M01-Computer and Mobile Technology.pdf

HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LEVEL IV Based on November 2021, Version 1 Curriculum Module Title: - Basic Computer and Mobile Health Technology Module Code: HLT HIT4 TTLM 0422V1 Nominal Duration: 329 Hr. Prepared by Ministry o...

HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LEVEL IV Based on November 2021, Version 1 Curriculum Module Title: - Basic Computer and Mobile Health Technology Module Code: HLT HIT4 TTLM 0422V1 Nominal Duration: 329 Hr. Prepared by Ministry of Labor and Skills April 2022 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia  Acknowledgment Ministry of Labor and skills wishes to thank Ministry of Health experts, TVET trainers, uni- versity instructors and health industry experts who contribute their time and professional experi- ence to the development of this Training module for Health Information Technology Level 4. Ministry of Labor and Skills and Ministry of Health wish to extend thanks and appreciation to USAID Digital Health Activity (DHA) for technical and financial support of this training mod- ule development. Table of Contents Introduction to the module................................................................................................................... 3 UNIT 1- Connect computer hardware peripherals............................................................................... 4 1.1. Adjusting workspace furniture and equipment in line with ergonomic requirements.......... 5 1.2. Computer components and types........................................................................................ 14 1.3. Installing computer components and setting ready to use................................................... 30 1.4. Connecting printer with computer and setting ready to use................................................ 32 Operation Sheet -1 Assembling Computer Components............................................................... 34 Operation Sheet -2 Installing and Configuring Printer.................................................................. 43 Unit Two:- Install and administer Basic Computer Applications...................................................... 46 2.1. Install basic computer applications..................................................................................... 47 2.2. Installing required device drivers........................................................................................ 54 2.3. Creating and administering user accounts........................................................................... 55 Self-Check – 2............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Operation sheet 1: Updating Driver............................................................................................... 59 Operation sheet 2: Creating and administering user accounts....................................................... 63 LAP TEST.................................................................................................................................. 67 UNIT Three:- Utilize software applications...................................................................................... 69 3.1. Identifying appropriate software application for data processing....................................... 70 3.2. Microsoft Word Processor.................................................................................................. 71 3.3. Microsoft Excel................................................................................................................... 73 3.4. Data Presentation with MS Power Point........................................................................... 129 3.5. Designing Activities with Microsoft-Visio....................................................................... 136 3.6. Handling work related data with notepad or word pad..................................................... 145 Operation Sheet -1 Creating A new Document............................................................................ 147 I  Operation Sheet 2- Working with Ms Excel................................................................................ 155 Operation Sheet 3- Working with Power Point (ppt)................................................................... 168 Operation Sheet 4 - Working with Ms. Visio............................................................................... 173 Operation Sheet 5 – Modifying Flowchart................................................................................... 184 Operation Sheet 6– Organizing Charts......................................................................................... 199 Operation Sheet 7 – Creating Timeline........................................................................................ 204 Operation Sheet 8 – Modifying the Interval Shape...................................................................... 210 Operation Sheet 9- Working with Notepad.................................................................................. 219 LAB Test.................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. UNIT Four:- Utilize internet services.............................................................................................. 228 4.1. Internet/intranet services................................................................................................... 229 4.2. Identify resources and retrieve on the internet.................................................................. 232 Self-check 1.................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. UNIT Five:- Existing Health Technologies..................................................................................... 238 5.1. Existing knowledge and techniques to technology........................................................... 239 5.2. Mobile technology skills to enhance learning and provision of standard health care....... 246 5.3. Applying M-health techniques to enhance efficient utilization of resources.................... 248 5.4. Trends in Mobile Health................................................................................................... 253 5.5. Identify use upcoming (new) and updated equipment’s................................................... 254 Unit Six: - Functions of technology................................................................................................. 261 6.1. Computer technology applications.................................................................................... 262 6.2. Features of new or upgraded equipment........................................................................... 266 Reference Materials......................................................................................................................... 269 II  Introduction to the module This Unit covers the fundamental concepts and skills required to store, retrieve, analyze, present and file health data using word processing, spreadsheet, access and power point applications. It also includes the competence required to identity, utilize internet services and use for new or up- graded technology. This module covers the units:  Connecting computer hardware peripherals  Installing and administer basic computer applications  Utilizing software applications  Utilizing internet services  Identifying the existing Health Technologies  Applying the functions of technology Learning Objective of the Module  Connect computer hardware peripherals  Install and administer basic computer applications  Utilize software applications  Utilize internet services  Identify the existing Health Technologies  Apply the functions of technology Module Instruction For effective use this modules trainees are expected to follow the following module instruction: 1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide. 2. Follow the instructions described below 3 to 6. 3. Read the information written in the information “Sheet 1” 4. Accomplish the “Self-check 1” 5. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation from the “Self-check” proceed to “Operation Sheet Page 3 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright UNIT One: Connecting computer hardware peripherals This Unit is developed to provide you with the necessary information regarding the following content coverage and topics:  Adjusting workspace, furniture and equipment in line with ergonomic requirements.  Identifying computer components and types.  Installing computer components and set ready to use.  Connecting printer with computer and set ready to use This Unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated on the cover page. Specifically, up- on completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to:  Adjust workspace, furniture and equipment.  Identify computer components and types  Install and set computer components.  Connect printer with computer and set ready for use. Page 4 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright 1.1. Adjusting workspace furniture and equipment in line with ergonomic requirements Fig-1.1 Proper ergonomics 1.1.1. Ergonomics Definitions  Can be defined as fitting the job to the worker. Not all workers are the same size and eve- ryone has limits  Ergonomics aims to design workstations, work processes, equipment, and tools to fit you. As a worker, it is important that you know how to adjust your office workstation to suit your needs. 1.1.2.Ergonomics Risk Factors If a job does not fit a worker, the worker is more likely to be exposed to risk factors that may lead to musculoskeletal injury. The main ergonomic risk factors in the office include the follow- ing:  REPETITION: tasks or body movements carried out over and over again.  AWKWARD POSTURES: body positions which deviate from neutral such as twisting your neck to view your monitor or reaching to use your mouse.  