Genetic Engineering Processes & GMOs PDF

Biology 2  Processes Involved in Genetic Engineering  Applications of Genetic Engineering 1  WHAT IS GENETIC ENGINEERING?  The process of manually adding new DNA to an organism. × Adding one or more new traits...

Biology 2  Processes Involved in Genetic Engineering  Applications of Genetic Engineering 1  WHAT IS GENETIC ENGINEERING?  The process of manually adding new DNA to an organism. × Adding one or more new traits that are not found in that organism. GENETIC ENGINEERING × In the market: resistance to some insects, plants that can tolerate herbicides, and crops with different oil content. × AKA. Gene Splicing, Recombinant DNA, Genetic Modification  Also called as “transformation”. Works by physically removing a gene from one organism and GENETIC inserting it into another, giving ENGINEERING it the ability to express the trait encoded by that gene. PROCESS BACTERIA’S MODE OF GENE TRANSFER: × TRANSDUCTION – transfer via VIRUS × TRANSFORMATION – uptake of DNA from surrounding fluid × CONJUGATION - bacterial version of mating Genetic information is transferred via a vector. A vector can be a bacteria, through its circular DNA called a plasmid, or a virus. A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. * Carry virtually any They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; however, plasmids are sometimes present in P archaea and eukaryotic organisms L A S M I D S  × A, T, G, C subunits holds a code of information for the cell. × An organism contains thousand of genes (set of genes: Genome) × Proteins are part of structures (Cell walls, organelles Concept: etc.) and regulate reactions that take place in the cell (even as enzymes to speed up reactions). The DNA and Proteins  GENETIC ENGINEERING PROCESS Restriction Enzymes : Cut DNA Ligase : An enzyme, glues pieces of DNA together. “Philippines is now the biggest grower of GM crops” What are the economic, political and ecological implication? GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOs) × Also known as transgenic organisms × combined DNA through genetic engineering × DNA from a human has been inserted into a bacterial plasmid and  Bacteria are particularly good at accepting Why is bacteria a good living foreign DNA, and introducing genes into candidate in genetic bacterial cells is now routine. This procedure is a first step to making bacteria that can do new and engineering? useful things. Bacteria that contain introduced DNA are classified as new, genetically modified organisms.  Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by What is a laboratory methods of genetic recombinant DNA? recombination (such as molecular cloning) to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.  Why is artificial selection or selective breeding considered a form of genetic engineering?  Bacteria are particularly good at accepting Why is bacteria a good living foreign DNA, and introducing genes into candidate in genetic bacterial cells is now routine. This procedure is a first step to making bacteria that can do new and engineering? useful things. Bacteria that contain introduced DNA are classified as new, genetically modified organisms.  Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by What is a laboratory methods of genetic recombinant DNA? recombination (such as molecular cloning) to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.  Why is artificial selection or selective breeding considered a form of genetic engineering? LEARNING OBJECTIVES: × Assess the benefits on using GMOs × Assess the potential risks of using GMOs × Analyze the moral issues raised on the development of genetic engineering If you are the president of the Philippines, will you allow the open use of GMOs in the country? Why or why not? EXAMPLES OF GMO SOYBEAN × Commercially available on year 1996 × Soybean has been genetically modified to be herbicide tolerant. × Glyphosate herbicide tolerance conferred by expression of a glyphosate-tolerant form of the plant enzyme isolated from the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. × The inserted gene then are the ones that give herbicide resistance. Thus, farmers use less herbicide with cost savings and less environmental pollution GOLDEN RICE × The Philippine Department of Agriculture Bureau of Plant Industry approved “Golden Rice” which is designed to combat Vitamin A deficiency. × Golden Rice contains beta carotene, the same vitamin A precursor that makes carrots orange. TOMATOES × have been genetically engineered for delayed ripening that will prolong their shelf-life. × Agritope and Monsanto of DNA Plant Technology (DNAP) engineered tomatoes by preventing production of ethylene, a hormone that triggers ripening of fruit. × Others have also inserted arctic fish 1. The following are benefits of using GMO food, except: a. Unexpected or harmful genetic changes b. Increased supply of food with reduced cost and longer shelf life c. Faster growing plants and animals d. Food with more desirable traits, such as potatoes that produce less of a cancer- causing substance when fried 1. The following are benefits of using GMO food, except: a. Unexpected or harmful genetic changes b. Increased supply of food with reduced cost and longer shelf life c. Faster growing plants and animals d. Food with more desirable traits, such as potatoes that produce less of a cancer- causing substance when fried 2. The following are beneficial of using GMO to the environment, except: a. Unintended effect on non-GM weeds, pests, or pathogens b. Reduced inputs or reduce food waste including reduced pesticides and fuel needed to operate tractors c. Produce more food for a growing world population while reducing impact on the environment d. Conservation tillage reduced Carbo dioxide emissions 2. The following are beneficial of using GMO to the environment, except: a. Unintended effect on non-GM weeds, pests, or pathogens b. Reduced inputs or reduce food waste including reduced pesticides and fuel needed to operate tractors c. Produce more food for a growing world population while reducing impact on the environment d. Conservation tillage reduced Carbo dioxide emissions 3. Which of the following is NOT an issue associated with genetic engineering? a. Development of the new allergies b. Pests developing genetic resistance c. Introduction of toxins into the human body d. Increased exposure to vitamins and minerals 3. Which of the following is NOT an issue associated with genetic engineering? a. Development of the new allergies b. Pests developing genetic resistance c. Introduction of toxins into the human body d. Increased exposure to vitamins and minerals 4. Which of the following is an ethical concern related to genetically engineered? I. Increased socioeconomic problems II. Torture of animals to reach this end III. Potential human genetic homogeneity, leading to an increased chance of the species being wiped out a. I and II only b. II only c. III only d. I, II, and III 4. Which of the following is an ethical concern related to genetically engineered? I. Increased socioeconomic problems II. Torture of animals to reach this end III. Potential human genetic homogeneity, leading to an increased chance of the species being wiped out a. I and II only b. II only c. III only d. I, II, and III 5. Which of the following is NOT an argument in favor of GMOs? a. Reduced biodiversity b. Food with extra nutrients c. Disease resistant crops d. Controlled production of insulin 5. Which of the following is NOT an argument in favor of GMOs? a. Reduced biodiversity b. Food with extra nutrients c. Disease resistant crops d. Controlled production of insulin