RAD 101 Reviewer PDF - Computer Science, Telemedicine, Healthcare

RAD 101 - TOPIC 1 REVIEWER ​ ECKERT & MAUCHLY - 1951 Johnnes Rish M. Fuscablo -​ developed UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) HISTORY...

RAD 101 - TOPIC 1 REVIEWER ​ ECKERT & MAUCHLY - 1951 Johnnes Rish M. Fuscablo -​ developed UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) HISTORY -​ the first commercially successful general purpose stored program electronic ​ ABACUS digital computer -​ earliest calculating tool ​ BLAISE PASCAL & GOTTFRIED LEIBNIZ -​ built mechanical calculators using pegged wheels that could perform basic arithmetic functions ​ CHARLES BABBAGE - 1842 -​ designed an analytical engine that performed general calculations automatically ​ HERMAN HOLLERITH - 1890 -​ designed a tabulating machine to record census data -​ the tabulating machine stored information as holes in score cards that were interpreted by machines with electrical sensors ​ JOHN ATANASOFF & CLIFFORD BERRY - COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE 1939 -​ built the first electronic computer ​ HARDWARE -​ visible ​ DECEMBER 1943 -​ physical components -​ british built the first fully operational -​ categorized according to which working computer called Colossus operation it performs -​ encrypt German Military Codes ​ SOFTWARE ​ HARVARD UNIVERSITY - 1944 -​ tells the hardware what to do & how to -​ the first general purpose modern store data computer ​ COMPUTER LANGUAGE -​ ASCC (Automatic Sequence Controlled -​ translate what the user input into a Calculator) series of 1s & 0s -​ exceedingly slow & prone to malfunction -​ different number systems ​ J. PRESPER ECKERT & JOHN MAUCHLY - 1946 -​ University of Pennsylvania -​ the first general purpose electronic computer -​ ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator) -​ contained 18000 vacuum tubes and failed 1 in every 7 minutes ​ WILLIAM SHOCKLEY - 1948 -​ developed the transistor -​ an electronic switch that alternately allows or does not allow electronic signals -​ made the possibility of the development of stored program computer  ​ BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM OTHER PROGRAMS -​ number system starts with 0 to 1 -​ converting Alphabetic characters, ​ ASSEMBLER decimal values and logic function to -​ computer program that recognizes binary values symbolic instructions such as SUB LD Problem: and PT and translate them into binary 1.​ Express the number 193 in binary form code 2.​ What is the decimal value of 100110011? -​ assembly is the translation of a program written in symbolic machine oriented ​ CONTINUATION instructions into machine language -​ digital Image are made of discrete picture elements (pixel) arrange in a ​ COMPILERS & INTERPRETERS matrix -​ computer programs from its high level -​ the size of the image is described by the language into a form that is suitable for power of two equivalents the assembler or into a form that is -​ 256 x 256 accepted directly by a computer -​ 1024 x 1024 -​ 2048 x 2048 -​ 4096 x 4096 ​ BIT -​ Smallest amount of measure -​ single binary digit such as 0 or 1 -​ to encode is to translate ordinary characters to computer compatible character – binary digits ​ BYTES -​ bits that are grouped into bunches of eights -​ 1 kilobytes = 1024 bits -​ in radiology departments have measured capacities measured in MB or GB ​ WORD -​ consist of 2 bytes depending on the configuration COMPUTER PROGRAMS ​ SYSTEM SOFTWARE -​ consist of programs that make easy for the user to operate a computer to its best advantage ​ APPLICATION PROGRAMS -​ programs that are written in higher level language expressly to carry out some user function -​ these are programs that are written by a software manufacturer or by the user themselves to guide the computer to perform a specific task ​ OPERATING SYSTEM -​ series of instruction that organizes the course of data through the computer solution of a particular problem  ​ PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE ​ ROM (Read Only Memory) -​ high level programming languages allow -​ contains the firmware the programmer to write instructions a -​ contains the instruction that tells the form that approaches human language processor what to do when the system -​ FORTRAN is turned on and the bootstrap program -​ BASIC is initiated -​ QUICK BASIC -​ helps processor transfer information to -​ COBOL other devices ROM BIOS -​ C, C++, -​ VISUAL C++ 3 Variations of ROM: -​ MACROS 1.