STATIC FORCES: maintaining a position for a prolonged period of time (e.g. prolonged sitting, viewing the monitor with a bent neck, or reaching for the keyboard) Every person responds to ergonomic risk factors in different ways. For example, one worker may have symptoms of an injury while another worker performing the same tasks may not have symptoms. Ergonomic risk factors should be identified and reduced to lower the risk of injury for Page 5 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright all workers. Even those workers who are not experiencing pain should take ergonomics seriously to reduce the risk of developing an injury. 1.1.3. Purchasing Considerations When selecting office products, adjustability is a key feature. Even though a product may claim to be “ergonomic”, it may not suit your needs, therefore, BUYER BEWARE. You can use the information in this handbook to determine what equipment you need to make your office fit you, while learning how to appropriately set up the equipment that is currently in your office. 1.1.4. Before You Buy Office Equipment  Most office equipment has been designed for the average male who is 5’10” while the average female is 5’4”. This means that some chairs and other office equipment may be too large for some users , or too small for others.  Try Before You Buy. Arrange to get samples of equipment from your supplier. Have your supplier explain and demonstrate adjustment features. Fig 1.2 neutral working posture within the office 1.1.5. How should I sit at my computer workstation  Wrists: Keep the wrists in a straight position. Do not bend them up, down, or from side to side.  Elbows: Keep elbows bent between 90 and 100 degrees (right angle), keep them close to your body, and supported if possible.  Shoulders: Relaxed (not slouched or raised). Page 6 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright   Neck : Facing forward and not looking up, down, or to either  Side, HIPS: Bent around 90 degrees with your thighs parallel to the floor.  LOW BACK: Supported to maintain its natural curve.  KNEES: Bent at approximately 90 degrees with enough space between the back of your knees and the chair to place your fist.  Feet: Resting flat on the floor or supported by a footrest. 1.1.6. Take appropriate breaks throughout the day  Multiple short duration breaks provide the body with more rest than a single long duration break. These breaks, often called “Micro-Breaks”, last anywhere from 10to 60 seconds and should be taken throughout the day. During these micro- breaks, look away from the computer screen and focus on objects in the distance, remove your hands from the keyboard and/or gently stretch muscles. An example of an “active micro break” is taking 5 -15 seconds every 5 minutes to rest the eyes and upper body.  Try to alternate your computer work with other tasks. For example, rather than typing continuously for an hour, stop and deliver a fax or do some filing. When you break up computer work with other office tasks, your arms, neck and back muscles can rest.  You may need to schedule breaks into your day until you are used to taking breaks away from the computer. Use the following table and worksheet as an ex- ample to help you organize some well needed breaks. Your chair is the most important part of your office workstation. The chair has to fit you and suit the tasks that you do. One style of chair may not suit every worker. For example, the “average” chair is designed in some instances to fit the average male and may not suit other users.When looking for a chair it is important that the users have the option to try several different designs prior to finalizing any purchase. A trial period should be long enough to allow for an opportunity to try the chair (i.e. several weeks) and to provide comments or concerns with the chair. 1.1.7. What makes a chair ergonomics Page 7 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright The following features are part of a good office chair. A chair is only “ergonomic” if you can adjust it to fit you. Get to know your chair by experimenting with the controls, so you can make adjustments quickly and confidently. A. General Chair Features  5-caster swivel base  Armrests  Height adjustable seat pan  Tilt adjustable back rest  Ability to make adjustments easily while sitting in the chair Firm padding covered with non-slip, breathable fabric B. Seat Plan  Rounded front edge  Wide and deep (long) enough to fit you comfortably  Adjustable in angle C. Backrest  Padding for the low back area that is curved to fit the shape of your back  Height adjustable (separate from seat pan)  Adjustable angle with locking mechanism  Wide and high enough to fit your back comfortably Fig 1.3-a Chair with adequate lumbar support, Fig 1.3-b Chair without lumbar support. Page 8 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  D. Armrest  Ability to rest the arms as they hang freely by your side  Should provide height and width adjustability  Should not interfere with the work surface Fig 1.4-a : If armrests are too high, they may cause the user to work with rasied shoul- ders Fig 1.4-b: The shoulders should be relaxed and hanging comfortably at your sides E. How Do I Adjust My Chair? In addition to having an adjustable chair, knowing how to properly use its controls is key for en- suring a neutral working posture. The following points are designed to help ensure proper ad- justment  Standing in front of and facing the chair, raise or lower the chair until the front edge of the seat pan is just below your kneecap (Figure 5).  Sit with your feet resting flat on the floor and legs at a 90-110 degree angle.  Allow enough space for a closed fist between the edge of the seat pan and the back of your legs Page 9 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright   Adjust the backrest so the lumbar support contacts the curvature in your lower back. You may need to move the backrest up or down as well as towards or away from you (Figure 5).  Adjust armrests so that your elbows can rest on them while your arms hang freely at your side. Figure 1.5: Seat pan slightly below knee cap, The adjustment for the back rest height is usually located on the bottom of the seat pan. A seat height that is too high can cause unwanted pressure on the thighs and not allow the feet to rest flat on the floor. F. Chair Height  If your keyboard is placed on an adjustable support:  Lower the seat pan so your feet rest comfortably on the floor.  Check for pressure points. You should feel even pressure from the seat pan.  If you feel more pressure near the back of the seat (buttock region), raise the chair.  If you feel more pressure under your thighs (near the knees), lower the chair. Page 10 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright   If your keyboard is placed on a fixed surface (i.e. desk).  Adjust your chair height so you can type comfortably with neutral wrist and arm po- sitions.  Use a footrest if your feet do not rest flat on the floor after you have adjusted your chairs.  Stand up and place your hand in the small of your back. Notice the inward curve in your lower back. Sit down on your chair while keeping your hand on your lower back. Notice how your curve flattens out. This shows you how easy it is to change the shape of your spine which can contribute to back pain.  While keeping your hand on the small of your back, ensure that the lumbar support hits the hand. G. Workstation ADJUSTABLE DESKS It is often possible to add adjustable accessories to your desk. If you are purchasing a new desk, you may want one with adjustability built in. There are several methods of achieving adjustabil- ity:  You can purchase a complete workstation that allows for both regular desk work and space for the computer. The computer section should have an adjustable portion for the keyboard and mouse, and a separate adjustable portion for the monitor. The por- tion designed for the keyboard should have enough space for the mouse and keyboard to be placed side by side.  You can add attachments to your desk such as keyboard tray or monitor arm.  You can use a smaller separate computer workstation and continue to use your desk for regular work.  You can also purchase an L-Shaped workstation that allows for a separate writing and typing area.  If you have shelves above the workstation, ensure they do not interfere with adjusting the monitor height or block overhead lights. Page 11 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright The Non-Adjustable Desk  Use the information in the chair and desk sections above to ensure that neutral pos- tures are achieved. If the work surface is too low  Raise the desk using a stable support (ie. blocks under desk legs) until the work sur- face or keyboard is at elbow height. Figure 1.6 Providing a chair and keyboard set up H. Keyboard and Mouse Some “ergonomic” keyboards are not adjustable and rely on a one-size-fits-all theory. This may not be appropriate for all users since people often have different sized hands.  Your keyboard and mouse should be slightly below elbow level and close to your body.  The mouse should be beside the keyboard, and in front of your mousing hand.  To use your keyboard and your mouse in the “neutral” position, you should adjust your keyboard tray or your chair.  If you have an adjustable keyboard/mouse tray, move the keyboard and mouse to el- bow level. If you do not have an adjustable keyboard/mouse tray,  Adjust the height of your chair so the keyboard and mouse are at approximately el- bow level. The keyboard should be angled so your wrists remain straight. Page 12 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  ALTERNATIVE KEYBOARDS “Ergonomic” keyboards, such as split keyboards, are designed to help keep your wrists in a neu- tral (straight) position when typing. First make as many improvements to your workstation as possible before thinking of changing your keyboard. It is important to remember that split key- boards are most effective when used by a “touch” typist. “Hunt and peck” typists tend to find these designs frustrating as they visually search for keys. Considerations when changing your keyboard:  The size and shape of the keyboard to ensure that you are using neutral and re- laxed positions.  