Aquaculture in Malaysia LU5-LU8 PDF

LU5.1 Definition: Aquaculture involves breeding, raising, and harvesting fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants in various water environments for food production....

LU5.1 Definition: Aquaculture involves breeding, raising, and harvesting fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants in various water environments for food production. Global Production: In 2019, aquaculture production reached 122.6 million tonnes globally, valued at USD 281.5 billion. Asia-Pacific Dominance: The region is the highest producer, with Malaysia ranking 15th globally and 6th in Asia. 2.MALAYSIA’S AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY 1.GLOBAL CONTEXT 1. National Contribution: 2018: 521,000 tonnes of aquaculture production. Aquaculture contributes 8.9% to Malaysia’s agricultural GDP and 3. ECONOMIC & POLICY SUPPORT supports 1.75 million jobs. 1. Strategic Importance: Aquaculture is recognized under 2. Main Products: Malaysia’s National AgroFood Policy (NAP) and National Key Economic Areas (NKEA). LU5 Marine aquaculture (2019): 224,171 tonnes, valued at RM 2.3 billion, primarily clams (54%), shrimps (22.4%), and giant tiger prawns 2. Development Programs: (17.3%). Establishment of Aquaculture Industrial Zones (AIZ) to Freshwater aquaculture (2019): 105,101 tonnes, valued at RM 711 promote large-scale projects. million, led by tilapia (44.7%), catfish (36.7%), and carps (10.08%). Entry Point Projects (EPPs) to transform aquaculture 3. Non-food Commodities: into a business-driven sector, focusing on high-value Ornamental fish (valued at RM 350,326) and aquatic plants (valued exports, feed mills, and integrated farming systems. at RM 19,924). LU5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS FISH STOCK DEPLETION - Unsustainable practices lead to pollution, - Overfishing, pollution, and climate change lead to reduced wild ecosystem damage, and biodiversity loss. fish stocks, increasing aquaculture dependency. DISEASES MANAGEMENT - Diseases like Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) and Early BROODSTOCK QUALITY Mortality Syndrome (EMS) significantly impact production. - Reliance on wild and imported broodstock affects sustainability. MARKET CHALLENGES 4.CHALLENGES & - Negative media influence, particularly on tilapia, ISSUES reduced demand in Western markets. LABOR SHORTAGE - Dependence on foreign workers adds operational challenges. COMPLIANCE ISSUES - Non-halal aquaculture practices conflict with Malaysia’s status as a halal hub. STAKEHOLDER INTERACTION - Poor communication among industry players and authorities hampers growth. LU6.1 Definition: Urban agriculture involves cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around cities. It includes animal husbandry, aquaculture, agroforestry, beekeeping, and horticulture. Objective: Provides fresh food, generates employment, recycles waste, and strengthens urban resilience to climate change. Practice: Includes community gardens, rooftop gardening, and innovative methods 6. IMPACTS like vertical and intensive farming to maximize limited urban spaces. 1.Economic: Reduces household food expenses. Encourages micro-enterprises and local economic activities. 1.DEFINITION & 2. IMPORTANCE 2. Environmental: OVERVIEW Optimizes land use, improves landscapes, and supports organic Food Security: Addresses urban food insecurity by reducing farming. reliance on rural production and imports, especially for poorer Enhances urban ecology by reusing waste and wastewater. populations. 3. Social: Economic Development: Contributes to poverty alleviation, local Alleviates poverty and integrates marginalized groups (e.g., LU6 economic growth, and social inclusion, especially for women and women, orphans, disabled). the urban poor. Promotes social cohesion and healthier lifestyles. Environmental Management: Promotes waste recycling, greening 4. Food Supply: of cities, and productive use of urban waste and wastewater. Helps reduce Malaysia's dependency on imported food and increases access to nutritious produce. 3. URBAN AGRICULTURE IN MALAYSIA 5. KEY TECHNOLOGIES Demographics: With 77.16% urban population in 2020 4. GOVERNMENT (projected to increase to 80% by 2050), urban INITIATIVES agriculture supports Malaysia’s food supply chain. Aquaponics: Integrates fish farming with soilless plant cultivation. Hydroponics: Grows plants in nutrient-rich water without soil. Aeroponics: Uses misted nutrient solutions for plant roots. Established 11,000 urban farming communities (target: Vertical Farming: Employs vertically stacked layers to maximize 20,000 by 2030). space. Urban agriculture is part of sustainable development efforts and aims to reduce urban living costs. Programs under agencies like DOA and MARDI promote technologies like aquaponics, hydroponics, aeroponics, and vertical farming. LU7.1 1.Scarcity of Natural Resources: Limited agricultural land due to unsustainable deforestation. 2. CHALLENGES IN Agriculture consumes 71% of global freshwater and MALAYSIA contributes significantly to water pollution. 2. Low Productivity: Smallholder farmers in developing countries struggle with low productivity. 1.Low Efficiency and High Costs: Declining global Total Factor Productivity (TFP) as forests and Dependence on traditional farming due to lack of automation and financial support. grasslands are converted into farms. High reliance on imported inputs and middlemen reduces farmer incomes. 