​ PROM -​ a blank chip that a user can write COMPONENTS programs to 2.​ EPROM ​ CPU -​ same as PROM but the contents can be -​ primary element that allows the erasable computer to manipulate data and carry 3.​ EEPROM out software data -​ can be reprogrammed with the use of -​ Note: An electronic circuit that does the special electronic devices actual computation and the memory that supports this together are called the ​ STORAGE processor -​ CD’s -​ DVD’s -​ Blu-ray Disc -​ Hard Disc -​ Flash Drives ​ OUTPUT DEVICES -​ consist of devices that translate computer information into a form that humans can understand -​ Most common: Monitor or display screen -​ CRT -​ Flat Panel Displays (LCD) ​ PRINTERS -​ plain paper -​ thermal -​ film ​ MEMORY -​ distinguished from storage by its ​ UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) function -​ provides a temporary source of -​ memory is more active and storage is replacement battery power if main more archival power supply is lost -​ they are connected in series between ​ RAM (Random Access Memory) the socket and the workstation to allow -​ data can be stored or accessed at enough time for the main power to be random from anywhere in main memory restored -​ manufactured with the use of ​ COMMUNICATION complementary metal-oxide -​ describes the transfer of data from a semiconductors and arranged in Single sender to a receiver across a distance memory modules (SIMMS) -​ the practice of teleradiography involves the transfer of medical image and Types of RAM: patient data 1.​ DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) -​ Electrocurrent, Radiofrequency or light -​ more widely used -​ transfer of data is measured in bps or -​ cheaper bits per second 2.​ SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) -​ faster ​ INPUT DEVICES -​ retains memory even power is lost -​ converts data in a form that the -​ more expensive computer can use -​ requires more space & power  -​ mouse, keyboards, foot pedals, 2.​ EHR/EMR Dictation Microphones and Touch -​ focuses on the documentation and Screen Monitors storage of a patient's medical information ​ APPLICATION TO MEDICAL IMAGING -​ to eliminate errors that came with -​ computer in radiology departments are manual charting of patient data typically used to store, transmit and read -​ these system can alert the organization imaging examination when patients are due to preventive -​ plays an important part in digital imaging procedures and screening and digital image is rectangular in -​ saves money to the organization by format and made up of small squares saving space and eliminates the risk of called pixels damaged or misplaced files -​ geared toward patient treatment & RAD 101 - TOPIC 2 REVIEWER documentation of medical charts Johnnes Rish M. Fuscablo 6 FEATURES OF HEALTHCARE INFORMATION HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (HIT) TECHNOLOGY -​ application of information technology to healthcare -​ the following systems often integrated with -​ electronic systems that healthcare professionals practice management software to provide a and sometime patients use to store, share and robust functions and better patient care analyze health information -​ comprehensive management of information 1.​ PATIENT PORTAL among patients, practitioners, government, -​ allows users to view everything inside quality entities and insurers the electronic health record including patient history, treatment and medication 3 BENEFITS OF USING HIT -​ patient can also access their medical -​ improve quality and effectiveness of healthcare history, schedule appointments, -​ promotes individual and public health increasing message their doctor, view bills and accuracy of diagnosis make payments online -​ reduces cost and medical errors while improving -​ allows the patient to have more control efficiency of both administrative and clinical when it comes to their overall health process treatment CATEGORIES OF HIT 2.​ PATIENT SCHEDULING -​ often goes hand in hand with Patient 2 Main Categories: portal -​ Medical Practice Management -​ reduces the health organization phone -​ EHR/EMR (Electronic Health Record or traffic Electronic Medical Record) 3.​ MEDICAL BILLING 6 Sub Categories: -​ most time consuming task for practice -​ Patient Portal -​ medical billing handles the entire billing -​ Patient Scheduling workflow process -​ Medical Billing -​ handles insurance claim, insurance -​ ePrescribing verification, payment processing & -​ Remote Patient Monitoring patient trafficking -​ Master Patient Index -​ Automatically scan claims and eliminating any CCI, HIPAA or LCD 1.