General Biology 2, Quarter 3 Week 1 - Genetic Engineering PDF

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Quarter 3 Week 1 Genetic Engineering  RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY You can simply impress your audience and add a unique zing and appeal to your Presentations. Easy to chang...

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Quarter 3 Week 1 Genetic Engineering  RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY You can simply impress your audience and add a unique zing and appeal to your Presentations. Easy to change colors, photos and Text. Get a modern PowerPoint Presentation that is beautifully designed. You can simply impress your audience and add a unique zing and appeal to your Presentations. Easy to change colors, photos and Text. Get a modern PowerPoint Presentation that is beautifully designed. Modern Portfolio Presentation  Recombinant DNA Technology Geneticists have developed ways to produce organisms with desirable traits. Recombinant DNA technology is are technique of combining two DNA sequences from different sources. GOAL: CLONE a particular gene for analysis or production of a medically useful protein in large quantities. The first step in recombining the DNA from different species is to produce millions of copies of a single desirable piece of DNA through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that mimics DNA replication.  MOLECULAR CLONING This is done by inserting the DNA fragment (gene) into a vector, usually either from a virus or a bacterial plasmid DNA. Plasmids are circular DNA that contains about 3500 base pairs inside bacteria. Special enzymes are used to cut DNA molecules in specific regions and paste these fragments together to insert the new DNA into foreign cells. Special molecular scissors are used by genetic engineers, which are actually proteins, called restriction enzymes. DNA fragments should have a sticky end, that later on can be joined by another complementary sticky end. In nature, any two DNA molecules with complementary sticky ends can join together even when they are unrelated to the rest of the DNA molecules. This gives rise to TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS. Genetic engineers also add the enzyme DNA ligase, which acts as a glue to cause strong bonds that form between two opposing ends. MOLECULAR CLONING  TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS In nature, any two DNA molecules with complementary sticky ends can join together even when they are unrelated to the rest of the DNA molecules. This is the reason why sticky ends on pieces of DNA fragments from other organisms as different as humans, pigs, and bacteria can be recombined to form a unique organism – transgenic organism. GENETICALLY MODIFIED PLANTS You can simply impress your audience and add a unique zing and appeal to your Presentations. Easy to change colors, photos and Text. Get a modern PowerPoint Presentation that is beautifully designed. You can simply impress your audience and add a unique zing and appeal to your Presentations. Easy to change colors, photos and Text. Get a modern PowerPoint Presentation that is beautifully designed. Through genetic engineering, humans have produced plants that are resistant to pests and to drought; fruits and vegetables with improved taste, texture, size, and color; and grains with improved protein contents. Gene splicing Gene splicing is a form of genetic engineering where specific genes or gene sequences are inserted into the genome of a different organism. Gene splicing can also specifically refer to a step during the processing of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to prepare it to be translated into protein.  PLANTS WITH PEST RESISTANCE Through manipulating the plant’s genes, they can be resistant to insect pests without spraying pesticides. Cotton fibers – widely used in the textile industry but it can hardly survive since many insects attack it. At present, about 40% of chemical pesticides are used to kill insects that devour cotton plants. A soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which produces a protein that is toxic when eaten by crop pests, was used to modify tomato and cotton plants. By inserting the gene responsible for producing Bt protein into the chromosomes of cotton and tomatoes, the plants began to manufacture Bt proteins in their bodies. They are not harmful to humans when genetically modified tomatoes are consumed, but highly toxic to hornworms, which are the most serious pests of tomato and cotton. BT GMOs CORN EGGPLANT COTTON SOYBEAN  PLANTS WITH HERBICIDE RESISTANCE Weeds and unwanted plants are also the struggles of agriculturists. However, applying herbicides can also affect the crop themselves. Advances in genetic engineering were able to produce crops resistant to herbicide, particularly glyphosate. Glyphosate is a powerful herbicide that kills actively growing plants and weeds. It also stops the crops from producing essential aromatic amino acids which they need for growth. Genetic engineers designed crop plants that will be unaffected by glyphosate. They found a certain species of bacteria that could make these aromatic amino acids even in the presence of glyphosate.  