3. Demographic Shifts: 1.GLOBAL Changing diets from staples to protein-based or vegan diets, 2. Limited High-Value Production: Mismatch between production and market demand. CHALLENGES with rising demand for convenience foods. Investors perceive the sector as high-risk and low-profit. Urbanization leads to higher food consumption. 3. Unconducive Business Environment: 4. Climate Change: Short land tenure, limited extension services, and outdated regulations. Rising sea levels, salinity intrusion, temperature fluctuations, Inadequate facilities like cold storage hinder efficiency. and natural disasters affect yields and water supply. 4. Natural and Manmade Threats: Natural disasters, pests, and overfishing deplete resources. LU7 Unsustainable practices harm biodiversity and the environment. 5. Youth Disengagement: Agriculture perceived as labor-intensive with low returns. Young agropreneurs face barriers like land access and loan constraints. 6. Limited Financial Support: Reluctance of financial institutions to fund agriculture due to high risks. Lack of adequate insurance and risk management for farmers. 7. Coordination Issues: Absence of a unified database or integrated stakeholder collaboration. Overlap in roles between agencies and disconnect between federal and state levels. 8. High-Value Commodities (HVC): Low investment due to volatile demand and small production volumes. Strong competition from neighboring countries and inadequate regulation. 9. Crisis Management: COVID-19 disruptions led to supply chain breakdowns, labor shortages, and reduced productivity. Limited cash flow impacts future farming inputs and overall food production. LU8.1 Applications: Real-time data collection on soil Applications: and crop conditions. Efficient inventory and transaction management. Reduces environmental risks Supply chain transparency to reduce food fraud and through precision farming. ensure food safety. Enables connectivity in remote Allows consumers to value differentiated production farming areas. practices. 8. SATELLITE 2. INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) 7. SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY Applications: TECHNOLOGY 1.BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY Applications: Lab-grown food and fiber products. Crops with enhanced nutrient utilization Precision agriculture: Data-driven decisions to improve yields and pest resistance. and reduce costs. Climate-adaptive crops and improved food Livestock monitoring for health, reproduction, and productivity. Enhances supply chain quality, safety, and traceability. LU8 supply chains. 6. AUTOMATION/ ROBOTICS Applications: 3. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) / BIG DATA Crop management: Seeding, Applications: pruning, and harvesting. Development of hybrid seeds for varied environments. Automated systems in dairies Precision farming technologies for better yields and cost and cropping. 5. NANO MATERIALS 4. GENE EDITING management. Increases efficiency in food Enhances animal welfare and reduces operating costs. processing and reduces labor Applications: Applications: costs. Nano-sensors for pathogen Increases global production and profitability. detection and precision monitoring. Enables climate-adaptive crops and animals. Development of nano-fertilizers Lowers input costs with tailored plant and and pesticides. animal varieties. 9. DRONES Enhances food safety, water Applications: treatment, and animal health. Soil and field analyses for irrigation and chemical needs. Precision crop spraying to reduce costs and environmental impact. Health assessments for crops and livestock monitoring. ITA SECTION A Department of Agriculture (DOA): Conducts research and development on agricultural technologies. Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI): Focuses on agricultural innovation and technology transfer. Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI): Promotes and supports research and development in various fields, including agriculture. 1.AGENCIES 2. ADVANTAGES & CHALLENGES OF URBAN RESPONSIBLE FOR NEW AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGIES: 4. TECHNOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES INNOVATIONS IN Hydroponics: Precision Farming with GPS: AGRICULTURE Advantages: High yields, controlled environment, efficient Variable rate application of inputs. water usage. Improved accuracy in field operations. Challenges: High setup costs, technical expertise required, Reduced environmental impact. ITA potential for nutrient imbalances. Aquaponics: Robotics, AI, and Automation in Crop Monitoring and Advantages: Sustainable, resource-efficient, produces both Cultivation: plants and fish. Autonomous tractors and harvesters. Challenges: Requires careful monitoring of water quality, Automated weed control and pest management. potential for disease outbreaks. Improved crop monitoring and yield prediction. Aeroponics: Advantages: High yields, efficient space utilization, minimal Satellite Technology and Blockchain for Supply 3. IOT APPLICATIONS & water usage. Chain Transparency: PRECISION Challenges: High technical expertise required, sensitive to Tracking of agricultural products from farm to AGRICULTURE environmental conditions. table. Improved food safety and quality. Real-time monitoring of environmental Enhanced traceability and accountability. conditions. Automated irrigation and fertilization. Predictive analytics for crop management. Improved resource efficiency and yield optimization. ITA SECTION A Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Biological control methods. Cultural practices to minimize pest damage. Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides. Nano-fertilizers and gene editing. Improved nutrient uptake and utilization. Development of drought-resistant and disease-resistant crops. Economic and ecological impacts of urban farming. Increased food security and access. Improved air quality and reduced urban heat island effect. Job creation and economic development. 5.SUSTAINABILITY 7. GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES IN AGRICULTURE 6. CHALLENGES IN MALAYSIANS & INCENTIVES AGRICULTURE Low production efficiency. Outdated farming practices. ITA National Economic Recovery Plan (NERP). Limited access to technology and resources. Allocates funds for agricultural development Aging workforce. and modernization. Supports research and development in High operational costs. agricultural technologies. Outdated farming practices. Limited access to technology and resources. Policy impacts on modern agricultural practices. Aging workforce. Promotion of sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture. Adoption of automation among smallholder farmers. Incentives for adoption of new technologies. High initial investment costs. Improved access to markets and financing. Lack of technical expertise and training.  Economic: ITA SECTION B Job creation: Urban agriculture can generate employment opportunities in various sectors like farming, processing, distribution, and education. Local food economies: Increased access to fresh, local produce can boost local economies and reduce reliance on long-distance transportation. Entrepreneurship: Urban agriculture can empower individuals and communities to start their own businesses and generate income. Cost of Living: Reduced food costs: Access to affordable, locally grown food can help reduce household expenses. Improved food security: Urban agriculture can increase the availability of nutritious food, especially in food deserts. Modern Technology: Increased efficiency and productivity: Modern technologies can enhance resource utilization, reduce labor costs, and increase yields in urban agriculture. Improved food quality and safety: Technologies like IoT and blockchain can improve - traceability and ensure food safety. Community engagement: Technology can facilitate knowledge sharing, collaboration, and community building among urban farmers. 2. TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS 3. GENE EDITING (BENEFITS AGRI) Satellite Technology for Crop Health Monitoring: 1.IMPACTS ON Remote sensing: Satellites can monitor crop health, identify stress factors like drought or nutrient deficiencies, and optimize irrigation Increased crop yields: Developing crops with COMMUNITIES and fertilization. higher yields and improved stress tolerance. Precision agriculture: Satellite data can be integrated with other Enhanced nutritional value: Increasing the technologies to create precise maps of fields and optimize resource content of vitamins, minerals, and other allocation. essential nutrients. Improved disease and pest resistance: Developing ITA Recent advancements like vertical farming and precision agriculture. Vertical Farming: Growing crops in stacked layers maximizes land use crops that are resistant to common diseases and minimizes environmental impact. and pests, reducing the need for pesticides. Precision Agriculture: Utilizing data and technology to optimize farming Sustainable agriculture: Developing crops that practices, such as variable rate application of inputs and automated require less water and fertilizer, reducing irrigation. environmental impact. Gene Editing: Modifying crop genomes to enhance traits like disease resistance, drought tolerance, and nutritional value. ITA SECTION B Key Applications: 5. CHALLENGES & SOLUTIONS Farming: Monitoring environmental conditions, automating irrigation and fertilization, optimizing resource use. Livestock Monitoring: Tracking animal health, optimizing feed Barriers to Automation Adoption by Smallholder Farmers: and water management, improving animal welfare. High initial investment costs: Automation technologies can be expensive, Supply Chains: Tracking food products from farm to table, making them inaccessible to many smallholder farmers. ensuring food safety and quality, reducing food waste. Lack of technical expertise: Farmers may lack the knowledge and skills to operate and maintain automated systems. Access to finance: Limited access to credit and financing can hinder 4.IOT the adoption of automation technologies. ITA Economic Impact: Increased productivity and efficiency: Automation can lead to higher yields, reduced labor costs, and improved resource utilization. Job Displacement: Automation may displace some agricultural workers, requiring retraining and upskilling programs. Improved competitiveness: Automation can help farmers compete in global markets and improve their livelihoods. Solutions: Government subsidies and incentives: Providing financial support to smallholder farmers to offset the cost of automation technologies. Training and education programs: Offering training programs to equip farmers with the necessary skills to operate and maintain automated systems. Developing affordable and accessible technologies: Promoting the development of low-cost, user-friendly automation technologies. Creating supportive policies: Implementing policies that encourage the adoption of automation technologies and support the development of a skilled agricultural workforce.