​ MEDICAL PRACTICE MANAGEMENT errors -​ helps manage different administrative & clinical aspect of a certain practice 4.​ ePRESCRIBING -​ MPM softwares centralizes various -​ software to send prescription in system so that the organization can run pharmacies things more efficiently -​ fulfillment of prescription can be tracked -​ geared much more toward a healthcare and controlled substance prescriptions facility clerical work can be monitored more accurately -​ manage day to day operations of a -​ ensures that a prescription would never healthcare organization mix up caused by hard do decipher handwriting  -​ keep better track of patients record and AIM provide a more cost effective medication -​ to deliver specialized medical care and advice for your patient within reach of patient at distant places 5.​ REMOTE PATIENT MONITORING OBJECTIVES -​ medical Sensors can send patient data -​ To provide specialized medical advice from their home to health care -​ To monitor patient condition professional at the facility -​ To guide other medical staff about treatment -​ reduces cost that come with chronic procedure care and hospital readmission while -​ Share patient data among institutions for leading to better quality health care research purpose 6.​ MASTER PATIENT INDEX FUNCTIONS -​ connects a patient records with more -​ Video Conferencing between patient and than one database specialist doctors -​ allows the facility’s different departments -​ Video conferencing between different specialist to all share data simultaneously and other healthcare professionals -​ creates an index of all medical records -​ Monitoring patient vitals and statistics in ICU’s for a specific patient making accessing -​ Security in data connection patient data quick and painless -​ Transfer of Patient’s medical data among -​ providing more accurate data, better hospitals security of patients information, reduces -​ Storage of information manual duplication of patients records resulting into few patient claim denials 5 TYPES OF TELEMEDICINE -​ Interactive telemedicine services IMPLEMENTING HEALTH INFORMATION -​ Specialist and primary care consultations TECHNOLOGY -​ Store-and-forward telemedicine -​ Remote monitoring -​ initial cost of implementing HIT can be too -​ Imaging services expensive of a turn-off for providers -​ some of the problems are a bit technical 6 ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT -​ to choose and use HIT effectively an -​ Desktop PC organization must be diligent in researching in -​ Digital Camera both current and propose requirements -​ LCD Monitor -​ Digital Microscope RAD 101 - TOPIC 3 REVIEWER -​ ECG-Machine Johnnes Rish M. Fuscablo -​ Scanner ORIGIN OF TELEMEDICINE 2 NECESSARY EQUIPMENT DR. JAY SANDERS MD 4 MEDICAL EQUIPMENT -​ President & CEO of The Global Telemedicine 1.​ Tele-Microscope Group 2.​ Tele-ECG Machine -​ Father of Telemedicine 3.​ Tele-Stethoscope 4.​ X- RAY machine FIRST SET UP OF TELEMEDICINE -​ Boston Logan Airport to Massachusetts IT EQUIPMENT -​ General Hospital 1967 1.​ X-ray Digitized Scanner TELEMEDICINE (definition by WHO) LOCATION -​ Delivery of healthcare services, where distance -​ can be located at any non prime location away is a critical factor, by all healthcare professionals from the patient traffic near to communication using information and communication system satellite technology for exchange of valid information for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases 5 LAYOUT and injuries, research and evaluation, and for -​ Reception continuing education of healthcare providers, all -​ Telemedicine conference hall in the interests of advancing the health of -​ Telemedicine library individuals and their communities. -​ Cafeteria -​ Restrooms 7 STAFFING Immediate Attention: Quick access to care for acute -​ Head of the department issues can prevent complications and improve recovery -​ Consultant times -​ Network manager -​ Program manager VALUE TO THE CLINICIAN -​ Web developer -​ Telemedicine technician 1.​ Flexibility -​ Telephone attendant Work-life Balance: Clinicians can have more flexible 5 BENEFITS OF TELEMEDICINE schedules, potentially working from home or -​ Window to expertise care conducting consultations outside of regular office hours. -​ Economic for hospital and patient -​ Reduce the stress in patient and relatives Expanded Reach: Ability to provide care to patients -​ Save travel time of specialist and patient across wider geographical areas -​ Good for education and research purpose 2.