Diabetes Mellitus Lecture Notes PDF

Hend Gamal Kotb, MD, Ph.D. Professor of Internal Medicine ,GU. DIABETES MELLITUS F A C U L T Y O F D E N T I S T R Y F A L 2 0 2 4 / 2 0 2 L 5  Diabetes...

Hend Gamal Kotb, MD, Ph.D. Professor of Internal Medicine ,GU. DIABETES MELLITUS F A C U L T Y O F D E N T I S T R Y F A L 2 0 2 4 / 2 0 2 L 5  Diabetes mellitus Impaired insulin secretion and variable degrees of peripheral insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia. Definition There are 2 main categories of diabetes mellitus: Type 1(Infant)(Absolute Insulin Deficiency) Insulin Sufficient or not? Type 2 And if sufficient it has a resistance or not?  Sympto ms polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, and blurred vision. Signs And Symptoms Complicatio ns: Microvascular disease underlies 3 common and devastating manifestations of diabetes mellitus: Retinopathy Nephropathy Neuropathy Macrovascular disease involves atherosclerosis of large vessels, which can lead to: Angina pectoris and myocardial infarction Transient ischemic attacks and strokes Peripheral arterial disease Laborator y Evaluatio Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus: Fastingnplasma glucose (FPG) levels Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) Screening for complications of diabetes: Screening for complications of diabetes involves these tests: 1-Foot Examination: Checks for nerve damage, poor blood flow, or wounds to prevent severe foot problems. 2-Funduscopic Examination: Looks at the retina to detect early eye damage (diabetic retinopathy). 3-Urine Testing for Albuminuria: Detects protein in urine, an early sign of kidney damage. 4-Serum Creatinine and Lipid Profile: Measures kidney function and cholesterol levels to assess heart and kidney health. These tests help catch problems early and manage them effectively.  Treatment of Diabetes Diet and exercise For type 1 diabetes, insulin For type 2 diabetes, oral antihyperglycemics  Goals for Glycemic Control: 1-Before Meals (Pre-prandial): Blood sugar should be 80–130 mg/dL. 2-After Meals (Postprandial): Blood sugar should be less than 180 mg/dL. 3-HbA1C:*Long-term average blood sugar should be under 7%. These targets help keep diabetes under control and reduce complications.  Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 diabetes usually can be prevented with lifestyle modification. Weight loss of as little as 7% of baseline body weight, combined with moderate- intensity physical activity (eg, walking 30 minutes/day), may reduce the incidence of diabetes in high-risk people by > 50%. THANK YOU