The force required to depress the keys Figure 1.7 a split keyboard which allows for neutral wrist and arm posture. Adjusting Your Mouse Place the mouse in front of your “mouse hand”. You should NOT have to reach away from your body in order to operate the mouse. Position the mouse at the SAME height as the keyboard. Remember to maintain approxi- mately a 90 degree elbow angle. Page 13 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright 1.2. Computer components and types A computer is an electronic machine that receives data from an input device, carries out arithme- tic and logical processing according to a previously complied set of instructions, stores the pro- ceed data, sends the processed data to an output device. 1.2.1. Computer Hardware The term computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer – basically, the parts and pieces that can be touched or moved, whether inside or outside of the computer (any part of a computer system you can see or touch). A peripheral is any piece of hardware attached to a computer, such as a printer. I. Input Device Input devices are parts of the computer that let you input information and data into the computer. The keyboard, mouse, and joystick are examples of input devices. Scanners and cameras are also input devices, but are not used as often. Disk drives and modems can also be used as input devic- es a. Disk Drivers Page 14 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  Figure 1.8 Disk Drives Disk drives are a very important part of the computer, but choosing them is relatively easy. There are several types of disk drives: Hard drives, Floppy disk drives, CD ROM drives, Tape backups, and Zip drives. b. Floppy Drive Figure 1.9 Floppy Drive  They are the main way of putting information on to the hard drive Page 15 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright   They also allow you to save information on a disk, which is an easy way to transport files and data between different computers.  There are two different sizes of floppy drives:  5.25” floppy disk is not used very often any more.  And replaced by 3.5 disk can hold 1.44 megabytes of data. c. CD ROM Drive  Most computers now come standard with a CD ROM drive. Most programs and games now come on CD  A CD ROM drive reads data from a CD that looks much similar to a music CD, except it holds data rather than music.  The CD ROM drive comes in several different speeds. Speeds vary from dou- ble speed to 52X speed.  A double speed CD ROM is the minimum. It is still functional but the video and sound are more likely to be a bit jumpy. The faster a CD ROM can read a CD the smoother the video and sound becomes. Faster is better, but for most users an 8X speed will work just fine. . CD writers allow you to write information to a CD. You have to buy blank CD’s to write to. Once written, these CD’s can be read by any CD ROM drive. This may sound like a good solution to your storage problems, but they can be tricky to use. You may waste a few CD’s while learning how to use it.  CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) drives are very popular, and for good reason. The drives have become inexpensive to buy and the disks are cheap to make (figure under two dollars to press a disk). A software maker can put information onto software that looks at the disk and verifies that it is being accessed from the CD. This can be used to prevent software piracy. CD- ROM disks can hold 640 Megabytes of data, more than any application on the market today is likely to need. d. DVD Drive Page 16 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  Figure 1.10 DVD Drive  The latest in mass storage is the DVD drive. DVD stands for digital video disk. The DVD technology is still developing. A dual layer, dual sided version of this disk can hold up to 17 gigabytes. The current version, which is single layer, single sided holds 4.7 gigabytes. Since this technology is still relatively  new, there are not a lot of products that support it. DVD will soon replace the CD. e. Keyboard Figure 1.11 Keyboards  Using the keyboard is the primary way of inputting data into many of your programs. we are sure you know what a keyboard is so I will not go into much detail to describe it, but we will tell you of a few different kinds of key- boards. Keyboards are usually described by the number of keys they have. This keyboard comes standard on most computers. There are also ergonomic Page 17 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  keyboards. These keyboards look like they are broken in half, and are sup- posed to make typing less stressful on your wrists. Some keyboards come with a built in trackball or finger pad. Picking a keyboard is just a matter of prefer- ence. For most everybody, the standard 101 keyboard will work just fine. f. Mouse Figure 1.12 Mouse  The mouse is a very important input device because it makes getting around in your computer easier. The mouse controls and arrow which can be moved an- ywhere on the screen. The mouse is good for doing tasks such as moving and pointing to objects on the screen. There are several types of mice, and several input devices similar to mice. Alternatives to the mouse include: the trackball, touchpad, and touch-screen.  A mouse can have two or three buttons. A two button mouse is usually stand- ard.  Another thing to note about your mouse is how it plugs into the computer. A serial mouse plugs into a 9 pin serial port in the back of the computer. Most computers now come with an input for a bus mouse, also referred to as a PS/2 mouse. The PS/2 mouse has a round connector similar to that of the keyboard. This mouse is a better choice, because more computers are using it now.  The trackball is very similar to the mouse, except the ball is on top instead of underneath. You move the ball with your thumb or palm. This is sometimes easier for children to use because they can let go of the ball to click the but- Page 18 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  tons. This is good because the arrow will not move when you try to click on something. With the mouse, if you let go of it to click a button, it will usually move. Choosing between the mouse and the trackball is just a matter of pref- erence.  The touch pad and touch screen are very similar. For both you use your finger to move the cursor on the screen. With the touch pad you move your finger on a pad. With the touch screen you move your finger directly on the screen. These may be fun additions to your computer. g. Scanner Figure1.13 Scanner Device  Scanners are useful if you need to copy written page or pictures directly into your computer. If you are using your computer for business, a scanner could be more use- ful. There are three basic types of scanners: Hand scanners, Page scanners, and Flat- bed scanners. Both types come in black and white or color, with color being more expensive. A hand scanner is held in the hand and dragged across the page being scanned. A page scanner feeds paper through it similar to a printer, but instead of printing, it scans in whatever is on the paper. A flatbed scanner looks and works like a copy machine. You put the object to be scanned in the scanner, and then it scans it into the computer. II. Output Device Page 19 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a com- puter) which converts the electronically generated information into humanreadable form. A. MONITORS and VIDEO CARDS A video display system has 2 major components: a display monitor and a video card. Figure 1.14 Video Card  Your system's video card is responsible for what you see on your monitor screen, the vid- eo card is the part of the computer that sends the images to the monitor. Video cards are also referred to as video accelerators. Video cards usually contain their own memory chips. This memory helps the computer to load images faster. A video card should con- tain at lest 32 megabyte of memory, but 64 megabytes is becoming standard. 128 mega- bytes is quite a bit more expensive, but is even better.  Besides video cards, video may be integrated on the motherboard. Having it included on the motherboard eliminates the possibility of choosing a card to meet your needs. Many have an option by jumper or BIOS setting to disable the on-board video when updating and adding a true video acceleration card. Usually this video does not render high resolu- tion large screen graphics.  The video processor, along with the system CPU, manipulates this data to change the screen image and the RAMDAC reads it and sends it to the monitor Page 20 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  B. The Monitor Figure 1.16 Monitor  A display monitor is a video output device capable of displaying text and graphics.  In a very basic Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) a beam of electrons is focused and aimed by electromagnets, then the electron beam strikes a phosphorescent surface at the other end of the tube. Light is given off by the phosphor at the end of the CRT. The entire tube is kept at as close to vacuum as possible so that the electron stream is not deflected.  This basic CRT would be a monochrome(one color) monitor. By raising the number of electrons that strike the screen, the display is made brighter. Relate this to a black and white television or an amber or a green screen computer monitor. On a computer monitor, each individual dot is addressed individually to make part of a shape or character. This dot is called a pixel.  Color CRT type monitors have three kinds of phosphors to produce Red, Green and Blue (RGB) light. All of the colors that humans can see can be produced by some combination of these colors. The first color monitors used only two brightnesses of red, green and blue to produce colors. Red could be off, on or on high. A total of only sixteen colors (to in- clude black) could be displayed because all colors had to match in intensity.  