Understanding the Self PDF

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERSTANDING THE SELF Social, Environment, and other Life Factors...

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERSTANDING THE SELF Social, Environment, and other Life Factors - Father of the modern philosophy. Cogito (S.E.L.F) ergo sum “I think, therefore, I am”. The mind and soul can exist without the body. - The self is studied structurally and functionally, from 6. John Locke – the molecular level to the entirely of human - Orientation: Empiricist physiological systems. - Philosophy: Theory of personal identity WHAT PHILOSOPHERS’ SAY ABOUT SELF - In consciousness alone, that identity exists, not in the body and soul. There is a (Classical Antiquity) distinction between man and person. 1. Socrates – Orientation: Idealism, 7. David Hume – Philosophy: Socratic Philosophy. - Orientation: Empiricist - “Know yourself” “Know thyself”. Self exists - Philosophy: Skeptical Philosophy in two parts: a) Physical (tangible, mortal, - There is no self, only a bundle of and changing), b) Soul (Immortal and perceptions. Ideas are copies of impressions unchanging). and imaginations. Can only attain knowledge by 2. Plato – experience. - Orientation: Idealism, 8. Immanuel Kant – - Philosophy: Dualism and Idealism. - Orientation: Rationalist/Empiricist - Process of self-reflection and self- - Philosophy: Metaphysics of the self. understanding. Wisdom and knowledge lead -Reason is the final authority of to virtue, which will lead to happiness. Soul is mortality. the user of the body. Inner self: rational and reasoning. 3. Aristotle – Outer self: body and physical mind. - Orientation: Empiricist, (Modern Times) - Philosophy: Aristotelian Philosophy. - “Soul cannot be separated from the body”. 9. Gilbert Ryle – Ideals are Essence and Phenomena is - Orientation: Empiricist Matter. Matter has no form. Essence has - Philosophy: The concept of mind. no mass. - “I act, therefore, I am”. Self is not an entity one can locate and analyze. (Middle Ages) 10. Patricia Churchland – 4. St. Augustine – - Orientation: Empiricist, - Orientation: Platonism, - Philosophy: Neurophilosophy. - Philosophy: Neoplatonism. All knowledge - The physical brin gives us a sense of self. leads to God A fully matured science will eliminate the need. - Only the pure in heart can see God. f or beliefs since “They are not real”. 11. Maurice Merleau-Ponty – (Renaissance) - Orientation: Empiricist - Philosophy: Phenomenology of perception. 5. Rene Descartes – - We are our bodies. The mind and body are - Orientation: Rationalist, so intertwined that they cannot be separated - Philosophy: Mind-Body Dualism. from one another. RATIONALISM VS. EMPIRISM *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERSTANDING THE SELF RATIONALISM – innate ideas. Nuerophilosophy (Patricia and Paul Churchland) – concerned with the association of the brain and the EMPIRISM – sense perception, ideas came from mind. senses or experience. “Emperia” means experience. Ideas can be complex or simple; it is just a sense of Natural Science – fountain of information in perception. understanding oneself. EPISTIMOLOGY – theory of knowledge Social Science – human functioning in the context of society and social institutions. Concept of empirism: Psychology – study of human behavior, sees the self  Apriori – induction; dense perception. Using as a theoretical construct. logical reason to conclude.  Apestriori – no innate ideas, learning SCIECE OF SELF (VARIOUS THEORIES) through experience. Self-awareness – the consciousness about the NO INNATE IDEAS – John Locke “Blank slate” or strengths and weakness. “tabula rosa” means experience imprint knowledge. Self-concept – how one looks like, sounds like, and INDUCTION – you use individual ideas to give a behave like. conclusion. DUALISM – latin “Dual” means 2. Mind is more than THEORATICAL PERSPECTIVE TO EXPLAIN SELF: our brain. The physical body is our container; the things that reside in the container are minds, spirits, Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud) – focuses on the or soul. “unconscious” as a core element of the self. HEEDONISM – “Hedoni” means joy, delight, and Behaviorism – study of behavior made from an pleasure. It aims pleasure geek myth Sisyphus. observable and measurable perspective. WHAT SCIENCE ABOUT THE SELF Sociology – study of collective behavior of people within society. PHSYCONEUROIMMUNOLOGY – describes the Anthropology – study of human beings and their shaping of the self as similar to how the human ancestors through time and space. immune system functions. Political science – concerned with the participation SELF – individuals capitalize on their innate attributes of individuals in establishing a government and and are likely to reject environmental factors assumed making political choices. harmful to the body and its well-being. Economics – describes and analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE OF SELF STUDY OF THE SELF: BIOLOGICAL BLUEPRINT Physical Science – beginning with Aristotle and his Heredity – transmission of traits from parents to scientific approach. offspring. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – unique identifying part of every individual. Gene – basic unit of heredity. Specific information embedded. *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERSTANDING THE SELF Genotype – specific information within one gene For females, onset of menstruation, changes in hips, (Blood testing). and breast. Phenotype – expression of particular trait (directly - Reproductive system – release of hormones, observed). triggers physiological changes in the reproductive system. - Testosterone for males and estrogen for females. - Each individual has 23 pairs of sex chromosomes: - Males start producing sperm while females start XX female producing eggs, and become capable of procreation. XY male - A person is will likely experience sexual urges, and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - contains the genetic sexual curiosity is at its peak. Eventually he/she will instruction specifying the biological development of feel sexual arousal through lubrication and erection. individual. Most crucial material. Sexual activity can be exhibited through sexual intercourse or masturbation. If satisfied, orgasm or Maturation – growth of genetic character, physical sexual satisfaction will be reached. changes. Environmental influences – shape your physical - Sexual identity (how you label your sexual self, from your social networks, societal expectations, orientation) – is how one thinks of oneself in terms of and cultural practices. to whom one is romantically and sexually attracted. - Sexual Behavior (what do you do sexually with Tips in taking care of yourself and your body: others) – any activity solitary, between two person or - Healthy eating any group includes sexual arousal. - Embracing a healthy lifestyle The two major determinants of human behavior are: - Maintaining proper hygiene  The inherited sexual response - Being confident - As a mean of ensuring the reproduction  The degree of restraint - It its influence by the society. In the SEXUAL SELF expression of his/her sexuality. Sexual self – encompassing the biological, physical, Sexual Attraction (who you are attracted to) – is emotional, and social domains. attraction based on sexual desire or the quality of arousing such interest. A person‟s attractiveness is AT BIRTH, largely a subjective measure dependent on another Sexual genitals - is a biological feature that person‟s interest. distinguishes males from females. - Penis for males and vagina for females. For example:  Heterosexuality – they are the one DURING PUBERTY, attracted to opposite sex.  Homosexuality – would typically find a - Observable changes or also known as secondary person of the same sex. sexual characteristics begin.  Bisexuality – would find either sex to be - For males, growth of facial and bodily hair, Adam‟s attractive. apple, change in voice, and muscle development. *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERSTANDING THE SELF  Asexuality – refers to those who are not entire course of development. Parents are one‟s first experiencing sexual attraction. teachers. Gender Role – is a social role encompassing a range of behavior and attitude that are generally considered - Next to family, schools and the general academic acceptable, appropriate or desirable for people based environment. Knowledge and social skills gained from on their actual or perceived sex or sexuality. mentors, relatives and peers. - According to Edward Tylor (1871) “culture is the Gender role focuses on femininity for women and whole which includes knowledge, belief, law, art, muscularity for men. moral, custom, and other capabilities and habits  Femininity – submissive and demure. acquired by man as a member of society”  Muscularity – dominant and strong. BIOECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS THEORY The Consequences of Sexual Choice Urie Bronfenbrenner’s (1935) explains an individual‟s social development, using biological, Copulation – is the reproductive act in which the environmental, and ecological lenses. male organ (penis) enters the female‟ reproductive tract (vagina). 1. Microsystem – refers to the institutions and social groups that the individual has direct Consequences of Impulsive and Careless Sexual contact and interaction. Intercourse: 2. Mesosytem – refers to the interconnections  Pregnancy among aspects of the microsystems  Sexually-Transmitted Diseases (STD) – affecting the individual. can be treated and cured, but have a long- 3. Exosystem – refers to the social setting that term consequences to one‟s health. an individual has no direct interaction with  Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome but nevertheless affects his or her (AIDS) – caused by: development.  Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) – 4. Macrosystem – encompasses the larger can be transmitted by contact between cultural context in which the individual broken skin wounds, or mucous membrane resides in. and HIV-infected blood or blood- 5. Chronosystems – focuses on patterns of contaminated body fluid. environmental events including sociohistorical events from a specific to a  Responsible Sexual Behavior entails the general context. following:  Respect for one‟s body SOCIO-DIGITAL SELF  Maturity in thoughts and deeds - With the rise of technology, ways of socializing  Being guided by one‟s personal belief and have significally changed. In the past, interpersonal core values relationships can only be established through face-to-  Being future-oriented face interactions within physical communities. THE SOCIAL SELF Nowadays, people can interact with each other even if they are not physically present in the same place. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT - is largely influenced by One of the innovations that improved people‟s membership in crucial social groups that shape interaction and socializing processes is social media. various aspects of the self. SOCIAL MEDIA – the websites and applications that - First social group is his or her family. It is the most make it easier to create and share information, ideas, influential social group that impacts the self in its and interests. It also allows people to create other forms of self-expressions via virtual people to *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERSTANDING THE SELF communicate to specific groups sharing common MANAGING RESPONSIBLE ONLINE BEHAVIOUR: interests (through chat, video call, or posting of status and photos). It may be globally or locally.  Do not post or send anything that will embarrass you. TOP SOCIAL MEDIA SITES:  Avoid posting statements when experiencing strong emotions.  Facebook  Do not post or send anything that will embarrass  Twitter you.  YouTube  Avoid posting statements when experiencing  Instagram strong emotions. ONLINE DISEMBODIMENT – people are less likely  Do not post or send anything that will embarrass to display their real “selves” to others, especially to you. strangers. Based on different studies, individuals are  Avoid posting statements when experiencing prone to create digitals identities, which are different strong emotions. from their “real selves”. THE MATERIAL/ECONOMIC SELF DIGITAL IDENTITY – “Role Identities”, these are the FACTORS: characters and roles an individual creates as a member of a particular social group. The “self” is  Insecurity – jealous. Do not let insecurity composed of identities ranked by importance. Online over yourself. activities such as chatting, blogging, and even  Effective Advertising and Special shopping online would require the person to establish Capitalism – persuade. Group of friends. a “digital identity”. Advertisement.  Exposure to Materialism (Models/Values) EXAMPLES OF DIGITAL IDENTITIES ARE: – parental values. Materialistic lifestyle  Gamer family.  Anonymous  Competence – not satisfied. Social  Online Shopper comparison.  Blogger  Relatedness – people you are with. NEEDS VS. WANTS ONLINE DISINHIBITION EFFECT – when people adopt fake identities, they are likely to engage in Needs – are those important for survival. People behaviors that they would not do in real life purchase them out of necessity. interactions. Wants – are synonymous with luxuries, people buy THERE ARE TWO MAIN CATEGORIES OF them for reasons that do not warrant necessity. BEHAVIOR THAT FALL UNDER THE ONLINE DISINHIBITION EFFECT: Utility – practical purpose, considered as important things.  Benign Disinhibition – occurs when people tent to self-disclose more on the internet than they Significance – meaning assigned to an object. would in real life or go out their way to help COGNITION, MEMORY, AND INTELLIGENCE someone.  Toxic Disinhibition – occurs when they use rude COGNITION – innate capabilities that empower them language, bully or threaten others on online to manage themselves in various settings and platforms, and go to websites with contents of situations. – crucial part of an individual‟s violence crime, and pornography. development process which influences behavior. *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERSTANDING THE SELF MEMORY – process of remembering what has been  Experiential (Creative) – divergent thinking learned. and ability to deal with novel situations.  Contextual (Practical) – street smart. THREE LEVELS OF MEMORY FUNCTIONS: Sensory Memory – level that allows information from the external environment to be perceived by an REVIEWER IN UNDERSTANDING THE SELF individual through senses. (MIDTERM) George Sperling 1960s; LESSON 1: HUMAN LEARNING  Iconic sensory memory  Echoic sensory memory Learning – change in a person‟s knowledge or Short/Working Memory – where information is behavior as a result of experience temporarily stored, information is simultaneously remembered and is in a readily-available state. 