​ Efficiency and Productivity 3 FEATURES OF TELEMEDICINE DEPARTMENT -​ Robotics Streamlined Workflow: Telemedicine platforms often -​ Remote Surgery integrate with electronic health records (EHR), making -​ Live Monitoring via Cell Phones documentation and follow-up more efficient. “Telemedicine: one small step for IT , a giant leap for Increased Appointment Capacity: Virtual visits can Healthcare!” sometimes be shorter, allowing clinicians to see more patients in a day RAD 101 - TOPIC 3 (PART 2) REVIEWER Johnnes Rish M. Fuscablo 3.​ Patient Engagement VALUE TO THE PATIENT Enhanced Communication: Video consultations can be more engaging than phone calls, improving 1.​ Convenience and Accessibility: patient-clinician interactions. Remote Access: Patients can receive medical Education and Support: Clinicians can use telemedicine consultations from the comfort of their homes, which is to provide educational resources and support for particularly beneficial for those in rural or self-management of conditions. underserved areas. VALUE TO THE HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION Reduced Travel: Telemedicine eliminates the need for patients to travel long distances, saving time and 1.​ Operational Efficiency reducing the stress associated with commuting. Resource Optimization: Telemedicine can optimize the 2.​ Timeliness and Efficiency use of physical space, reducing the need for large waiting areas and exam rooms. Faster Access to Care: Patients can often schedule appointments quicker than in-person visits. Staff Utilization: Healthcare organizations can better allocate staff resources, ensuring that in-person visits Reduced Wait Times: Virtual visits can decrease the are reserved for those who truly need them. time patients spend waiting in clinics or hospitals 2.​ Cost Savings 3.​ Cost Savings Reduced Overheads: Lower costs associated with Lower Expenses: Telemedicine can reduce costs related maintaining large physical facilities. to travel, childcare, and time off work. Preventive Care: Improved access to preventive Affordable Care: Telehealth services can sometimes be services can reduce the incidence of costly emergency more affordable than in-person visits visits and hospital admissions. 4.​ Improved Health Outcomes 3.​ Patient Retention and Satisfaction Continuity of Care: Easier follow-ups and regular monitoring can lead to better management of chronic Enhanced Experience: Offering telemedicine can conditions. improve patient satisfaction by providing convenient, timely, and accessible care.  3.​ Reimbursement Policies Competitive Advantage: Organizations that offer telemedicine services can attract and retain more Insurance Coverage: Varying policies on telehealth patients, staying competitive in the healthcare market reimbursement by private insurers, Medicare, and Medicaid can create financial uncertainty. 4.​ Data and Analytics Billing Practices: Developing appropriate billing practices Improved Insights: Telemedicine platforms can provide and codes for telemedicine services can be complex valuable data on patient behavior, preferences, and outcomes, helping organizations improve their services Financial Challenges and care delivery models. 1.​ Initial Investment Quality Improvement: Data gathered from telehealth interactions can be used to enhance clinical protocols Setup Costs: Implementing telemedicine requires and patient care strategies. investment in technology infrastructure, training, and possibly new personnel. CHALLENGES TO SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION Ongoing Costs: Maintenance, software updates, and Technological Challenges technical support add to the ongoing expenses 1.​ Infrastructure and Connectivity 2.​ Reimbursement Rates Internet Access: Reliable high-speed internet is crucial Lower Reimbursements: Some insurers may reimburse for telemedicine. Rural or underserved areas may lack telehealth visits at lower rates than in-person visits, adequate connectivity, hindering access. impacting revenue. Equipment and Software: Both patients and providers Payment Models: Developing sustainable payment need compatible devices and software, which can be a models that adequately compensate providers for barrier if they lack the necessary technology or digital telemedicine services is essential literacy Clinical Challenges 2.