M8FINAL.pdf

Republic of the Philippines MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE Sta. Elena, Marikina City PRINCIPLE OF EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM GROUP1 - AUTOMOTIVE STUDENTS FREMISTA, BENIDICK BATALON, RENZ APAYA, LEILANIE DIAZ, SONDY GROUP ME...

Republic of the Philippines MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE Sta. Elena, Marikina City PRINCIPLE OF EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM GROUP1 - AUTOMOTIVE STUDENTS FREMISTA, BENIDICK BATALON, RENZ APAYA, LEILANIE DIAZ, SONDY GROUP MEMBERS  RULES AND REGULATION FOR PHIL. CLEAN AIR ACT 1999 (REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8749) - It is also known as "Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999." - An act providing for a comprehensive air pollution control policy and for other purposes. - It contains 7 chapters and 56 sections - It was approved on June 23, 1999 - A comprehensive air quality management policy and program which aim to achieve and maintain healthy air for Filipinos. STATE PRINCIPLES: The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. The State shall promote and protect the global environment to attain sustainable development while recognizing the primary responsibility of local government units to deal with environmental problems. RIGHTS OF CITIZENS The right to breathe clean air. The right to utilize and enjoy all natural resources according to the principles of sustainable development. The right to participate in the formulation, planning, implementation and monitoring of environmental policies and programs and in the decision- making process. The right to participate in the decision-making process concerning development policies, plans and programs projects or activities that may have adverse impact on the environment and public health.  The right of access to public records which a citizen may need to exercise his or her rights effectively under this Act. The right to bring action in court or quasi-judicial bodies to enjoin all activities in violation of environmental laws and regulations, to compel the rehabilitation and cleanup of affected area, and to seek the imposition of penal sanctions against violators of environmental laws.  COVERED BY THE CLEAN AIR ACT Mobile sources refer to vehicle like cars, trucks, buses, jeepneys, tricycles, motorcycles and vans. Point sources refer to stationary sources such as industrial firms and smokestacks of power plants, hotels and other establishments. Area sources refer to sources of emission other than the above. These include smoking, burning of garbage, and dust from construction, unpaved grounds, etc. WHAT CAN YOU DO TO HELP CLEAN THE AIR FOR VEHICLE OWNERS Maintain your vehicle by changing oil regularly (every 5,000 kilometers) Keep the engine well-tuned following the owner’s manual Keep tires properly inflated Plan trips and observe proper driving habits Remove unnecessary things from the trunk. Don’t overload and travel only at speed required by traffic regulations and road conditions. FOR COMMUTERS Try talking to the jeep/bus/tricycle driver about the high health risks of poor vehicle maintenance and improper driving practices. Patronize mass railway transit AT HOME At home Use low watt bulbs or energy saving lights Limit the use of air conditioning units and keep the temperature a few degrees higher Don’t burn garbage FOR EVERYONE Walk or ride your bike to places Work with residential association to stop burning of garbage Spread the word about the ban of smoking in public places. Plant trees  VEHICLE EMISSION AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT Air pollutants can have a significant impact on human health, especially on the cardio respiratory system. Individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, such as asthma and allergies, are especially vulnerable to air pollutants. The effects on human health can include reduced lung function, heart disease, stroke, respiratory illnesses, and lung cancer. There are two types of emissions that impact on the environment, air quality and human health: greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutant emissions. 1. greenhouse gas emissions - such as carbon dioxide (CO2), trap heat from the sun in the earth’s atmosphere, causing the ‘greenhouse effect’ and climate change. CO2 is the main greenhouse gas produced by motor vehicles. 2. Air pollutants emission can cause smog and adversely affect human health. EMISSIONS ARE SUBSTANCES RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE 1. Natural 2. Man-made 3. Automotive emissions: by- product of combustion from exhaust system COMPOSITION OF AIR REGULATED EMISSIONS EPA requires controlled emissions. Power train must pass emission test before vehicle can be sold. Testsdetermine emission output classified by year, make, model, and drive train. Dynamometer duplicates normal driving pattern. Emissions are measured in k/ms or g/mi. Emissions must be under limit to pass Vehicle must detect emission failure. Engine management system must detect rich conditions. TYPES OF EMISSIONS WATER Natural by-product of complete combustion Formed in all internal combustion engines Discharged through exhaust system CARBON DIOXIDE By-product of complete combustion Inside catalytic converter Diesel, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), propane, CNG, and other carbon-based fuel  HYDROCARBONS Petrol, diesel, LPG, natural gas Unburned fuel that escapes to the atmosphere Needs to evaporate easily to mix with air and burn properly CARBON MONOXIDE Colourless, odorless, tasteless, flammable, highly toxic Product of incomplete combustion of C and O  OXIDES OF NITROGEN Nitrogen oxides are a group of seven gases and compounds composed of nitrogen and oxygen, sometimes collectively known as NOx gases. The two most common and hazardous oxides of nitrogen are nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. SULPHUR DIOXIDE Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas with a strong odor, similar to a just-struck match. It is formed when fuel containing sulfur, such as coal and oil, is burned, creating air pollution. Most sulfur dioxide air pollution comes from the burning of coal and oil in power plants. LEAD IN EXHAUST PARTICULATES Particulate matter is the sum of all solid and liquid particles suspended in air many of which are hazardous.  