The VGA monitor can display any color. Any limitation is in the video card used. While early VGA video cards were limited to sixteen colors displayed, they improved on EGA video cards both in resolution and in pallet depth. The sixteen colors were chosen from 256 basic colors. Page 21 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright   Since that time, true color VGA adapters have allowed the VGA and Super VGA monitor to display true color. This is the industry name for 24 bit color. With eight bits per color per pixel, there are 256 levels of red, green or blue per dot. 1677216 colors to choose from. It would take a 1295 by 1295 pixel monitor to display all of the colors possible! The largest industry standard monitor these days measures 1280 by 1024 pixels.  Common VGA or SVGA monitors may be capable of 640x480, 800x600, 1024x768 and 1280x1024 pixels. This is horizontal dots by vertical dots. At 640 by 480, the number of pixels is (640x480=) 307200. The 1280 by 1024 display shows 1,310,720. At 16 colors, each dot has 4 bits of information. At true color, each dot holds 24 bits. So a monitor showing 640x480 dots at 16 colors has (640x480x4=) 1,228,800 bits of information, while a true color 1280x1024 video card holds 31,457,280 bits of information! This is why the newer, better video adapter cards demand so much memory.  Screen savers came along because of a problem with cathode ray tubes. Recall from the basic CRT description above, the electrons hitting the phosphor coating on the front of the CRT. As each electron strikes, it may knock loose an atom! This is called sputter. When this happens, the phosphor in that spot being gone, there is less light given off. A display constantly showing the same image will concentrate this effect, producing screen burn.  In an early solution to this problem, computer input inactivity would shut off the video monitor. Activity would start it right back up. However, thinking the computer off, it of- ten happened that users would mess something up. Someone wanting to use the computer might think that, well, if this switch position is OFF, then that way must be ON. Screen savers, then, must not completely shut off the screen, but minimize the portion in use when the computer is not active. Now any program that starts to change screen character- istics after a period of inactivity may call itself a screen saver. Page 22 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  Figure 1.17 Lcd and CRT monitors Monitors as well as television sets. A CRT consists of a glass vacuum tube that contains one electron gun for a monochrome display, or three RGB (red, green, blue) electron guns for a color display. Electron beams from these guns sweep rapidly across the inside of the screen from the upper-left to the lower right of the screen. The inside of the screen is coated with thousands of phosphor dots that glow when they are struck by this beam. The beams sweep rate is between 43 and 87 times per second (refresh rate) and is measured in Hz (hertz). Like televisions, screen sizes are measured in diagonal inches, the distance from one corner to the opposite corner diagonally. Several sizes of monitors are available. The most common are the 14 or 15 inch monitor. There are also 17 and 21 inch monitors available. C. Sound Cards Figure 1.18 Sound Cards  Most computers come standard with a sound card. A sound card allows your computer to reproduce music, sounds, and voice. This is a definite necessity if you are going to play multimedia games. If you are just using your computer for business, then you may not need a sound card. The market standard for sound cards is the Sound Blaster. Be sure to Page 23 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  get a computer with a Sound Blaster compatible sound card. There are also different quality of sound cards. Most computers now come with 16 bit sound cards. The next step up would be a 32 bit sound card. Some sound cards have a wave table, which means that it reproduces actual instruments rather than synthesized sound. Most sound cards also have an input for a microphone so that you can record your own voice. My choice would be the Sound Blaster awe32. This is a good quality sound card and it should work with almost all of your games. D. Modems Figure 1.19 Modems  The modem comes standard on most computers. If you want to send faxes or get on the internet, then this is what you need. The modem allows the computer to communicate with other computers through the telephone lines. Most modems come with faxing capa- bilities. Modems are available in different speeds. The standard speed is 56.6 Kbps. Kbps stands for kilo bauds per second, which is just the speed of the modem. The 56.6 modem is also refered to as V.90. This is the name for the standard on which all 56.6 modems are built. The 56.6 Kbps modem replaced the 33.6 Kbps modem as the standard. 33.6 and 28.8 modems are still widely used, but if you spend a lot of time on the Internet, you'll appreciate the speed of the 56.6. The 14.4 modem is now outdated. It's just too  Slow for most people. Another choice you have with modems is external or internal. If you buy a new computer it should come with an internal modem. Internal means that it goes inside your computer, external means that is plugs into your computer and sits on Page 24 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  the desk. Internal modems are usually less expensive than external modems. The quality between the two is about the same, so it is just a matter of preference. E. Printers Figure 1.20 Printers  All printers whether dot matrix, ink-jet or LaserJet accomplish essentially the same task: They create a pattern of dots on a sheet of paper. The dots may be sized differently or composed of different inks that are transferred to the paper by different means, but all of the images for text or graphics are made up of dots. The smaller the dots, the more attrac- tive the printout. Dot-matrix Printers  The dot-matrix printer- noisy, slow, and crude - is a dying technology. Laser printers are faster and produce more attractive documents. Ink-jet printers cost little more than a dot- matrix, but produce beautiful color and resolution. The only thing a dot matrix printer has on its cousins is that it can handle multi-layer forms - carbons - while the others can’t. That’s because a dot- matrix printer is, like a typewriter, an impact printer. It prints by pounding ink onto paper. But carbons being, themselves, a sort of retry technology, even that advantage is dubious.  Impact printers with 24 or more pins produce documents that rival the laser printer, and some dot-matrix printer call interpret commands from PostScript or another page descrip- tion language. But most impact printers are simple things, designed to work with another Page 25 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  ancient technology, bitmapped type controlled by ASCII codes sent to the printer from a PC. LASER JET PRINTERS  Every time you send a page 10 your laser printer, you're selling in motion a complex, in- ter locked series of steps as efficiently organized as a factory and as precisely choreo- graphed as a ballet. At the heart of the printer is the print engine-the mechanism that transfers a black powder to the page, which is a device that owes its ancestry to the pho- tocopier. Its operation includes technologies Gutenberg never imagined, including laser imaging, precise paper movement, and microprocessor control of all its actions.  To create the nearly typeset-quality output that is characteristic of a laser printer, the printer must control five different operations at the same time:  It must interpret the signals coming from a computer,  Translate those signals into instructions that control the firing and movement of a laser beam,  Control the movement of the paper,  Sensitize the paper so that it will accept the black toner that makes up the image,  Fuse that image to the paper.  The result is no-compromise printing. Not only does the laser printer produce hard copy faster than most any other type of printer, but the laser printed pages are more sharply de- tailed. With the introduction of color laser printers, the five-ring circus turns into a 20- ring bazaar. For the foreseeable future, the laser is the standard for high end, day in, day out office printing. COLOR PRINTING  There have been two revolutions in computer printing in the last decade. One was the la- ser printer, which brings typeset quality printing of text and graphics to the masses. The second was the development of inexpensive, fast, high quality color printing.  The complexity of color printing, of course, means trade-offs. At the low-price end is the color ink-jet printer. It is in some ways a dot-matrix printer without the impact and with four times the colors. A color ink jet costs barely more than a black and white ink-jet. Page 26 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  The visual detail approaches that of laser printers, in some printers surpassing it. But ink- jet technology is relatively slow and you always have to fuss with cleaning and replacing the ink-filled print beads. Color ink jets are the ideal printer for the home, where printing volume is small, a budget maybe nonexistent, and the flash of color in a school report or a greeting card is worth the extra wait.  For the office there are different color printing solutions that match the budget of a small business or home office and solutions that give the most fussy graphic artists the speed, color-matching, and details they need to create professional results. The crucial differ- ence among color printers is how they get ink on the paper. Because it involves four col- ors of ink to achieve full color printing, a printer must either make multiple passes over the same sheet of paper-as happens with laser and thermal wax color printers- or it must manage to transfer all of the colors more or less simultaneously, which is what happens with solid-ink printers, whose results are almost photograph-quality.  