Mabini's Political Thought and Malolos Constitution PDF

Republic of the Philippines Leyte Normal University College of Arts and Sciences Political Science Department P. Paterno St., Tacloban City, Leyte, Philippines, 6500 In partial fulfilment of the Requirements in the subject, POLSCI (FE) - 119 Phi...

Republic of the Philippines Leyte Normal University College of Arts and Sciences Political Science Department P. Paterno St., Tacloban City, Leyte, Philippines, 6500 In partial fulfilment of the Requirements in the subject, POLSCI (FE) - 119 Philippine Political Thought Written Report In title: Mabini’s Political Thought and Malolos Constitution Submitted by: Febbie Denalo Moreen Ebias Sam Fabi AP3-3 Submitted to: Mr. Ariel Matillano Introduction to Apolinario Mabini Apolinario Mabini (born July 23, 1864, Talaga, Philippines—died May 13, 1903, Manila) was a Filipino theoretician and spokesman of the Philippine Revolution, who wrote the constitution for the short-lived republic of 1898–99. A lawyer and strategist, Apolinario Mabini was crucial in the legal and constitutional framing of Emilio Aguinaldo’s revolutionary government. Mabini had first allied with José Rizal, whose La Liga Filipina (Filipino league) promoted gradual reform and non-violence. However, by 1897, Mabini came to support the Philippine Revolution, and in 1898, he became one of Aguinaldo’s closest advisors. Mabini believed that only a strong, centralized national government backed by a robust army could secure independence, and he refused to negotiate with the United States. Although he died in the cholera epidemic of 1903, Mabini was commemorated as a leader of Filipino nationalism, and his funeral was one of the largest Filipinos had ever seen. Mabini’s Early Life and Education Born into a peasant family, Mabini studied at San Juan de Letran College in Manila and won a law degree from the University of Santo Tomás in 1894. In an insurrection organized in August 1896 by nationalists, he joined the forces of the patriot general Emilio Aguinaldo and soon became his righthand man. When the Spanish–American War broke out in 1898, Mabini urged cooperation with the United States as a means to gain freedom from Spain. At a convention held at the market town of Malolos in September and October 1898, an independent republic was proclaimed with Aguinaldo as its president; Mabini drew up its constitution, which resembled that of the United States. When the United States announced, however, that it would annex the Philippines, Mabini joined Aguinaldo in a renewed struggle for independence. He was captured by U.S. troops in December 1899 and, because he refused to swear allegiance to the United States, was exiled to Guam, not being allowed to return home until a few months before his death. Mabini wrote La revolución filipina, which was published in 1931. Mabini’s Political Philosophy: Liberty, Sovereignty, and Governance Apolinario Mabini’s political philosophy, particularly focused on liberty, sovereignty, and governance, is derived from his writings, such as "The True Decalogue" (El Verdadero Decálogo) and other political works during the Philippine Revolution. In these, he emphasizes the importance of self-rule, democratic governance, and the people's right to liberty from colonial powers. Many of these ideas were developed while he served as an advisor to Emilio Aguinaldo during the revolution and the formation of the First Philippine Republic. Primary sources include Mabini's own essays and official documents from the period. Liberty: Mabini believed that true freedom could only be achieved if Filipinos were self-governing and independent from foreign control. Sovereignty: He emphasized that sovereignty resides with the people, and any government should derive its authority from their collective will. Governance: Mabini advocated for a government that was democratic, transparent, and aimed at the public welfare, stressing moral governance and the protection of people's rights. His philosophy greatly influenced the Philippine revolution and its early republic. Mabini as the Brains of the Revolution Disability struck in the life of Apolinario Mabini when he was in his 30’s at the prime of his life. But disability did not stop him to show his courage in the midst of revolutionary exigency during his time. With his physical limitations in the actual battlefield, Mabini armed himself with impressive mind, soul, and deep patriotism that made him a martyr to the cause of the country’s freedom. In 1896, Mabini contracted an illness that paralyzed his legs. When the Katipunan revolt broke out late that year, the Spanish authorities arrested him for being a member of Katipunan. Unknown to many, Mabini was not a member of Katipunan but of the reform association of Jose Rizal, the La Liga Filipina. Bonifacio’s movement sought military insurrection while Rizal’s movement aimed for gradual reform. Though as a pacifist reformist, he was at first skeptical of Bonifacio’s armed uprising, Mabini later became convinced of the people’s almost fanatical desire for liberation. Subsequently, he turned out subversive manifestos appealing