SMOG Smog is a kind of air pollution, originally named for the mixture of smoke and fog in the air. Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an area and is caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide. In the 1950s a new type of smog, known as Photochemical Smog, was first described. COMBUSTION Emissions by product of combustion Control combustion to minimize emissions. Fuel must evaporate fully and mix completely with air to burn efficiently. COMBUSTION CHAMBER DESIGN Affects combustion process Combustion flame can be quenched due to low surface temperatures Unburned fuel is exhausted as hydrocarbon/carbon monoxide emissions Spark plug position near combustion chamber centre so flame front travels evenly Design of intake ports and cylinder heads Gas flow rate affects ability of air to hold fuel.  EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS Emission control system has a various types which has been effective on minimizing emission pollutants. The emission system significantly reduces harmful gasses created by your vehicle. It works with the exhaust system to minimize pollutants, and to keep your vehicle’s engine operation quiet, efficient, and clean in various operating conditions.  TYPES OF EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM 1. POSITIVE CRANKCASE VENTILATION SYSTEM 2. EVAPORATIVE CONTROL SYSTEM 3. EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION SYSTEM 4. SECONDARY INJECTION SYSTEM 5. CATALYTIC CONVERTER  1. POSITIVE CRANKCASE VENTILATION SYSTEM Stops release of hydrocarbons from crankcase Combustion gases leak past piston rings, into crankcase – blowby Older vehicles vented gases into atmosphere PCV system operation is regulated by a PCV valve In an internal combustion engine, a crankcase ventilation system removes unwanted gases from the crankcase. The system usually consists of a tube, a one-way valve and a vacuum source. The unwanted gases, called "blow - by", are gases from the combustion chamber which have leaked and pass through the piston rings.  Modern vehicles use a PCV system to remove gases to be burnt in the inlet manifold. Positive Crankcase Ventilation is a system that was developed to remove harmful vapors from the engine and to prevent those vapors from being expelled into the atmosphere. The PCV system does this by using manifold vacuum to draw vapors from the crankcase into the intake manifold. Although the modern purpose of a positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) system is to reduce air pollution, the original purpose was to allow an engine to operate underwater without the water leaking in. 2. EVAPORATIVE CONTROL SYSTEM - Stops release of hydrocarbons from fuel tank -The EVAP system totally eliminates fuel vapors as a source of air pollution by sealing off the fuel system from the atmosphere. -Vent lines from the fuel tank and carburetor bowl route vapors to the EVAP storage canister, where they are trapped and stored until the engine is started. When the engine is warm and the vehicle is going down the road, the PCM then opens a purge valve allowing the vapors to be siphoned from the storage canister into the intake manifold. The fuel vapors are hen burned in the engine. -Evaporative emission controls were first required on cars sold in California in 1970. EVAP has been used on all cars and light trucks since the early 1970s 3. EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION SYSTEM Controls release of oxides of nitrogen by controlling combustion temp In internal combustion engines, exhaust gas recirculation is a nitrogen oxide emissions reduction technique used in petrol/gasoline and diesel engines. EGR works by recirculating a portion of an engine's exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders. Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is a system that allows the exhaust gases to be recirculated back into the intake manifold. This process leads to a significant reduction in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions because it reduces the two elements underlying its production: oxygen in excess and combustion temperature.  The EGR system works by returning a small portion of an engine's exhaust gas to the engine's combustion chambers through the intake manifold, lowering combustion temperatures and therefore reducing the amount of NOx emitted. The EGR valve is the main component of the EGR system and it's normally closed Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is a system that allows the exhaust gases to be recirculated back into the intake manifold. This process leads to a significant reduction in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions because it reduces the two elements underlying its production: oxygen in excess and combustion temperature. 4. SECONDARY INJECTION SYSTEM Limits hydrocarbon release during cold operation Injects air into exhaust stream to mix with hydrocarbons and aid in conversion process Secondary air injection is a vehicle emissions control strategy introduced in 1966, wherein fresh air is injected into the exhaust stream to allow for a fuller secondary combustion of exhaust gases. Secondary air injection systems pump outside air into the exhaust stream so unburned fuel can be burned.... Newer aspirated systems use the vacuum created by an exhaust pulse to pull air into the pipe. The latest systems use an electric motor to pump air. These systems are critical for the life of the catalytic converter 5. CATALYTIC CONVERTERS Create heat as they convert harmful gases to less harmful gases Can overheat if forced beyond design A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device that reduces toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less-toxic pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction Modern cars rely on catalytic converters to remove carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and other harmful chemicals from exhaust emissions. To do so they rely on costly metals that have special chemical properties that diminish in effectiveness over time.