​ Technical Support 1.​ Clinical Limitations User Training: Patients and healthcare providers may require training to use telemedicine platforms effectively. Physical Examinations: Certain diagnoses and treatments require physical examinations or procedures Technical Issues: Glitches, software updates, and that cannot be performed remotely. hardware failures can disrupt telemedicine services. Specialty Services: Some specialties, such as surgery, Regulatory Challenges are less suited to telemedicine and require in-person care 1.​ Licensing and Credentialing 2.​ Quality Care State Regulations: In many regions, healthcare providers must be licensed in the state where the patient is Consistency: Ensuring the same quality of care through located, complicating cross-state telemedicine services. telemedicine as in-person visits is a priority. Credentialing: Hospitals and clinics must credential Follow-up: Effective follow-up and coordination of care providers for telemedicine, which can be a post-telemedicine visit can be challenging time-consuming process Patient-Related Challenges 2.​ Privacy and Security 1.​ Digital Literacy Data Protection: Ensuring compliance with regulations like HIPAA in the U.S. is essential to protect patient Tech Savviness: Not all patients are comfortable using information. digital technology, which can limit their ability to participate in telemedicine. Cybersecurity: Protecting against data breaches and cyberattacks is a significant concern Support Systems: Providing adequate support to help patients navigate telemedicine platforms is crucial  2.​ Access and Equity Simulation and Virtual Reality: Advanced simulations Socioeconomic Barriers: Patients from lower and VR technologies offer immersive training socioeconomic backgrounds may lack access to experiences, improving clinical skills without the need for necessary technology or internet services. physical presence Language and Cultural Barriers: Ensuring telemedicine 2.​ Continuing Medical Education (CME) services are accessible to non-English speakers and culturally sensitive is important for equitable care Webinars and Online Conferences: Healthcare professionals can earn CME credits through online 3.​ Trust and Acceptance seminars and virtual conferences, keeping them updated on the latest advancements Patient Trust: Building patient trust in telemedicine requires clear communication about its benefits and 3.​ Global Collaboration limitations. Knowledge Sharing: The internet facilitates Perceived Value: Some patients may perceive collaboration among medical professionals worldwide, telemedicine as inferior to in-person visits, affecting their promoting the exchange of knowledge and best willingness to use it practices. INTERNET IN MEDICINE Tele-mentoring: Experienced clinicians can mentor less experienced practitioners remotely, enhancing TELEMEDICINE medical education and practice globally 1.​ Remote Consultations MEDICAL RESEARCH Virtual Visits: The internet enables video consultations 1.​ Data Collection and Analysis between patients and healthcare providers, allowing for remote diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care. Big Data: The internet enables the collection and analysis of vast amounts of health data, facilitating Specialist Access: Patients can access specialists large-scale research studies and improving regardless of geographic location, improving the understanding of diseases. availability of expert care Crowdsourcing: Platforms can gather data from diverse 2.​ Chronic Disease Management populations, enhancing the representativeness and robustness of research findings Remote Monitoring: Internet-connected devices allow for continuous monitoring of chronic conditions, such as 2.​ Clinical Trials diabetes and hypertension, providing real-time data to healthcare providers. Recruitment and Monitoring: Online platforms can streamline the recruitment process for clinical trials and Telehealth Programs: Programs designed for specific facilitate remote monitoring of participants. chronic conditions can offer ongoing support and education to patients through online platforms Data Sharing: Researchers can share data and collaborate more effectively, accelerating the pace of 3.​ Emergency Services medical discoveries Tele-triage: Emergency telemedicine services enable 3.