to all Filipinos to unite against Spain. Mabini came to the forefront in 1898 during the Filipino revolution against Spain. In the subsequent revolution against the United States, he became known as the brains of the revolution. Even if Mabini was already paralyzed, in 1898 General Emilio Aguinaldo summoned him to serve as his chief adviser. He drafted decrees and crafted the constitution for the First Philippine Republic, including the framework of the revolutionary government which was implemented in Malolos, Bulacan in 1899. Mabini was appointed prime minister and was also the foreign minister of the newly independent dictatorial government of Emilio Aguinaldo on January 2, 1899. Mabini then led the first cabinet of the republic. He remained the head of Aguinaldo’s cabinet until his resignation on May 7, 1899. On December 10, 1899, he was captured by the Americans at Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija, but was later set free. In spite of his physical condition, Mabini refused to submit to American authority and continued to write against the occupying power. In January 1901, he was arrested the second time by the Americans and was exiled to Guam, where he remained until his return to Manila on February 26, 1903. On the day he sailed, he issued this statement to the press: After two long years I am returning, so to speak, completely disoriented and, what is worse, almost overcome by disease and sufferings. Nevertheless, I hope, after some time of rest and study, still to be of some use, unless I have returned to the Islands for the sole purpose of dying. On May 13, 1903 Mabini died of cholera in Manila, at the age of 38. Mabini’s life despite of disability was selfless and motivated by high ideals. He would state, I have no other balm to sweeten the bitterness of a harsh and melancholy life (in exile) than the satisfaction given by the conviction of having always done what I believed to be my duty. God grant that I can say the same at the hour of my death. (from La Revolucion Filipina). The Aguinaldo-Mabini Collaborations and Conflicts Collaborations - A lawyer and strategist, Apolinario Mabini was crucial in the legal and constitutional framing of Emilio Aguinaldo’s revolutionary government. Mabini had first allied with José Rizal, whose La Liga Filipina (Filipino league) promoted gradual reform and non-violence. However, by 1897, Mabini came to support the Philippine Revolution, and in 1898, he became one of Aguinaldo’s closest advisors. Mabini believed that only a strong, centralized national government backed by a robust army could secure independence, and he refused to negotiate with the United States. Although he died in the cholera epidemic of 1903, Mabini was commemorated as a leader of Filipino nationalism, and his funeral was one of the largest Filipinos had ever seen. - Mabini became Aguinaldo’s chief adviser during the revolution. He saw the bigger picture of the revolution and its implications in a post revolution scenario. After the declaration of independence, he laid the foundation for the organization and administration of local governments, and later the creation of a revolutionary congress. His insights were ahead of his time. He crafted Aguinaldo’s decrees for the administration of justice and protection of human rights. Apolinario Mabini was to the revolutionary government the ideologist and moral voice. Conflicts - Mabini persuaded Aguinaldo not to declare the Independence of the Philippines quite early for he was sceptical about the intentions of the USA. However, despite his efforts Aguinaldo did not listen to him and continued with his declaration. - Under the influence of Felipe Buencamino, Aguinaldo drafted the Constitution. Mabini did not approve of this for the country was still in the middle of the Revolution. In Mabini's perspective, a Constitution that is in favor with the Congressmen is not necessary. The Congressmen did not have any power to create such a Constitution because they too, were advisers of the President, just like Mabini. - Mabini blamed Aguinaldo for the failure of the Revolution due to the fact that he chose to bear the responsibilities instead of creating Departments that would adhere to the different areas in the country facing the war. Mabini did not also like how Aguinaldo favored his Generals and Soldiers, focusing on their loyalty instead of the skills they can offer in the battlefield. This was evident when Aguinaldo chose to kill General Luna. The Drafting of the Malolos Constitution - The Malolos Constitution was the first constitution framed by Filipinos, established during the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule and later American sovereignty. The constitution was a response to centuries of Spanish rule, insurrections, and the assumption of sovereignty by the United States. It was established after a series of revolts, including the Pact of Biac-na-bato involving General Emilio Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo eventually established a  Filipino government as a dictatorship, with the goal of forming a constitutional convention and electing a president and cabinet. - The Malolos Constitution had unique features, including a unicameral system, permanent commission, ministerial responsibility, central intervention in local administration, and the dominance of the legislative power. These provisions were designed to prevent an oligarchical republic dominated by the military and to ensure the predominance of the legislature. Principles of the Malolos Constitution The Malolos Constitution was based on the following principles: 1. National Sovereignty: The constitution recognized the sovereignty of the Filipino people and the independence of the Philippines from Spain and other foreign powers. 