A common office color printing device is the color thermal printer the process provides vivid colors because the inks it uses don't bleed into each other or soak into specially coated paper. But its four-pass method is slow and wastes ink. The color laser printer provides the most precise detail but is slow, complicated, and expensive because it re- quires four separate print engines that must each take their turn to apply colored toner to the page.  Two other color-printing methods provide speed and photographic dazzle: dye sublima- tion-also called dye diffusion thermal transfer (D2T2) - and solid ink. By controlling not only how many dots of color they put on the page but the intensity of the dots, they pro- duce continuous tone printing. The result is virtually indistinguishable from a color pho- tograph even through its actual resolution maybe no more than the 300 dots per inch of the old laser printer. If the results you're trying to get with color printing are really im- portant, these technologies arc well worth the cost. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Page 27 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  A CPU is brain of a computer. It is responsible for all functions and processes. Regarding com- puting power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system. The CPU is com- prised of three main parts : Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Executes all arithmetic and logical opertions. Arithmetic calcu- lations like as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical operation like compare numbers, letters, or special characters Control Unit (CU): controls and co-ordinates computer components.  Read the code for the next instruction to be executed.  Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction.  Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory.  Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register.  If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete, instruct the hardware to perform the requested operation. Registers: Stores the data that is to be executed next, "very fast storage area". A. Primary Memory:- i. RAM (Random Access Memory): RAM is a memory scheme within the computer system responsible for storing data on a temporary basis, so that it can be promptly accessed by the processor as and when needed. It is volatile in nature, which means that data will be erased once supply to the storage device is turned off. a. RAM stores data randomly and the processor accesses these data randomly from the RAM storage. b. RAM is considered "random access" because you can access any memory cell directly if you know the row and column that intersect at that cell. Random access memory, the "short-term memory" of a computer, used by the CPU to store program instructions and data upon which it is currently operating. c. Data in RAM is lost when the computer is powered off, thus necessitating a hard drive. ii. ROM (Read Only Memory): ROM is a permanent form of storage. ROM stays active re- gardless of whether power supply to it is turned on or off. ROM devices do not allow data stored on them to be modified. Page 28 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  B. Secondary Memory:- Stores data and programs permanently: its retained after the power is turned off either HDD (Hard disk drive - slower of the two but less expensive) and/or SSD (solid state drive. Very fast and not always necessary) – the "long-term memory" of the computer, used for persistent storage – i.e. the things stored on it remain even when the computer is powered down. The operating sys- tem, and all your programs and data are stored here. Operating Systems can be booted and use storage from inexpensive USB Drives, although this is only with extremely lightweight systems. I. Hard drive (HD): A hard disk is part of a unit, often called a "disk drive," "hard drive," or "hard disk drive," that store and provides relatively quick access to large amounts of data on an electromagnetically charged surface or set of surfaces. II. Optical Disk: an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs. Some drives can only read from discs, but recent drives are commonly both readers and recorders, also called burners or writ- ers. Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are common types of optical media which can be read and recorded by such drives. Optical drive is the generic name; drives are usually de- scribed as "CD" "DVD", or "Bluray", followed by "drive", "writer", etc. There are three main types of optical media: CD, DVD, and Blu-ray disc. CDs can store up to 700 megabytes (MB) of data and DVDs can store up to 8.4GB of data. Blu-ray discs, which are the newest type of optical media, can store up to 50GB of data. This storage capacity is a clear advantage over the floppy disk storage media (a magnetic media), which only has a capacity of 1.44 MB. III. Flash Disk A storage module made of flash memory chips. A Flash disk have no mechanical platters or ac- cess arms, but the term "disk" is used because the data are accessed as if they were on a hard drive. The disk storage structure is emulated. Page 29 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright 1.3. Installing computer components and setting ready to use. A computer is made up of a case (or chassis) which houses several important internal compo- nents, and provides places to connect the external components, including non-peripherals. internal parts of computer hardware:  Power Supply/PSU – power supply unit, converts outlet power, which is alternating cur- rent (AC), to direct current (DC) which is required by internal components, as well as providing appropriate voltages and currents for these internal components. Motherboard/mainboard  As the name indicates, this is the electronic centerpiece of the computer: everything con- nects to the motherboard. Page 30 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  Figure 1.22 mother board Optional components follow:  Optical Drive – device for reading/writing optical disks. May read CDs, DVDs, or other optical media, depending on the type. It is essential for installing many operating systems and programs, although the vast majority can be run from USB. It may be able to write some of these discs, as well. Some people like to have two such drives for copying disks. Graphics Card  GPU/Graphics Card/GPU – does processing relating to video output. Some motherboards have an "onboard" GPU built in so you don’t need (but may add) a separate video card. Otherwise, you will need a video card. These plug into a slot on the motherboard and provide a place to connect a monitor to your computer.  Sound card - Comes with motherboard but may want to be upgraded On top of the internal components listed above, you will also need these external components:  Keyboard – for typing on. Many motherboards won't even boot without a keyboard at- tached.  Mouse – for pointing and clicking. Unless you chose a text-based operating system, you will likely want one of these.  Monitor – This is where the pretty pictures go. They come in many forms, the most common being CRT and LCD. Page 31 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  1.4. Connecting printer with computer and setting ready to use. Among your puzzle pieces should be a USB cable that connects directly into your computer’s tower or your laptop’s body. Depending on your computer’s operating system, your computer should notify you that a new connection is being made and that a driver will need to be down- loaded for it to complete the installation. If you get this notification, follow your computer’s intuitive lead and click the notification. It could do all the heavy lifting for you. If your computer has left you to do all the figuring out by yourself follow these steps Page 32 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright Page 33 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright Operation Sheet -1 Assembling Computer Components A. Tools and Equipment’s Basic tools:  Phillips-head (cross-shaped) screwdriver  Needle-nose pliers  Anti-static Wrist Strap  A large level working space Optional, but useful tools  Spring action parts grabber.  Electrical tape  Wire or nylon ties  Flashlight, preferably hands-free  A second, working computer to swap parts, look for tips, ask for help on-line, download drivers and patches, etc.  A can of compressed air - useful when working with older parts that have collect- ed dust. A better alternative but also more costly, is a vacuum cleaner designed for cleaning electronics. Find a dry, well-ventilated place to do your work. You should have plenty of light and if possible, you should choose an area without carpet on the floor, as carpet tends to gener- ate a lot of static. An unfurnished basement is a good work location. B. Procedures/Steps/Techniques To Assemble Computer Components Step1: Take Safety precautions  Static electricity is the biggest danger to the expensive parts you are about to as- semble, even a tiny shock, much too small for you to feel, can damage or ruin the delicate electronic traces, many times smaller than a human hair, that make up your CPU, RAM and other chips. It’s important to use your anti-static wrist strap  To prevent damage to these components. Once you have the power supply in- stalled in the case, clip the end of the wrist strap to the outside of the power sup- Page 34 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  ply. (Never plug your computer in while you are connected to it by a wrist strap.) This will ensure that you, the case and the power supply are all connected to a common ground, in other words there will be no inequality of charge that will al- low a spark to jump from you to the case. It’s also helpful to have an anti-static mat to set the case and other components on.  Nobody but you is at fault if you shock your components with static electricity. Make sure that you take the precautions in the previous paragraph to ground your- self from static electricity. (Note: if you really must work on a computer and have not got proper anti-static equipment, it is usually OK if you make sure that you do not move about much; are not wearing any static-prone clothing; handle compo- nents by the edges; and regularly (once a minute or so), touch a grounded object.). The case metal of your PC's power supply will usually be a suitable grounded ob- ject. As noted above, touch it every few minutes while you are working on your PC if you haven’t got a wrist strap.  