Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) Tutorial PDF

Official Official(Open) (Open) Tutorial Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) Official Official(Open) (Open) Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) Wireless telecommunicatio...

Official Official(Open) (Open) Tutorial Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) Official Official(Open) (Open) Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) Wireless telecommunication network designed to allow long range communications at a low bit rate among things (connected objects), such as sensors operated on a battery https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPWAN Official Official(Open) (Open) Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) The legacy non-cellular wireless technologies are not ideal to connect low power devices distributed over large geographical areas. The range of these technologies is limited to a few hundred meters at best. The devices, therefore, cannot be arbitrarily deployed or moved anywhere, a requirement for many applications for smart city, logistics and personal health. Awide area coverage is provided by cellular networks, a reason of a wide adoption of second generation (2G) and third generation (3G) technologies. However, cellular technologies do not achieve energy efficiency high enough to offer ten years of battery lifetime. The complexity and cost of cellular devices is high due to their ability to deal with complex waveforms, optimized for voice, high https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPWAN speed data services, and text. Official Official(Open) (Open) Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) With a phenomenal range of a few to tens of kilometres and battery life of ten years and beyond, LPWAtechnologies are promising for the Internet of low-power, low-cost, and low- throughput things. Avery long range of LPWAtechnologies enables devices to spread and move over large geographical areas. IoT and M2M devices connected by LPWAtechnologies can be turned on anywhere and anytime to sense and interact with their environment instantly. http://home.deib.polimi.it/cesana/teaching/IoT/2017/papers/connectivity/LPWANSurvey.pdf Official Official(Open) (Open) Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) LPWAtechnologies achieve long range and low power operation at the expense of low data rate (typically in orders of tens of kilobits per seconds) and higher latency (typically in orders of seconds or minutes) Therefore, LPWAN is not suitable for many industrial IoT, vehicle to vehicle (V2V), and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) applications….however, they still meet the needs of applications for smart cities, smart metering, home automation, wearable electronics, logistics, environmental monitoring etc. that exchange small amount of data and that also infrequently. http://home.deib.polimi.it/cesana/teaching/IoT/2017/papers/connectivity/LPWANSurvey.pdf Official Official(Open) (Open) Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) Applications of LPWA technologies across different sectors Official Official(Open) (Open) Architectures in the 5G and LPWAN-IoT and Smart Cities 5G Network Architecture 5G networks are poised to provide the speediest cellular network data throughput with very low latency/delay and support for ultra-dense network connections. When compared to existing cellular (4G/LTE), the 5G networks can provide applications users with faster speeds of up to 10 Gbps while maintaining reliable connections of up to multiple thousands of devices at the same time. https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/16/6313 Official Official(Open) (Open) Architectures in the 5G and LPWAN-IoT and Smart Cities LPWAN Architecture LPWAN was developed to allow long- range communications at a low data rate and with low energy consumption. Hence, LPWAN devices are low complexity long-range devices. LPWAN works in the license-free frequency bands and the licensed frequency (cellular) bands. The LPWAN technology use case is not very common though it is gradually increasing and involves numerous different technologies due to different manufacturers/vendors. https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/16/6313 Official Official(Open) (Open) Architectures in the 5G and LPWAN-IoT and Smart Cities Technologies Concepts for LPWAN Market Players LoRaWAN LoRaWAN is a low power wide area network built on LoRa which is envisioned for low-cost, low battery power-operated devices for wider coverage and ubiquity connectivity. LoRaWAN is owned by Semtech Corporation. It is in the family of the LoRa Alliance, an open, non-profit association of industrial vendors for IoT connectivity solutions. The LoRa is a proprietary PHY layer protocol, and the LoRaWAN was developed to define the upper layers protocols. It performs primarily as a network layer protocol for managing communications between LPWAN gateways and end-node devices as a routing protocol, maintained by the LoRa Alliance. Sigfox Sigfox is a Global French network operator. Its PHY layer protocol is also proprietary and operates in a licensed-free band of sub-1 GHz radio bands. It is suited for low-energy devices and comprises base stations with cognitive-based software-defined radios (SDR) and IP- based network servers. It uses BPSK modulation techniques and ultra-narrow bands (UNB) of 100 Hz for carrier signals and spectral efficiency improvement. It has the following advantages such as improved receiver sensitivity, long-range, reduced power consumption, and high penetration rate through a sole object, which makes it suitable for deployment in underground or rough topography. https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/16/6313 Official Official(Open) (Open) Architectures in the 5G and LPWAN-IoT and Smart Cities Technologies Concepts for LPWAN Market Players Ingenus (RPMA) Ingenu is a proprietary LPWAN solution and uses a random phase multiple access (RPMA) scheme with flexible spectrum regulations. This flexibility makes RPMA a potential for higher throughput, capacity, scalable, and wider coverage. Ingenu operates in the 2.4 GHz band, though with a high penetration rate, which makes it possible to strive underground and for environmental sensing. It was designed for machine-to-machine (M2M) communications to serve IoT applications in utilities, oil and gas sectors, agriculture, asset tracking, fleet management, smart grids, and smart cities. IEEE 802.11ah The IEEE 802.11ah is an emerging wireless networking standard, which is