2. Separation of Powers: The constitution provided for the separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government to prevent abuse of power. 3. Representative Democracy: The constitution established a representative democracy, where citizens elected representatives to make decisions on their behalf. 4. Protection of Individual Rights: The constitution protected individual rights and freedoms, such as freedom of speech, freedom of association, and freedom of religion. 5. Social Justice: The constitution aimed to promote social justice and equality, particularly in the distribution of land and resources. Overall, it was based on the Principles of Liberalism, Democracy, and Nationalism. It aimed to establish a democratic government, protect individual rights and freedom, and promote national unity and independence. Debates and Issues During the Malolos Congress, there were intense debates on several issues, including: 1. Church and State: Delegates debated whether to separate the Catholic Church from the state or maintain the church's influence in government. Some argued that the church's influence would ensure morality and stability, while others believed it would undermine democracy and individual freedom. 2. Executive Power: Delegates disagreed on the extent of executive power, with some advocating for a strong president and others pushing for a weaker executive to prevent abuse of power. 3. Regional Representation: Delegates from different regions had differing opinions on how to allocate representation in the government, with some advocating for proportional representation based on population and others pushing for equal representation for all regions. 4. Land Reform: Delegates debated the issue of land reform, with some advocating for the redistribution of land from wealthy landlords to peasants and others opposing it due to concerns about property rights and economic stability. 5. Women's Suffrage: Although not explicitly mentioned in the constitution, there were debates on whether women should be granted the right to vote, with some arguing that it was a fundamental right and others believing that women were not yet ready for such responsibility. These debates and principles shaped the Malolos Constitution and reflected the aspirations and values of the Filipino people during that time. Comparison with other Republican Constitution The Malolos Constitution, ratified on January 23, 1899, marked the establishment of the First Philippine Republic, making it the first republican constitution in Asia. This significant milestone in the quest for Philippine independence came after centuries of Spanish colonial rule. The Malolos Constitution aimed to create a democratic government that embodied the aspirations of the Filipino people for sovereignty and self-determination. It emphasized popular sovereignty, asserting that the government's authority derives from the people, meaning that ultimate power rests with the citizens. The constitution established a separation of powers, dividing the government into three branches: the executive, led by the President who served as both head of state and government; the legislative, composed of a unicameral assembly known as the Assembly of Representatives responsible for making laws; and the judicial, which included courts that interpreted laws and ensured justice. Additionally, the Malolos Constitution featured a Bill of Rights that guaranteed basic freedoms such as freedom of speech, press, and assembly, protecting individual rights. It also adopted a presidential system, granting the President significant powers, reflecting a centralized executive authority. To appreciate the Malolos Constitution's importance, it is valuable to compare it with other notable republican constitutions. The U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1787, established a federal system with a bicameral legislature (two houses) and a strong emphasis on checks and balances among branches. It also includes a Bill of Rights that explicitly protects individual liberties. The French Constitution, enacted in 1791 during the French Revolution, transitioned from monarchy to a constitutional republic, emphasizing principles like liberté, égalité, fraternité (liberty, equality, fraternity) and guaranteeing civil rights. Meanwhile, the Weimar Constitution, created in 1919 after World War I, established a democratic framework in Germany, featuring a bicameral legislature and an extensive Bill of Rights. In