LS4003 Anatomy & Physiology II Lecture Notes PDF
Document Details
Uploaded by UnrealSurrealism
University of Limerick
Andreas Grabrucker
Tags
Related
- Seeley's Anatomy & Physiology, 10th Edition - Human Organism PDF
- 1.1 Overview of Physiology and Major Systems of the Body - Essential Human Anatomy & Physiology I w/Lab - DiSilvio - 2023A PDF
- Essential Human Anatomy & Physiology I w_Lab - DiSilvio - 2023A (PDF)
- Essential Human Anatomy & Physiology I w/Lab - 2023A: Human Body Systems Overview PDF
- 1.1 Overview of Physiology and Major Systems of the Body PDF
- BMS120 Physiology & Anatomy of Human Body Lecture Contents Handbook PDF
Summary
This document provides an introduction to the study of anatomy and physiology. It covers the concepts of cells, tissues, and organs to explain how the human body is organized. Also explores "homeostasis" in the body.
Full Transcript
1 LS4003 – ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II Prof. Andreas Grabrucker, PhD Prof. Andreas Grabrucker Principal Investigator in Biological Sciences...
1 LS4003 – ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II Prof. Andreas Grabrucker, PhD Prof. Andreas Grabrucker Principal Investigator in Biological Sciences Bernal Institute Research Cluster Lead Cellular Neurobiology and Neuro-Nanotechnology lab, Bernal Institute & Health Research Institute Analog Devices Bld. AD3-018 2 LECTURES Lecture number Title of Lecture Lab Week 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology I 1 2 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology II 3 Cell, Tissues, and Organs 2 4 Cell, Tissues, and Organs 5 Nervous system I Intro and histology of the nervous system 3 6 Nervous system II 7 Nervous system III Somatosensation 4 8 Muscoskeletal system 9 Cardiovascular system I Reflexes and the musculoskeletal system 5 10 Cardiovascular system II 11 Cardiovascular system III Blood 6 12 Cardiovascular system IV 13 Lymphatic system I Anatomy of the cardiovascular system 7 14 Lymphatic system II ---Bank holiday--- Control of the cardiovascular system 15 8 Respiratory system I 16 Respiratory system II Respiratory system anatomy and control 9 17 Respiratory system III 18 Integumentary system I Rat dissection (virtual lab) 10 19 Integumentary system II 20 Integumentary system III 11 21 TBA 22 RECAP lecture 12 3 First things first: what is anatomy and physiology? Anatomy = “The study of the normal structure of a living organism and its component parts” ‘Gross (macroscopic) anatomy’ ‘Microscopic anatomy’ 4 First things first: what is anatomy and physiology? Anatomy = “The study of the normal structure of a living organism and its component parts” Physiology = “The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts” In this module, we will look at various organ systems. We will always start with the anatomy and then move on to the physiology. 5 Most people have very poor anatomical knowledge Scientists recently gave members of the public a quiz on anatomy 6 Lecture 1: Introduction to anatomy and physiology What is anatomy and physiology How is the body organised? Cells, tissues, organs and organ systems Whole body: Anatomical positions and terms Body cavities An important concept: homeostasis 7 The human body and how it is organised 8 1 CHEMICAL 1 LEVEL Atoms (C, H, O, N, P) Molecule (DNA) Levels of organisation 9 Levels of Organization Atom Most basic building block Ie. Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon 10 Molecule Work collectively to form a cell Ie. Protein, carbohydrate, lipid 11 Basics (you should know already) Element Ion Chemical molecule (i.e. base, amino acid, lipid) DNA (made of many bases) Chromosome Protein (chain of amino acids) Lipid 12 Basics (you should know already) The central dogma Proteins 13 Published by AAAS Benjamin G. Wilhelm et al. Science 2014;344:1023-1028 14 1 CHEMICAL 1 LEVEL 2 2 CELLULAR LEVEL Smooth muscle cell Atoms (C, H, O, N, P) Molecule (DNA) Levels of organisation 15 Cell Work together to form a tissue Ie. RBC, WBC, cardiac muscle cell Approx. 