LU6 SSF1053.pptx
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SSF1053 INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE LU6: GOVERNMENT AND SYSTEM OF GOVERNANCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1. to discuss organs/branches of government 2. to discuss types of government systems 3. to discuss roles/functions of government LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this lecture, you shoul...
SSF1053 INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE LU6: GOVERNMENT AND SYSTEM OF GOVERNANCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1. to discuss organs/branches of government 2. to discuss types of government systems 3. to discuss roles/functions of government LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this lecture, you should be able to: 1. define government 2. describe types of government systems 3. explain roles/functions of government GOVERNMENT GOVERNANCE GOVERNMENT “A government is "the organisation, that is the governing authority of a political unit” “The ruling power in a political society, and the apparatus through which a governing body functions and exercises authority” GOVERNANCE “The exercise of political authority and the use of institutional resources to manage society's problems and affairs” “The use of institutions, structures of authority and even collaboration to allocate resources and coordinate or control activity in society or the economy” REFLECTION: GOVERNMENT The state cannot and does not exist without a government The government is created to enforce rules of conduct and to ensure obedience. Governments may employ their coercive power to ensure domestic order, maintain external security and promote the collective welfare of the population. THREE ORGANS OF Legislature GOVERNMENT It enacts the general rules of the society Law-making, representation, supervision, financial, electoral, judicial, inquest, amending the constitution Executive It refers to the whole branch of the political system – being in charge of the execution of the policies of the state Functions: internal administration, external administration, military functions, legislative functions, judicial functions, offer services THREE ORGANS OF Judiciary GOVERNMENT To ensure administration of justice. They are agencies for the settlement of disputes between individuals and individuals, and citizens and the state. Functions: establishing facts, interpreting laws, creating laws, upholding constitution, preventing violation of law, judicial review SEPARATION OF POWER The separation of powers involves the separation of governmental powers into three arms of government: legislature, executive and judiciary. As Tomkins explains, the theory suggests that the three arms of government should be separate in two senses: first that the functions that they perform are separate and secondly that they should be staffed by different people. In classical liberal theory, the purpose of the separation of powers is to protect liberty. ROLES/FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNMENT ECONOMIC transfer of resources ○ collect tax ○ proceeds of tax to the needy, to develop socio- economic development of people, to build infrastructure, etc i.e. GST provide subsidies ○ ease the burden of the needy, BRIM, KRIM, etc ○ increase investment/business opportunities (tax breaks, etc) ○ develop the economy ROLES/FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNMENT SOCIAL Education ○ early, primary, secondary & tertiary education ○ social security ○ inter-ethnic relations Healthcare ○ build hospitals, clinics, etc for the elder citizens ○ well-being of people in general ROLES/FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNMENT POLITICAL ROLE Administration ○ ministry, municipalities, etc Regulation ○ law & order Foreign affairs ○ diplomatic affairs Military ○ defense policy ○ security of the nation at large TYPES OF GOVERNMENT Federal Unitary Republic Presidential Parliamentary Autocratic & Totalitarian Democratic TYPES OF GOVERNMENT FEDERAL Latin word “foederis” = “league”, “covenant” 2 sets of governments ○ national government ○ constituent units (states, provinces, regions, etc) there is division of power laid out by the constitution the role of the court if constitutional matter arises (constitutional crisis) FEDERAL Advantages ○ capable of uniting different units ○ local unit can preserve certain local ○ uniqueness & a chance for self- governance ○ capable of including many cultural & political units - suitable for large countries FEDERAL Advantages ○ military & economic benefits ○ testing out policy implementation i.e. 1Malaysia Disadvantages ○ duplications of services at regional & federal levels ○ difficulty in amending the constitution – state consent, regional objection TYPES OF GOVERNMENT UNITARY sovereign power resides in the central & national government smaller units of governments cannot make independent decisions the centre can withdraw the authority given to local units the centre can re-draw or abolish the boundaries of local or regional units centre can override policies & actions introduced by the local units UNITARY advantages ○ uniform application of laws & policies ○ simple government, little or no duplication of personnel & services ○ no conflict of authority disadvantages ○ local units could be neglected ○ not suitable for a large & heterogeneous nations like Malaysia, US, Australia, etc TYPES OF GOVERNMENT PRESIDENTIAL organised according to the principle of separation of power responsibility is vested in the chief executive – the president - elected for a fixed term & independent of the legislature president appoints heads of departments who are directly responsible to him/her executive is directly responsible to the electorate i.e. USA, Philippines PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM VS PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM TYPES OF GOVERNMENT REPUBLIC a state not led by a hereditary monarch people have impact on the government head of state is called president TYPES OF GOVERNMENT AUTOCRACY power is held by a single self- appointed leader/ruler ordinary people usually do not have a great deal of personal freedom mass participation is not allowed either through political parties or pressure groups effective means to control/regulate social life does not exist usually unstable-Iran & Zaire AUTOCRACY Characteristics: ○ No dominating political ideology ○ resorts to force and coercion ○ who is the ruling government? - traditional or political elite ○ no or weak civil liberty - mass media is controlled by the government ○ “personality cult” usually exists - no respect for rule of law AUTOCRACY how does a totalitarian state differ from an autocratic state? ○ social life is regulated by the government ○ economy is controlled by the government ○ no “market forces” ○ only one party considered as ○ politically and legally legal ○ there is an official ideology (usually Marxist-Leninism or Facism) AUTOCRACY how does a totalitarian state differ from an autocratic state? ○ judiciary and mass media are controlled by the government - used as a means to indoctrinate the people ○ criticisms on the government are not allowed - “terror” is used to silence political dissidents ○ i.e. Soviet Union, Cuba, Maoist Party TYPES OF GOVERNMENT DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT The word democracy is derived from two Greek words, demos which means people and kratia which connotes rule. Thus, literally, democracy means rule by the people. Austin Ranney defines it as “a form of government organised in accordance with the principle of popular sovereignty, political equality, popular consultation, and majority rule” DEMOCRACTIC GOVERNMENT Characteristics of a democratic government ○ Popular participation ○ Pressure groups such as trade unions and other voluntary associations are free to operate and attempt to influence government decisions DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT Characteristics of a democratic government ○ The freedom to form voluntary associations ○ The power of the central government (executive) is limited and regulated by the law and by a separation of powers between the executive, legislature and judiciary DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT Characteristics of a democratic government: ○ The extent of political control over the social and economic spheres of life is relatively limited. ○ Typically and ideally, democracies are ruled by civilians who compete with each other for political power in an open and non-violent manner. CONDITIONS FOR A SUCCESSFUL DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT Educational Economic Sociological Ideological EDUCATION High level of SOCIAL education/exposure Society less divided by Political awareness race, religion, class ECONOMIC IDEOLOGICAL Stable economy Our conception of People have stake in the power, authority & economy (investors, democratic ideals middle-class people, business economy, etc) REFERENCES “Organs of Government: the Legislature”, “The Executive”, “Law and the Judiciary” (Chapter 10, Chapter 11, Chapter 13) (Moten and Islam, Introduction to Political Science, 3rd Edition)