summary, the Malolos Constitution was a significant step for the Philippines in establishing itself as an independent republic. It shared common themes of popular sovereignty and individual rights with other republican constitutions, even as each constitution reflected its unique historical context and challenges. Understanding these similarities and differences highlights the evolution of democratic governance in various parts of the world. The fall of the First Philippine Republic The fall of the First Philippine Republic, also known as the Malolos Republic, was primarily due to the Philippine-American War that erupted in 1899, following the Spanish-American War. After the Treaty of Paris ceded the Philippines to the United States without consulting Filipino leaders, the newly established republic faced immediate challenges. The war began as Filipinos sought to defend their independence against American colonial rule, but internal divisions and military disadvantages hampered their efforts. Despite initial successes, the Filipino forces struggled with coordination, and the superior military technology and tactics employed by the United States led to significant casualties. The capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo in 1901 marked a turning point, effectively crippling organized resistance. As a result, the U.S. established a military government, transitioning to civil governance, which signaled the end of the Malolos Republic and the onset of American colonization. This period ultimately shaped the Philippines' long and complex path toward eventual independence in 1946. Mabini’s Legacy in the Philippine Political Thought Apolinario Mabini’s legacy in Philippine political thought is profound and enduring. His advocacy for republicanism, moral governance, and social justice has left an indelible mark on the country’s political landscape. Mabini's ideas continue to inspire Filipinos to strive for a just and equitable society, making him a pivotal figure in the ongoing quest for national identity and democratic governance. His life and works serve as a reminder of the importance of integrity, education, and civic responsibility in the pursuit of a better Philippines. Intellectual Contributions Advocate of Republicanism: Mabini was a strong proponent of republican ideals, emphasizing the importance of popular sovereignty, democracy, and the rule of law. Political Philosophy: He articulated a political philosophy grounded in moral governance and social justice. Role of the Constitution: As one of the architects of the Malolos Constitution, Mabini emphasized the significance of a constitutional framework that protects individual rights and limits government power. Influence on National Identity Nationalism: Mabini’s writings and speeches fueled a sense of nationalism among Filipinos during the struggle for independence. Education and Civic Responsibility: He believed in the power of education as a means to empower citizens. The Malolos on Modern Philippine Constitution The Malolos Constitution serves as a historical benchmark for Philippine constitutionalism, influencing the modern Philippine Constitution's principles and structure. Its emphasis on democratic governance, separation of powers, and protection of individual rights continues to resonate in contemporary Philippine society. By building on the foundation established by the Malolos Constitution, the modern constitution aims to promote justice, equity, and the welfare of the Filipino people, ensuring that the legacy of Mabini and the revolutionary leaders endures in the ongoing pursuit of a just and democratic society. The Malolos Constitution established key principles such as popular sovereignty and separation of powers, which are fundamental to the structure and democratic governance outlined in the modern Philippine Constitution. References The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2024, September 2). Apolinario Mabini | Writings, Guam, Biography, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/ApolinarioMabini Apolinario Mabini (1864–1903) | 1898: U.S. Imperial Visions and Revisions. (n.d.). https://1898exhibition.si.edu/node/154 Apolinario Mabini | National Council on Disability Affairs. (n.d.). https://ncda.gov.ph/featuredfilipinopwd/apolinario-mabini/ Trillana III, P. S. (2022). Asia’s cradle of freedom: The Malolos Constitution and the First Philippine Republic. BusinessMirror. The Konstitusyon Project. (n.d.). The Malolos Constitution: The best Philippine constitution? TaasNooPilipino. (n.d.). The Malolos Congress: Forging the foundation of Philippine democracy. Apolinario Mabini (1864–1903). (n.d.). 1898: U.S. Imperial Visions and Revisions. https://1898exhibition.si.edu/node/154 Apolinario Mabini. (n.d.). Philippine Center for Masonic Studies. https://www.philippinemasonry.org/apolinario-mabini1.html Utak Ng HIMAGSIKAN at Tagapayo Ng Unang Pangulo Ng Pilipinas. (2022, January 8). YouTube. https://youtu.be/AzB7jBGfHgA?feature=shared Malcolm, G. A. (1921). The Malolos Constitution. Political Science Quarterly, 36(1), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.2307/2142663