Turn off your computer and switch off your Power Supply at the wall before in- stalling or removing any components - if power is flowing to components as they are installed or removed, they can be seriously damaged. In order to have a com- puter properly grounded, you need it plugged in at the wall but turned off at the power supply and at the wall. The neutral line may be earthed  Never cut the grounding pin off your power cord. This "safety ground" stands be- tween you and potentially lethal voltages inside the power supply.  Be wary of sharp edges! Many lower-end PC cases have sharp, unfinished edges. This is especially so on interior surfaces, and where the case has been cut or punched-out. Use care and take your time to avoid cutting your hands. If your case has this problem, a little time with some sandpaper before you begin con- struction can spare you a lot of pain.  Dismantling discrete electronic components such as your Power Supply or Moni- tor is dangerous. They contain high voltage capacitors, which can cause a severe Page 35 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  electric shock if you touch them. These hold a charge even when the Unit is not plugged in and are capable of delivering a fatal shock. Step 2: Construction  Start by putting your case down on your work surface, with the case door facing up, and open the case Motherboard  Find the motherboard standoffs (spacers) that should have come with the case. They are screws, usually brass, with large hexagonal heads that are tapped so you can fasten screws into the top. These hold the motherboard up off the case pre- venting short-circuits. Set these aside. Step 3:  Remove the I/O Shield from the back of the case where the ports on the back of the motherboard will fit, and put in the I/O Shield that came with your mother- board. There may be small metal tabs on the inside of this face plate, if so you may have to adjust them to accommodate the ports on the back of the mother- board.  Note: Some case styles make it difficult to install the motherboard or the CPU with the power supply installed. If the power supply is in your way, take it out and set it aside (we'll put it back in later).  Now locate the screw holes on your motherboard and find the corresponding holes on the motherboard plate (or tray) in the case. Put a standoff in each of these holes on the tray and position the motherboard so that you can see the holes in the top of the standoffs through the screw holes in the motherboard.  Now is the time to make sure the ports on the motherboard are mating with the back plate you just installed, and make any necessary adjustments. The small metal tabs are intended to make contact with the metal parts of the connections on the back of the motherboard and ground them, but you may have to bend these  tabs a bit to get the ports all properly mounted, this is where those needle-nose pliers may come in handy. Page 36 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright   Now fasten a screw through each of the motherboard screw holes into the stand- offs underneath. These screws should be snug but not tight, there is no reason to torque down on them, hand tight is fine otherwise you can damage the mother- board.  Once the motherboard is installed, it is time to plug the other components.  Step 4: CPU  You should rely on the instructions that are provided with the CPU. The two things that go wrong the most often and most expensively (minimum of a killed CPU, sometimes more) in building one's own computer are both related to the CPU and its cooler:  Switching the computer on "just to see if it works" before adding any CPU cool- ing unit.  Mounting the CPU cooler improperly. Read the instructions that came with your CPU and cooler very carefully and ensure you are using all components in the correct order and correct place.  If you buy a third party cooling solution for your CPU make sure you get one that is compatible with the CPU you have. Most brands come with multiple mounting brackets that will suit many different chipsets, but it is best to check for compati- bility just in case. If using thermal paste, apply it only to the CPU die (the square piece of silicon in the middle of the CPU) and do so sparingly -- most modern CPUs take no more than a dab of thermal paste the size of a grain of rice. Some people do like to wipe some onto the heat-sink's surface and then wipe it smooth- ly off so that bits of it may get into tiny holes for better heat transfer. If using a thermal pad supplied with your cooler, make sure you remove any protective tape from the die just before installing and do not get it dirty - and do not combine thermal pads with thermal paste, it is either one or the other. Then, check that you Page 37 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright   install the cooler in the right orientation and that you set it flat on the CPU die without exerting undue pressure on any edges or corners - the latter can make small pieces of the die break off, killing the CPU.  Tighten the cooler using only the specified holding devices - if you did everything right, they will fit. If they do not fit, check your setup - most likely something is wrong. After mounting the cooler, connect any power cables for the fan that is at- tached to the cooler. Step 5 Memory slots  Now, you will need to install your RAM (random access memory). Find the RAM slots on your motherboard. To install the RAM modules, first push on the levers (white plastic in the picture) on either side of the DIMM socket, so that they move to the sides. Do not force them, they should move fairly easily. Put the RAM mod- ule in the socket. Line up the notch in the center of the module with the small bump in the center of the RAM socket, making sure to insert it the right way. Push down on the module until both levers move up into the notches on the sides of the mod- ule. There should be a small "snap" when the module is fully seated. Although this does require a fair bit of force, do not overdo it or you may break the RAM module. Start adding RAM at the slot labeled "Bank 0" or "DIMM 1". If you do not have a stick in "Bank 0" or "DIMM 1" the system will think there is no RAM and will not boot. On newer motherboards with 4 slots, you'll see alternating colors. For exam- ple, slot 1 is blue, slot 2 is black, slot 3 is blue and slot 4 black. Step 6 Power Supply  Installing your power supply is pretty straightforward, if it came with your case it was pre-installed and if you took it out earlier to get the motherboard in, now is the time to put it back. Otherwise a few moments of screwdriver work will get the job done. Generally there will be a bracket on the top of the case where the power sup- ply is mounted and a few screws used to fix it in place. Some power supplies  come with modular cables, so you can plug in only those you’ll be using. Other power supplies have all the cables hardwired in, you’ll want to separate out the ones Page 38 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  you’ll need and neatly coil the remainder somewhere out of the way. If your power supply has a switch to select 115v or 220v make sure it is set properly. Many new- er power supplies can automatically select and don’t have such a switch. Once you get the power supply installed, make sure of the location of the power sockets. You may then connect the main power, a 20 or 24 pin, plug into the motherboard. There may also be an additional four or eight pin power lead that needs to be plugged in to the motherboard (the CPU power connector) usually located near the processor socket. Step 7 Installing drive jumpers  The drive jumpers are in the middle (between the connector for the cable and the power connector) but the location may vary. If you are using SATA drives there is no need to adjust jumpers.  Before you install IDE/ATA (PATA) drives, you will need to set the drives jump- ers. Each IDE/ATA channel can handle two drives, a master and a slave. Consult your drive's instructions on how to set the jumpers. The jumper configurations are usually either printed on the back, or on the top of the drive. Drives can be con- figured in 2 ways: Drive Select or Cable Select.  "Cable select": Use this if you have 80-pin cables. Cable select automatically as- signs slave/master based on the plug on the IDE cable the drive is plugged into. Put the jumper on CS.  "Drive select": If you are using a 40 pin cable, you must use "drive select". Mas- ter/slave status is determined by the jumper. In this mode, configure the drive on the end connector as the master, and the drive connected to the middle connector as the slave. If the IDE channel has only one drive, check your motherboard doc- umentation for the appropriate setting, which is usually master. Step 8 Installing drives  Now install the hard drive and optical drives. How a drive is physically installed will depend on the case. Most new drives are SATA (Serial ATA) which use sim- ple, small cables for a data connection. The ends of the cables are L shaped, just Page 39 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  look carefully at the cable ends and the connector on the drive and match them up. Only one drive can be connected to each SATA port on the motherboard. Some SATA drives have two different power ports - make sure you connect ONLY ONE of these ports to the power supply, connecting both can damage the drive. Older drives have PATA (Parallel ATA) connections which use a flat ribbon (IDE) cable for data connection. When using an IDE cable, plug the two connect- ors that are closer together into the 2 drives and the third to the controller or motherboard. The connector furthest from the board should be attached to the drive set as Master. Make sure the drive that you will install your OS on is the primary master. This is the master drive on the Primary IDE bus which is usually the IDE 40 pin port on the motherboard labeled “Primary” or “IDE 1”.  