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Questions and Answers
What are the main complications associated with diabetes mellitus?
What are the main complications associated with diabetes mellitus?
Which laboratory test is typically used to diagnose diabetes mellitus?
Which laboratory test is typically used to diagnose diabetes mellitus?
What is the primary treatment for type 1 diabetes?
What is the primary treatment for type 1 diabetes?
Which of the following is a symptom of diabetes mellitus?
Which of the following is a symptom of diabetes mellitus?
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What is the goal for HbA1C levels in managing diabetes?
What is the goal for HbA1C levels in managing diabetes?
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Which lifestyle modification may prevent type 2 diabetes?
Which lifestyle modification may prevent type 2 diabetes?
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Which examination checks for damage to the retina in diabetic patients?
Which examination checks for damage to the retina in diabetic patients?
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What blood sugar level is considered normal before meals (pre-prandial) in diabetes management?
What blood sugar level is considered normal before meals (pre-prandial) in diabetes management?
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Study Notes
Diabetes Mellitus
- Defined as insulin secretion issues and variable peripheral insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia
- Two main categories:
- Type 1 (Infant): Absolute insulin deficiency
- Type 2: Insulin sufficient or not; resistance or not
- Symptoms include:
- Polydipsia
- Polyphagia
- Polyuria
- Blurred vision
Signs and Symptoms
- Slow healing of wounds
- Frequent urination
- Unexplained weight loss
- Numbness of hands and feet
- Fungal infections (itching skin and genitals)
- Constant hunger
- Blurred vision
Complications
- Microvascular disease underlies three common and devastating manifestations:
- Retinopathy
- Nephropathy
- Neuropathy
- Macrovascular disease involves atherosclerosis of large vessels, leading to:
- Angina pectoris
- Myocardial infarction
- Transient ischemic attacks
- Strokes
- Peripheral arterial disease
- Other complications include:
- Eye damage
- Permanent kidney damage
- Cerebrovascular diseases
- Coronary heart disease
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Diabetic foot
Laboratory Diagnosis
- Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels
- Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
Screening for Complications
- Foot examination: Checks for nerve damage, poor blood flow, or wounds.
- Funduscopic examination: Looks at the retina to detect early eye damage (diabetic retinopathy).
- Urine testing for albuminuria: Detects protein in urine to identify early kidney damage.
- Serum creatinine and lipid profile: Measures kidney function and cholesterol levels to assess heart and kidney health.
Treatment
- Diet and exercise
- Type 1 diabetes: Insulin
- Type 2 diabetes: Oral antihyperglycemics
Goals for Glycemic Control
- Pre-prandial blood sugar: 80-130 mg/dL
- Postprandial blood sugar: <180 mg/dL
- HbA1c: <7%
Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
- Lifestyle modification:
- Weight loss of 7% of baseline body weight
- Moderate-intensity physical activity (eg, walking 30 minutes/day)
- May reduce the incidence of diabetes in high-risk people by >50%
How to Avoid Diabetes
- Manage weight: Achieve a healthy weight and monitor weight gain.
- Exercise: Exercise helps maintain a healthy weight and manage stress.
- Eat healthy: Diet low in saturated fats and sugars to maintain a healthy weight and blood sugar levels.
- Rest: Everyone needs adequate rest, sleep and stress management.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of Diabetes Mellitus, including its definition, types, symptoms, and complications. Test your understanding of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, common signs, and the severe complications that may arise from this condition. Perfect for students studying health sciences or anyone interested in diabetes awareness.