also called Wi-Fi HaLow. It operates at the sub 1 GHz unlicensed spectrum bands and provides a wider coverage range up to 1.5 km compared to the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Wi-Fi networks. The data rate of up to 30 Mbps is achievable when using 16 MHz channel bandwidth. The Wi-Fi Halow has a low energy consumption, and it can be used for indoor and outdoor applications. Hence, it is a low power wide area network (LPWAN) IoT device due to its features. In addition, it can support various IoT applications due to its varying physical layer characteristics such as numerous channel bandwidths (1 Mhz, 2 Mhz, 4 Mhz, 8 Mhz, and 16 Mhz) and modulation and coding schemes up to 256 QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation). https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/16/6313 Official Official(Open) (Open) Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) Two categories of communication: Broadband and Narrowband So, which is more suitable for IoT? Broadband or Narrowband Official Official(Open) (Open) Difference between Broadband and Narrowband For the applications which requires higher data rate, broadband is the choice. To accommodate higher rates, higher frequency spectrum is needed. As mentioned in the figure, broadband occupies more bandwidth compared to narrowband system. But the transmit power is less compared to narrowband. For the applications which requires long range, low power and reliable communications, narrowband is the choice.As shown, narrowband occupies less bandwidth compared to broadband system. But the transmit power is higher compared to broadband system. http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/broadband-vs-narrowband.html Official Official(Open) (Open) Difference between Broadband and Narrowband Specifications Broadband Narrowband spectrum efficiency Low Very High Power Efficiency Low High Data rate High Low Coverage range Less Very long Environment penetration Low High http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/broadband-vs-narrowband.html Official Official(Open) (Open) Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) 5 Design Goals and Techniques A) Long Range B) Ultra-Low Power Consumption C) Low Cost D) Scalability E) Quality of Service http://home.deib.polimi.it/cesana/teaching/IoT/2017/papers/connectivity/LPWANSurvey.pdf Official Official(Open) (Open) 5 Design Goals and Techniques A) Long range 1) Use of Sub-1GHz band: ….use Sub-GHz band, which offers robust and reliable communication at Designed for a wide area coverage low power budgets…….the lower frequency and an excellent signal propagation signals experience less attenuation and multipath to hard-to-reach indoor places such fading caused by obstacles and dense surfaces like as basements ….allows the end- concrete walls. Secondly, sub-GHz is less devices to connect to the base stations congested than 2.4 GHz, a band used by most at a distance ranging from a few to popular wireless technologies tens of kilometres depending on their deployment environment 2) Modulation Techniques: ….typical sensitivity of state- of-the-art LPWA receivers reaches as low as -130 dBm. Two classes of modulation techniques namely narrowband and spread spectrum techniques have been adopted by different LPWAtechnologies. http://home.deib.polimi.it/cesana/teaching/IoT/2017/papers/connectivity/LPWANSurvey.pdf Official Official(Open) (Open) 5 Design Goals and Techniques B) Ultra low power operation 1) Topology: ….mesh topology has been extensively used to extend the coverage of short-range wireless networks. Their high deployment cost is a major disadvantage…..traffic is forwarded over multiple hops towards a gateway, …..deplete their batteries quickly, limiting overall network lifetime ……..On the other hand, a very long range of LPWAtechnologies overcomes these limitations by connecting end devices directly to base stations, obviating the need for the dense and expensive deployments of relays and gateways altogether. The resulting topology is a star that is used extensively in cellular networks and brings huge energy saving advantages. 2)Duty Cycling: Low power operation is achieved by opportunistically turning off power hungry components of M2M/IoT devices e.g., data transceiver. Radio dutycycling allows LPWA end devices to turn off their transceivers, when not required. Only when the data is to be transmitted or received, the transceiver is turned on. http://home.deib.polimi.it/cesana/teaching/IoT/2017/papers/connectivity/LPWANSurvey.pdf Official Official(Open) (Open) 5 Design Goals and Techniques C) Low Cost 1)Reduction in hardware complexity: ….LPWA transceivers need to process fewer complex waveforms….enables them to reduce transceiver footprint, peak data rates, and memory sizes, minimizing the hardware complexity and thus the cost 2)Minimum infrastructure: …..a single LPWA base station connects tens of thousands of end devices distributed over several kilometres, significantly reducing the costs for network operators. 3)Using license-free or owned licensed bands: ….most LPWA technologies considered deployment in the license-exempt bands including the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band or TV-white spaces. http://home.deib.polimi.it/cesana/teaching/IoT/2017/papers/connectivity/LPWANSurvey.pdf Official Official(Open) (Open) 5 Design Goals and Techniques D) Scalability 1)Diversity techniques: …due to low-power and inexpensive nature of the end devices, much of this is achieved by cooperation from more powerful components in LPWAnetworks such as base stations and backend systems …..using multi-channel and multi-antenna communication to parallelize transmissions to and from the connected devices. 2) Adaptive Channel Selection and Data Rate:…individual links should be optimized for reliable and energy efficient communication. …Adapting the modulation schemes, selecting better channels to reach distances reliably, or doing adaptive transmission power control require efficient monitoring…. http://home.deib.polimi.it/cesana/teaching/IoT/2017/papers/connectivity/LPWANSurvey.pdf Official Official(Open) (Open) 5 Design Goals and Techniques E) Quality of Service (QoS) LPWA technologies target diverse set of applications with varying requirements.At one extreme, it caters to delay tolerant smart metering applications, while on another end, it should deliver the alarms generated by home security applications in minimum time…… current LPWAtechnologies provide no or limited QoS. http://home.deib.polimi.it/cesana/teaching/IoT/2017/papers/connectivity/LPWANSurvey.pdf