Next, plug a 4 pin Molex power connector into each hard drive and optical drive. If you are installing the power connector to a SATA drive, some drives have the option of using either the SATA power connector (a flat about 1" wide connector) or the standard Molex connector; use one or the other, not both. Connecting both can break your hard drive. For better data transfer, you can purchase heat- protected high-end data cables at your nearest electronics store. Step9 Other Connections  In order to turn the computer on, you will need to connect the power button and while you are at it, you might as well do the reset buttons and front panel lights as well. There will be a set of pins, usually near the front edge of the motherboard to which you will attach the cables sometimes already connected to the front of the case, or if needed supplied with the motherboard. Most of the time the plugs will be labeled as the pins they will connect to in the motherboard. Step 10 Prepare for Power Up  For this test, you’ll want to have the computer open, so that you can see all of the fans, and you’ll need to connect a monitor, a keyboard and mouse. Monitors will either have a VGA, DVI, or a new HDMI plug (see picture, as they are a lot less apparent than PS/2 / USB by comparison). Most monitors use VGA connectors, Page 40 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  and so most graphics cards have VGA output. If you have one type of plug and the graphics card has another, you can easily buy an adapter. There are two stand- ard connectors for mice and keyboards; PS/2 connectors and the more modern USB connectors. Plug the mouse and keyboard in the appropriate slot. Step 11 Power up  Take a moment to check one more time that everything is as it should be. Make sure you've removed your wrist strap, turn on the monitor, then press the power button, and observe the inside of the open machine. The first thing to look for is that the CPU cooler fan spins up, if it does not, cut the power immediately. The fan should start up right away; something is wrong if it doesn’t and your CPU is in danger of overheating so stop now and troubleshoot.  If the CPU fan spins up, check that all the other fans that should be spinning – case fans and fans on the power supply and video card (if installed) are also spin- ning. Some of these fans may not spin up until a temperature threshold is passed, check your documentation if anything is not spinning. If the fans spin, you can turn your attention to the monitor, what you are hoping to see is the mother- board’s splash-screen, usually featuring the manufacturer’s logo. If this event does not occur, if smoke appears, or if the computer does not do anything, unplug the power cord immediately and check the steps above to make sure you have not missed anything. Give special attention to the cables and power connections. If the computer does appear to come on, but, you hear beeps, listen carefully to the beeps, turn the computer off, and refer to your motherboard's manual for the meaning of the beeps. Some boards have an optional diagnostic device; usually a collection of LEDs, which when properly plugged in will inform you of the nature  of the problem. Instructions for installing this as well as the meaning of its display should be in the manual for the motherboard. If the computer turns on but the only thing that comes on is your power supply, turn it off. This probably means some- thing is shorted, and leaving it on could damage the parts. Page 41 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright   Security: After installation is important to have proper security system for your computer. Install an anti-virus program. Turn on firewall. Have a strong pass- word. Physical security is also important in case of damage to system and its parts and theft. Page 42 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright Operation Sheet -2 Installing and Configuring Printer A. Tools and Equipment’s Basic tools:  Printer  Computer  Driver CD B. Procedures/Steps/Techniques To Install and Configure Printer Step 1: Open windows setting  At the bottom left of your screen, click the Windows icon to reveal your Start Menu  At the bottom of the left-most column, you should see a gear icon linking to your settings window Step 2: Access devices  Within the first row of your Windows settings, find and click the icon labeled “Devices”  In the left column of the Devices window, select “Printers & Scanners”  This new window brings up a page where the first option will be to “Add Printer or Scanner” Step 3: Connect your printer  Once you’ve clicked “Add Printer or Scanner,” Windows should be able to detect your printer connected via USB cable  When the name of your printer pops up, click it and complete the installation as per your computer’s instruction That’s it! Your printer should be connected and running, ready to churn out beautiful pages C. Connecting a wireless printer: Step 1: Locate your settings  Once turned on and ready for configuration, you’ll need to connect the printer to your home WiFi Page 43 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright   While the steps on installation vary by manufacturer, most modern printers will have an LCD screen that lists the available WiFi networks  On this screen, click around and locate the setup page that allows you to adjust the Wire- less LAN Settings Step 2: Link your WiFi network  After accessing your LAN settings, you’ll need to locate your home network service set identifier - better known as your SSID  You can find your SSID by hovering your mouse over the WiFi icon located at the bot- tom right of your taskbar  Your SSID is also located on the bottom or side of your internet service provider’s router Step 3: Complete connectivity  With the SSID selected, you’re ready to enter your network password  Once entered, your printer is prepped for all printing activity Step 4: Locate your printer settings  Click the Windows icon at the bottom left of your desktop screen to reveal your Win- dows Start Menu  Locate the gear icon link to your settings window and click on the icon labeled “Devices” Step 5: Connect the printer to the computer  Within your “Devices” screen, you should find an option to “Add a Printer or Scanner”  After clicking this, the name of your printer - generally with the manufacturer name and model number - should appear as available.  Select “Add Device” and your computer will do the rest to complete the wireless configu- ration.  Finally print a test page in order to make Shure a printer prints successfully Page 44 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright Page 45 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright Unit Two:- Installing and administering Basic Computer Applications This Unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content coverage and topics:  Installing basic computer applications.  Installing required device drivers.  Creating and administer user accounts This Unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page. Specifical- ly, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:  Install basic computer applications.  Install required device drivers.  Create and administer user accounts Page 46 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright 2.1. Installing basic computer applications 2.1.1. Computer A computer is an electronic device that can accept, store and process data under the control of a set of instructions. Figure 2.1 Parts of Computer categories into two categories - Hardware and Software Computer software/Application, or just software, is a collection of computer programs and relat- ed data that provide the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do it. Application Software: Application software is that, which is designed for the end-users and hence known as end-user programs. It employs the capabilities of a computer to execute the tasks that the user wishes to perform on a computer system. Examples of application software are:  Word Processing Software  Presentation Software  Spreadsheet Software  Desktop Publishing Software  Database Management Software Page 47 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright System Software: It is computer software that manages and controls hardware in order to enable application software to perform its tasks. System software performs the functions like transfer- ring data from memory to the disk or delivering text onto a display device. E.g. Operating systems (Like Windows, Linux. etc) 2.1.2. Utility Software System utility software is a set of tools that helps configure, analyze and optimize computer re- sources to help users perform multiple tasks efficiently. The best Utility Software provides key functionality such as data compression, data recovery, disk defragmentation, computer resources and files management, system diagnosis, and more. Most of the operating systems have input built-in utility tools, but additional software like antivirus tools, disk tools and data backup tools further ensure improved functionality. Utili- ty software focuses on computer components such as hardware, software, operating system, and storage parts.  Backup Utilities  Antivirus  Backup Software  Data Synchronization Tools  File Management System  Disk Management Tools  Disk Clean-Up Tool  Debuggers  Screen Savers  Clipboard Managers  Disk Space Analyzers  Network Utilities  System Monitors  Cryptographic Utilities  Registry Cleaners Software Requirements Page 48 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright To be used efficiently, all computer software needs certain hardware components or other soft- ware resources to be present on a computer. With increasing demand for higher processing power and resources in newer versions of soft- ware, system requirements tend to increase over time. Recommended system requirements Often times manufacturers of games will provide the consumer with a set of requirements that are different than those that are needed to run software. These requirements are usually called the Recommended Requirements These requirements are almost always of a significantly higher level than the minimum re- quirements, and represent the ideal situation in which to run the software.  