Citizenship and Poverty: Main Points PPT PDF

***[Main highlighted points in ppt]*** **Citizenship and Poverty** 1. **Citizenship** - **T. H. Marshall's** focused on the **extension of citizenship rights** as a feature of modern society\'s progress. - Sociologists are interested in how **formal citizenship rights**...

***[Main highlighted points in ppt]*** **Citizenship and Poverty** 1. **Citizenship** - **T. H. Marshall's** focused on the **extension of citizenship rights** as a feature of modern society\'s progress. - Sociologists are interested in how **formal citizenship rights** are related to **non-formal criteria of inclusion** in the **civil sphere**. 2. **The State and Civil Sphere** - **Formal rights** are granted by the **state**, while **citizenship entitlement** depends on **informal criteria** decided in the civil sphere. 3. **The Contestation of the \"Normal\"** - Social movements challenge the informal criteria of citizenship that define some individuals as \"other.\" - Citizenship should imply a **more open pluralist model**. 4. **Citizenship in a Complex Reality** - **Identity is complex** and multifaceted (e.g., \"a black, married, poor, woman\"). - **Civil sphere** is not necessarily national; the **poor** may be excluded **within borders**. 5. **Cultural Rights** - Societies moving towards **multiculturalism** are providing **cultural rights** to migrants and long-term residents. 6. **Neo-Liberalism and Social Movements** - **Neo-liberalism**: cutting taxes and social reproduction. - Social movements work against limitations on **claims for equality and difference**. 7. **Marshall's Model of Citizenship** - Three types of rights: - **Civil rights**: freedom of speech, faith, property, contracts. - **Political rights**: participation in political power (voting, governance). - **Social rights**: welfare, education, healthcare, and social services. - Citizenship **displaces class conflict** by creating a system of **status equality**. 8. **Limitations of Marshall's Model** - Assumed **universality of citizenship rights** without addressing differences like **sex** and **race**. 9. **Citizenship, Wealth, and Poverty** - Citizenship constituted a **system parallel to capitalism**, not confined to **welfare rights**. - Neo-liberalism emphasized **freedom** over **equality**, leading to reforms that reduced welfare. 10. **From a Citizen to a Consumer** - Citizenship shifted to viewing people as **consumers** rather than citizens with rights. - The poor were seen as **flawed consumers**, unable to compete in the market. 11. **Poverty** - **Defining poverty is political**. - Townsend\'s **relative deprivation**: Poverty as the lack of resources to participate in societal norms. 12. **Underclass and Social Exclusion** - **Underclass**: Long-term poverty leads to welfare dependence and isolation. - **Socially excluded**: Linked to unemployment, instability, and exclusion from societal norms. 13. **Scott's Social Integration** - Target policies at the **wealthy** to address inequality (e.g., higher taxes, ending private education). **Citizenship, Racialization, and Ethnicity** 1. **Race and Ethnicity** - **Issues of inclusion and exclusion** are linked to **race** and **ethnicity** in citizenship. - **Race**: Historically linked to biological hierarchy but now refers to socially constructed differences. - **Ethnicity**: Refers to cultural differences, often racialized for non-white groups. 2. **Immigration and Assimilation** - Citizenship policies often aim to **homogenize the nation-state**: - **Jus soli**: Citizenship by birth within the territory. - **Jus sanguinis**: Citizenship based on parentage. 3. **New Racism and Multiculturalism** - **New Racism**: Focuses on cultural differences as inassimilable rather than biological inferiority. - **Multiculturalism**: Encourages cultural diversity but has been criticized for fostering segregation. 4. **Two Types of Multiculturalism** - **Multinationalism**: Minority groups demand self-government within a state. - **Polyethnic Multiculturalism**: Immigrants maintain cultural practices but integrate into public life. 5. **Criticisms of Multiculturalism** - It can **reinforce ethnic absolutism**: Rigid distinctions between groups. - **Feminist critiques**: Some cultural practices may perpetuate inequality, especially for women. 6. **Post-National Citizenship** - Rights extended to non-citizens (e.g., long-term residents, guest workers). - Citizenship increasingly untied to nationality due to globalization. ### **Cultural Politics** #### 1. Three Influences on Contemporary Political Sociology 1. **Intellectual Work**: Social movements of the 1970s (e.g., Feminism, Anti-Racism). 