​ Publication and Access triage and initial treatment advice, potentially reducing the need for in-person emergency department visits. Open Access Journals: Researchers and practitioners have greater access to scientific publications, fostering a Disaster Response: Telemedicine can be crucial during more informed medical community. disasters, providing remote care when local facilities are overwhelmed or inaccessible Preprint Servers: Preprints allow for the rapid dissemination of research findings before peer review, MEDICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING speeding up the exchange of knowledge 1.​ Online Learning E-Learning Platforms: Medical students and professionals can access a wealth of online courses, webinars, and training modules. ADMINISTRATIVE AND OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY 1.​ Electronic Health Records (EHR) Centralized Data: EHR systems store patient information digitally, making it accessible to authorized healthcare providers and improving continuity of care. Interoperability: The internet enables different healthcare systems to share patient data securely, enhancing coordinated care 2.​ Telehealth Platforms Integrated Systems: Comprehensive telehealth platforms integrate scheduling, billing, and clinical documentation, streamlining administrative tasks. Patient Management: Online systems for patient management can improve workflow efficiency, reduce errors, and enhance patient satisfaction 3.​ Supply Chain Management Inventory Tracking: Internet-connected systems help healthcare facilities manage inventories, ensuring timely restocking of supplies and medications. Resource Allocation: Data analytics can optimize resource allocation, reducing waste and improving cost efficiency RAD 101 - TOPIC 4 REVIEWER Johnnes Rish M. Fuscablo TELE-RADIOLOGY NEED FOR TELE-RADIOLOGY -​ The tele-radiology services mainly took birth due to imbalance between demand and availability in radiological services. -​ Timely diagnostic services during emergency hours. -​ To overcome the deficiency of radiologists in the rural areas and by enhancing the interaction between experienced personnels in larger cities DICOM (digital imaging & communication in medicine) -​ a standard protocol for the management and transmission of medical images and related data and is used in many healthcare facilities. 4 HURDLES & SECURITY CONCERNS 1.​ LACK OF CERTIFIED BOARD RADIOLOGIST 2.​ “THIRD WORLD STATUS” AND CREDIBILITY 3.​ SMALL MARKETS 4.​ POOR OUTSOURCING FUTURE OF TELE-RADIOLOGY -​ “TELERADIOLOGY” has grown into global services with almost unlimited possibilities -​ With advancement in technology and gadgets radiological services are available in hand today -​ Teleradiology will be forming the basis of comparing post treatment results with pre-treatment results -​ The realization of this concept includes proper hardwares, softwares with modern radiological equipments, qualified radiologist we can impart the best healthcare to patients in rural areas RAD 101 - TOPIC 4 (PART 2) REVIEWER Johnnes Rish M. Fuscablo REVOLUTIONIZING HEALTHCARE: THE IMPACT OF TELERADIOLOGY ​ The impact of teleradiology is transforming healthcare delivery, enabling remote interpretation of medical images. This revolutionizes patient care by providing timely & accurate diagnoses, especially in underserved areas. Teleradiology also improves efficiency and reduces healthcare costs. ENHANCED DIAGNOSTICS ​ Teleradiology allows for swift & precise analysis of medical images, facilitating early detection of conditions such as cancer & stroke. This enables prompt intervention, leading to better patient outcomes & improved survival rates PROS ​ With teleradiology, medical expertise can reach remote & rural areas, where access to radiologists is limited. This technology bridges the healthcare gap, ensuring that patients worldwide receive equitable diagnostic services CONS ​ Despite its benefits, teleradiology faces challenges such as data security & regulatory compliance. However, advancements in encryption & strict adherence to standard are addressing these concerts, ensuring patient information remains confidential & secure CONCLUSION ​ Teleradiology is revolutionizing healthcare by enabling widespread access to expert radiology services, enhancing diagnostic capabilities, & ultimately improving patient outcomes. Embracing this technology is vital for advancing healthcare delivery & ensuring equitable access to quality diagnostic imaging