Hardware requirements The most common set of requirements defined by any operating system or software applica- tion is the hardware. A hardware requirements list is often accompanied by a hardware compati- bility list (HCL) Architecture (Structural design) All computer operating systems are designed for a particu- lar computer architecture. Most software applications are limited to particular operating systems running on particular architectures. Processing power The power of the central processing Unit (CPU) is a fundamental system requirement for any software. Most software running on x86 architecture define processing power as the model and the clock speed of the CPU. Memory All software, when run, resides in the Random-Access Memory (RAM) of a computer. Memory requirements are defined after considering demands of the application, operating system, sup- porting software and files, and other running processes. Secondary storage Hard-disk requirements vary, depending on the size of software installation, temporary files cre- ated and maintained while installing or running the software, and possible use of swap space (if RAM is insufficient). Page 49 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright Display adapter Software requiring a better than average computer graphics display, like graphics editors and high-end games, often define high-end display adapters in the system requirements. Peripherals Some software applications need to make extensive and/or special use of some peripherals, de- manding the higher performance or functionality of such peripherals. Such peripherals in- clude CD-ROM drives, keyboards, pointing devices, network devices, etc.  Software requirements Software requirements deal with defining software resource requirements and pre-requisites that need to be installed on a computer to provide optimal functioning of an application. Platform In computing, a platform describes some sort of framework, either in hardware or software, which allows software to run. Typical platforms include a computer’s architecture, operating sys- tem, or programming languages and their runtime libraries. APIs and Drivers Software making extensive use of special hardware devices, like high-end display adapters, needs special API or newer device drivers. A good example is DirectX, which is a collection of APIs for handling tasks related to multimedia, especially game programming, on Microsoft platforms. Web browser Most web applications and software depending heavily on Internet technologies Make use of the default browser installed on system. Other requirements Some software also has other requirements for proper performance. Internet connection (type and speed) and resolution of the display screen are notable examples. 2.1.3. Installing application Computer Program (Application software) Installation Some software can be executed by simply copying it to a computer and executing it with no fur- ther ado; no installation procedure as such is required. Other programs are supplied in a form not suitable for immediate execution, and require an installation procedure. Installation may include Page 50 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright unpacking of files supplied in a compressed form, copying them to suitable locations, tailoring the software to suit the hardware and the user's preferences, providing information about the pro- gram to the operating system, and so on. The installer may test for system suitability and availa- ble mass storage space. Installation usually implies that once installed, the program can be executed again and again, without the need to reinstall before each execution. Some software does not need installation at all. There is server-based software that mimics locally-installed software, and can be run inside of a web browser, using only the local system's cache. This allows portability among computers with access to the server. This technique is often referred to as cloud computing. Common operations performed during software installations include creation or modifica- tion of:  Shared and non-shared program files  Folders/directories  Windows registry entries  Configuration file entries  Environment variables  Links or shortcuts Type of Installations A. Silent installation Installation that does not display messages or windows during its progress. "Silent instal- lation" is not the same as "unattended installation", though it is often improperly used as such. B. Unattended installation Installation that is performed without user interaction during its progress or, in a stricter sense, with no user present at all, except eventually for the initial launch of the process. An installation process usually requires a user who "attends" it to make choices at re- quest: accepting an EULA, specifying preferences and passwords, etc. In graphical envi- ronments, installers that offer a wizard-based interface are common. However, these in- Page 51 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  stallers may also provide command line switches that allow performing unattended instal- lations. Answer file Some unattended installations can be driven by a script providing answers to the various choices such as the answer file which can be used when installing Microsoft Windows on a large number of machines. C. Self-installation Unattended installation, without the need of initial launch of the process (i.e. Vodafone Mobile Connect USB Modem or Huawei E220's Mobile Partner software that self-installs from the USB port). D. Clean installation Given the complexity of a typical installation there are many factors that may interfere with its successful completion. In particular files that are left over from old installations of the same program or an unstable situation of the operating system may all act to pre- vent a given program from installing and working correctly. An installation performed in absence of such interfering factors (which may vary from program to program) is called a clean installation. In particular, a clean operating system installation can be performed by formatting its destination partition before the actual installation process. E. Flat installation An installation of a program performed from a copy (called a flat copy) of its original media contents (mostly CDs or DVDs) to a hard drive, rather than directly from the me- dia. This may help in some situations where the target machine isn't able to cope with random access reads from CD/DVD at the same time as performing the CPU-intensive tasks often required by an installation, or where the target machine does not have an ap- propriate physical drive. F. Network Installation An installation of a program from a shared network drive. This may simply be a copy of the original media (as in a Flat Installation), but frequently, software publishers which of- Page 52 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright  fer site licenses for institutional customers provide a version intended for installation over a network. 2.1.4. Computer Software Installation The operating system of your computer is an important factor to be considered when you install any software. The operating system is the program that is contrived to run the computer software on your computer. The operating system is responsible for managing the computer software and hardware. Before you install a computer software, the first important step is to check the config- uration of your computer. Also, check the hardware and software requirement of the software you are installing. The configuration of your computer must match the requirements of the soft- ware to be installed. Sometimes, the software to be installed is compressed in a.RAR or.ZIP file. In these cases, before you install the software you have to decompress all the installation files and folders. To decompress the files and folders, ensure that you have a decompression software application installed on your computer. Computer software comes with a 'Read me' file. This 'Read me' file contains all the instructions that are required to install the software on your computer. Sometimes, when you install software, the software may ask you to install another program that is required for the proper execution of the software to be installed. The computer may even prompt you to install the supporting soft- ware after you complete the installation. When you install any software program on the comput- er, it is advisable to close all other programs and utilities. Some antivirus software applications may require you to turn off the firewall and disable the antivirus in order to install the software. Note! When installing software applications related to computer networking or web browsing, it is recommended to disable the antivirus and the firewall. Finally, to complete the installation, restart your computer system. A. Upgrading The term upgrade refers to the replacement of a product with a newer version of the same prod- uct. Common hardware upgrades include (for example) installing additional memory (RAM), adding larger hard disks, replacing microprocessor cards or graphics cards, and installing new versions of software. B. Upgrading Risks? Page 53 of 273 Ministry of Labor and Basic Computer and Mobile Health Version -1 Skills Technology May, 2023 Author/Copyright Although developers produce upgrades in order to improve a product, there are risks involved including the possibility that the upgrade will worsen the product. Upgrades of hardware involve a risk that new hardware will not be compatible with other pieces of hardware in a system. For example, an upgrade of RAM may not be compatible with existing RAM in a computer. Upgrades of software introduce the risk that the new version (or patch) will con