2. **Cultural Studies**: Inspired by **Foucault** and social movements, emphasizing symbolic meanings in social life. 3. **Globalization**: Challenges the prominence of the state. #### 2. Two Ways to Understand Culture 1. **Culture is Constitutive**: - Culture shapes how humans access, understand, and manipulate reality. - It is not merely reflective of other social practices but is essential for interpreting **symbolic representations**. 2. **Culture is Historically Specific**: - **Modernism**: Confined to high art. - **Postmodernism**: Expanded into commodified realms like advertising, marketing, and leisure industries. #### 3. Media and Cultural Politics - **Media\'s Role**: - **Agenda Setting**: Media decides what issues are important. - **Framing**: Shapes public perception through representation. - **Examples**: - Politicians perform through media (e.g., Obama vs. Trump). - **Status in society** increasingly depends on cultural credentials. #### 4. Key Theorists 1. **Foucault**: - Discourses structure societal norms and practices (e.g., \"medical gaze\"). - Politics is about resisting authority, not enabling creative possibilities. 2. **Giddens**: - Social reproduction occurs through the **use of meanings** and resources. - Social agents can challenge or sustain structures through their actions. #### 5. Hegemony and Cultural Politics - **Hegemony**: When dominant meanings (e.g., gender roles) become **taken for granted**, reinforcing power structures. - **Collective Action**: Necessary to challenge hegemonic meanings and redefine norms. #### 6. Globalization and Networks - Globalization fosters **multi-scalar networks**, transcending national borders. - States share authority with transnational organizations, challenging traditional sovereignty. ### **Cultural Politics (2)** #### 1. Religious Discourse - Conservative Islamic discourse in Egypt challenges secular narratives, focusing on: - **Identity and Superiority**: Islam's distinctiveness and perceived cultural attack. - **Norms**: Issues like **halal/haram**, gender, and metaphysical concerns. #### 2. National Identity - **Anderson's \"Imagined Communities\"**: Nations are socially constructed as: - **Limited**: A defined community. - **Sovereign**: Independent. - **United**: Shared identity that one may die for. #### 3. Cinema and Gender - **Representation in Cinema**: - \"We\" vs. the \"Other\" narratives reinforce national identity. - Gender roles linked to national liberation and community needs. #### 4. Media - Media shapes societal narratives and focuses more on **business** than news. - Future of media: Internet fosters a **two-way conversation**. ### **Social Movements (1)** 1. **The Influence of Social Movements on Contemporary Political Sociology**: - 1970s: Replacing **class significance** with inequality and exclusion. - 1980s-1990s: Focus on **identity formation** through identity politics. - 2000s: Addressing issues of **global justice**. 2. **Differences Between Old and New Social Movements**: - **Non-instrumental**: Protesting for morality, not just group interests. - **Civil society-oriented**: Avoiding centralized bureaucracy. - **Informal and flexible**: No strict hierarchy or formal membership. - **Highly dependent on mass media**: Using media to shape public imagination. 3. **Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT)**: - Developed against **psychological and deprivation explanations**. - Focuses on **rational choice** and **resource mobilization**. 4. **New Social Movements Theory (NSMT)**: - **Conflict and culture** at the core. - Centrality of **identity politics** and cultural contestation. ### **Social Movements (2)** 1. **Marxist Premises of NSMT**: - Centrality of **conflict**. - Focus on **collective nature** and **revolutionary transformation**. 2. **Alberto Melucci**: - Emphasis on **submerged networks**. - Collective action tied to **identity struggles**. - Movements engage in **cultural politics**. 3. **Touraine's Historicity**: - Social movements as central to **conflicts over knowledge and innovation**. - Post-industrial society sees conflict over **control of information**. 4. **New Public Spheres**: - Importance of spaces like **universities** and **media platforms** for collective identity negotiation. ### **Social Movements (3)** 1. **Toward a Synthesis**: - Merging **RMT** and **NSMT** for a better understanding of cultural and structural dynamics. - Importance of **informal networks** in mobilization. 2. **Four Aspects of Social Movements**: - **Informal interactions** among individuals and organizations. - Boundaries defined by **collective identity**. - Engaging in **political and cultural conflicts**. - Aimed at **systemic or non-systemic change**. 3. **Global Social Movements**: - Enabled by **technology and media**. - Examples include campaigns addressing **climate change** and **global justice**. - Concepts of **externalization** and **domestication**. 4. **Frames in Social Movements**: - **Diagnostic**: Identifying the problem. - **Prognostic**: Suggesting solutions. - **Motivational**: Encouraging action.