PLANTS WITH MORE NUTRITIONAL VALUES One notable project is the production of the Golden Rice, which addresses the nutritional deficiencies associated with Vitamin A. Iron and vitamin A deficiency has been affecting poor countries for many years due to their diet that lacks these nutrients. About 250 million children experience this. To solve the problem, genetic engineers isolated genes and encoded four enzymes for beta-carotene production from a daffodil flower and added to the rice. Thus, beta-carotene, a precursor to Vitamin A, has been synthesized.  Genetically modified (GM) foods are crop plants created for human or animal consumption using latest genetic engineering methodologies. Flavr Savr Tomato with improved taste Seedles watermelon Tomatoes and cantaloupes with modified ripening characteristics Protein-enriched potatoes Corn with enriched lysine and tryptophan Today, there are over 40 plant varieties approved by the US Department of Agriculture ready for commercialization.  GM Food Consumption and Its Potential Risks Is eating genetically modified food dangerous? Potential unknown environmental hazards are cited against GM foods. Currently, no GM foods produced in the US contain a protein that is allergen to humans, the concerns are minimal. These are the issues regarding the consumption of GM crops: A Potential Harm to Other Organisms B Eliciting Resistance C Disrupting (or Affecting) Gene Flow A Potential Harm to Other Organisms In a laboratory experiment on Bt corn, the pollen of the transgenic crop could be harmful to some insects. For example, it was found out that the larvae of Monarch butterflies are harmed by the Bt protein and yet they are not pests. This might lead to issues with biodiversity loss for some species.  B Eliciting Resistance Similar to the existing effect of insecticides and herbicides, agriculturists also look into the effect of Bt crops developing pest resistance. To solve this issue in the field, farmers are required to only plant 20% non-Bt crops alongside Bt crops to slow down the development of insect resistance.  C Disrupting (or Affecting) Gene Flow The possibility of introduced genes to pass from the GM crops is also considered. The possibility of pollen transfer for interbreeding and producing new hybrids are the other concerns. Genetic diversity of plants and animals will be reduced in the natural environment. Lack of genetic diversity can contribute to agricultural problems.  Biotechnology companies introduced “terminator” technology, technically called Genetic Use Restriction Technology (GURT) to counteract genetic contamination due to GM introduction in the wild. Terminator technology refers to rendering the GM crop to produce sterile seeds, which can either be turned on or off by treating them with special chemicals. However, seed sterilization findings revealed that the technology is not 100% effective or reliable as a gene containment mechanism. GENETICALLY MODIFIED PLANTS You can simply impress your audience and add a unique zing and appeal to your Presentations. Easy to change colors, photos and Text. Get a modern PowerPoint Presentation that is beautifully designed. You can simply impress your audience and add a unique zing and appeal to your Presentations. Easy to change colors, photos and Text. Get a modern PowerPoint Presentation that is beautifully designed. Techniques involving the introduction of genes into the eggs of animals have allowed the production of animals with larger sizes and greater characteristics.  TRANSGENIC ANIMALS FOR MANUFACTURING A PRODUCT A technique known as gene pharming makes use of transgenic animals to produce pharmaceutical products for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Several diseases such as cystic fibrosis, cancer, and blood diseases are being studied to find cure for using this treatment.  CLONING TRANSGENIC ANIMALS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES Animal cloning is a difficult process with a low success rate and most clones die early. Genetic engineers are using bioengineered animals for various research projects to avoid experimenting In 1977, on existing animals in the wild. Scottish scientists have Another use of bioengineered animals cloned the is to study a gene’s function as it relates first sheep, to human disease. Dolly.  The Perfect Me Write a short essay that exemplifies a concept of the perfect version of yourself that has been achieved through genetic engineering. The essay should contain the traits that you will keep based on your present self, the traits that you want to replace, and the traits that you want to have if given the chance. Explain on why you have decided to keep, replace, and have these traits.  REFERENCES: https://biofortified.org/ http://news.irri.org/ https://www.freerice.com/ https://byjus.com/biology/rec ombinant-dna-technology-pro cess/ https://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=qBb6x2lp83o&t=817s