37.2 trillion in body (plus 5x microbes) 16 1 CHEMICAL 1 LEVEL 2 2 CELLULAR LEVEL 3 TISSUE 3 LEVEL Smooth muscle cell Atoms (C, H, O, N, P) Molecule (DNA) Smooth muscle tissue Levels of organisation 17 Tissue Cells which work together to form an organ Ie. Cardiac muscle tissue, elastic tissue surrounding veins and arteries 18 1 CHEMICAL 1 LEVEL 2 2 CELLULAR LEVEL 3 TISSUE 3 LEVEL Smooth muscle cell Atoms (C, H, O, N, P) Molecule (DNA) Smooth muscle tissue Levels of organisation Serous 4 ORGAN 4 LEVEL membrane Smooth muscle tissue layers Stomach Epithelial tissue 19 Organ Collection of tissues that work together to form an organ system ie. Heart, blood, vein, capillary, etc. 20 1 CHEMICAL 1 LEVEL 2 2 CELLULAR LEVEL 3 TISSUE 3 LEVEL Smooth muscle cell Atoms (C, H, O, N, P) Molecule (DNA) Smooth muscle tissue Levels of organisation Serous 5 SYSTEM 5 LEVEL 4 ORGAN 4 LEVEL membrane Esophagus Liver Stomach Pancreas Smooth muscle Gallbladder tissue layers Small intestine Stomach Large intestine Epithelial tissue Digestive system 21 Physiology: 4. Organ systems Integumentary Muscular Skeletal Respiratory Digestive Reproductive Urinary Circulatory Nervous Endocrine Lymphatic/Immune 22 1 CHEMICAL 1 LEVEL 2 2 CELLULAR LEVEL 3 TISSUE 3 LEVEL Smooth muscle cell Atoms (C, H, O, N, P) Molecule (DNA) Smooth muscle tissue Levels of organisation Serous 5 SYSTEM 5 LEVEL 4 ORGAN 4 LEVEL membrane Esophagus Liver Stomach Pancreas Smooth muscle Gallbladder tissue layers Small intestine Stomach Large intestine Epithelial tissue Digestive system 6 ORGANISMAL LEVEL 23 Organism Organism (in our case humans) Collection of organ systems which function together 24 An introduction to the human body R L We need to know where things are in the body We describe these relative to the ‘anatomical position’ 25 An introduction to the human body R L Example: Heart 26 An introduction to the human body superior inferior 27 An introduction to the human body Example: Heart superior inferior 28 An introduction to the human body medial Lateral 29 An introduction to the human body Posterior (dorsal) Anterior (ventral) 30 An introduction to the human body 31 An introduction to the human body The head is ________ to the chest The heart is ________ to the arms The nose is ________ to the ears 32 Functional compartments 33 Functional compartments 34 Body cavities 35 Important concept: homeostasis The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment, despite external changes ECF – extracellular fluid (~‘buffer zone’) ICF – intracellular fluid Cells need constancy in ECF 36 Important concept: homeostasis Walter Bradford Cannon at Harvard. Walter B. Canon, 1929 Established parameters maintained in homeostasis Environmental factors affecting cells (Osmolarity, temperature, pH) Materials for cell needs (Nutrients, water, sodium, calcium, other ions, oxygen, ‘internal secretions [hormones etc]’) 37 Important concept: homeostasis Feedback loops control homeostasis Three principle parts… Disruption to homeostasis Correction Control Receptor Effector centre 38 Negative feedback tries to reverse an action www.dailymail.co.uk 39 Negative feedback loops restore homeostasis or regulation of blood pressure... 40 Positive feedback tries to enhance an action 41 Positive feedback loops drive parameters away from homeostasis Stretching Positive feedback of cervix MORE stretching of cervix Stretch receptors Hypothalamus/ Contraction of In cervix Pituitary gland uterine muscles (receptors) (control centre) (effectors) Oxytocin e.g. childbirth 42 LECTURES Lecture number Title of Lecture Lab Week 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology I 1 2 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology II 3 Cell, Tissues, and Organs 2 4 Cell, Tissues, and Organs 5 Nervous system I Intro and histology of the nervous system 3 6 Nervous system II 7 Nervous system III Somatosensation 4 8 Muscoskeletal system 9 Cardiovascular system I Reflexes and the musculoskeletal system 5 10 Cardiovascular system II 11 Cardiovascular system III Blood 6 12 Cardiovascular system IV 13 Lymphatic system I Anatomy of the cardiovascular system 7 14 Lymphatic system II ---Bank holiday--- Control of the cardiovascular system 15 8 Respiratory system I 16 Respiratory system II Respiratory system anatomy and control 9 17 Respiratory system III 18 Integumentary system I Rat dissection (virtual lab) 10 19 Integumentary system II 20 Integumentary system III 11 21 TBA 22 RECAP lecture 12