Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) Overview ​ Empowerment Theme: ○​ Youth viewed as key partners in ​ Definition: national progress. ○​ SK serves as the youth council in the ○​ Engagement in governance Philippines, providing a voice for encourages a proactive youth role in youth in local governance. shaping the future. ​ Functions of SK: ○​ Represents youth in Youth's Role in Development decision-making and implements ​ Nation-building Catalyst: projects related to education, health, and community development. ○​ Recognition that youth are foundational to societal progress and should be actively involved in shaping their future across various sectors.