3 THINGS ABOUT LEARNING Long Term Memory – often permanent and allows 1.) Change is long – term for repeated retrievals across situations. 2.) Change comes from within the external  Explicit (declarative memory) – episodic structures of memory or knowledge of the and semantic. individual  Implicit (procedural memory) – “muscle memory”. 3.) Change is attributed to the personal EXPERIENCES of the learner in his environment INTELLIGENCE – Individual‟s capacity to learn. HOWARD GARDNER‟S THEORY OF MULTIPLE Social Cognitive Theory – proposed by Alvin INTELLIGENCES: Bandura - learning process that is built on OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING  Verbal-linguistic – reading, writing, communicating. Involves oral and written language. FOUR STAGES IN OBSERVATIONAL  Logical-mathematical – analyzing, LEARNING recognizing, problems. To understand and answer 1.) ATTENTION – focuses on information that he mathematical equations.  Visual-spatial – skill being able to see or or she perceives as INTERESTING and USEFUL imagine. Analyzing graphical information. 2.) RETENTION– stores and gives a MENTAL  Musical – enjoying music. Produce and REPRESENTATION of the info. make meaning of different types of sound.  Naturalistic – understanding plants and 3.) MOTOR REPRODUCTION - recalls and animals. Aspects of natural world. rehearses the information gives  Bodily-kinesthetic – use one‟s body to create product/solve problems. 4.) MOTIVATION - repeats entire process  Interpersonal – to be sensitive of other constantly and consistently people‟s thoughts and emotions. Ex. Solving mathematical problem.  Intrapersonal – self-introspection. ROBERT STERNBERG “THE TRIARCHIC THEORY NOTE: when there is an observable change in OF INTELLIGENCE” one‟s perception and behavior  Componential (Analytical) – Abstract thinking and logical reasoning; verbal and mathematical skills. *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERSTANDING THE SELF Interaction of personal, environmental, and - Students who engage in deep learning process behavioral factors – accounts for behavioral are self – regulated learners change - making meaningful connections Self efficacy – extend to which people believe that they can confidently learn and master a particular skill 2.) Surface Learning – accept information 3 Ways to Develop Self – Efficacy presented to students and memorize them in an isolated and unlinked manner, no deeper 1.) Mastery Experience – accomplishing simple understanding tasks that lead to more complex tasks - absorption of facts, rote memorization 2.) Social Modeling – observing an identifiable model who accomplishes the task - does not lead to deep understanding 3.) Improving physical and emotional states – relaxed and calm before pursuing a challenging task HABITS OF DEEP LEARNING 4.) Verbal Persuasion – providing encouragement and feedback during the 1. Taking down notes accomplishment of a task 2. Asking questions during class sessions Human Agency – people are not products of 3. Creating cognitive maps inner forces or environments, they are self – regulating and proactive 4. Engaging in collaborative learning activites with mentors and peers - People influence their environment, other people, and social groups 5. Going beyond the mandatory course requirements Intentionality – making an active decision to engage in particular activities LESSON 2: HUMAN EMOTIONS Forethought – anticipating outcomes and Emotions – driving force on how one acts and consequences of particular actions behaves ex. Sad, happy, angry, etc Self – reactiveness – constructing and - lower level responses occurring in the brain, regulating behavior appropriately which create BIOCHEMICAL reactions in the body and consequently cause changes in one‟s Self – reflectiveness – reflecting and evaluating physical state (Hampton, 2015) one‟s thought and behavior EMOTIONS VS. FEELINGS - Students are agents of their own learning Emotions – biological experience and response TWO STRATEGIES OF LEARNING 1.) Deep Learning – deeper understanding of - emotions are physiological information by creating significant meaningful links across different concepts and how it can be Feeling – mental portrayal of what is going on in your body when having an emotion applied in practical ways. *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERSTANDING THE SELF - by – product of the brain perceiving and other stimuli that have not been paired with an assigning meaning to the emotion (Hampton unconditioned stimulus. ,2015) HABITUATION : Bell – Dog - Salivation - feelings are subjective experiences since it is based on personal beliefs and experiences. ILLUSTRATION Stimulus  Complex Reaction  Physiological Responses  Behavioral Experience THEORIES OF LEARNING 1.) Classical Conditioning – by Ivan Pavlov in 1890s Experiment UCS – Unconditioned Stimulus 2.) Little Albert (Cognitive Conditioning) – by UCR – Unconditioned Response NS John B. Watson – Neutral Stimulus CS- Conditioned Stimulus Materials : CR- Conditioned Response -White Rat - Steel Bar - Metal Food (UCS) – Dog – Salivation (UCR) Pipe Bell ( NS ) - Dog – No Salivation (NR) - rabbit - monkey - masks Bell (NS) – Food (UCS) – Dog – Salivation (CS) Bell (CS) – Dog – Salivation (CR) Experiment : BOTTOM LINE: Learning can be conditioned - Initially , 9 month old little Albert showed no fear to these things presented to him, but every KEY PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL time little Albert touch the white rat for example, CONDITIONING Watson hit the steel bar with metal pipe that 1. Acquisition – a neutral stimulus is constantly created loud noise (UCS). After several paired with UCS repetitions of this, whenever little Albert was presented by a white rat, he immediately cry. 2. Extinction – conditioned response deceases or disappears. Neutral Stimulus: The white rat Unconditioned Stimulus: The loud noise 3. Spontaneous Recovery – learned response Unconditioned Response: Fear can reemerge even a after a period of extinction Conditioned Stimulus: The white rat Conditioned Response: Fear 4. Stimulus Generalization – tendency that the conditioned stimulus evoke similar responses 3.) Operant Conditioning – by B.F Skinner and after conditioning he based this to Thordike‟s Law of Effect 5. Stimulus Discrimination- ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERSTANDING THE SELF - behavior followed with positive consequences is - The basic premise of the theory is that encouraged, on the other hand, punishment physiological arousal instigates the experience of reduces its occurrence emotion. Event  Arousal  Interpretation  Emotion FACTORS OF OPERANT CONDITIONINS 1.) Neutral Operants – responses from the Example environment that neither encourage nor - Suppose you are walking in the woods, discourage an event and you see a grizzly bear. You begin to tremble, 2.) Reinforcers –increase the probability of a and your heart begins to race. The James-Lange behavior to happen theory proposes that you will interpret your A.) Positive Reinforcers – Rewards, physical reactions and conclude that you are strengthens a behavior frightened ("I am trembling. Therefore I am B.) Negative Reinforcers - Punishments, afraid.") it weakens the behavior - I am crying, therefore I am sad Experiment: 2.) Canon - Bard (Thalamic Theory of Emotion) - The main concepts of the Cannon– Bard theory are that emotional expression results from the function of hypothalamic structures, and emotional feeling results from stimulations of the dorsal thalamus. - By Walter Canon, and Philip Bard Event  Arousal  Emotion - Physiological responses happen simultaneously with emotions Response rate – how hard the rat pressed the For example: level I see a snake --> I am afraid, and I begin to Extinction rate – how soon the rat gave up tremble. pressing the level - We react to a stimulus and experience the associated emotion at the same time. THEORIES OF EMOTION 1.) James – Lange – by William James and Carl Lange - The basic premise of the theory is that physiological arousal instigates the experience of emotion. *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERSTANDING THE SELF 3.) Scachter – Singer (Two – Factor Theory of 3. Goleman – capacity for recognizing own Emotion) – by Stanley Schachter and Jerome E. feelings and others, motivation oneself, Singer managing emotions - The two-factor theory of emotion, states that - result of innate individual characteristics emotion is based on two factors: physiological and skills. arousal and cognitive label. IMPLICATIONS OF EQ DEFINITIONS TO EMOTION - when an emotion is felt, a physiological arousal occurs and the person uses the immediate 1. Emotion exist alongside with cognition environment to search for emotional cues to label Cognition – used to be aware of one‟s the physiological arousal. feeling and others too - physical arousal played a primary in emotions. 2. Emotions are also processed by the senses However, they suggested that this arousal was the same for a wide variety of emotions, so 3. Emotions can be managed and regulated physical arousal alone could not be responsible 4. In managing emotions, the capacity to be for emotional responses. sensitive of one‟s and those of others are also developed - the interaction between physical arousal and how we cognitively label that arousal. 5. EQ is a requirement for one‟s overall well – being. - The process begins with the stimulus (the strange man), which is followed by the physical DIFFERENT EQ MODELS arousal (rapid heartbeat and trembling). Added to 1. Mayer, Salovey, Garuso – outline four this is the cognitive label (associating the branches: physical reactions to fear), which is immediately followed by the conscious experience of the a.) Emotional perception and expression emotion (fear). b.) Emotional facilitation – making sound - Think before you feel the emotion judgement c.) emotional understanding and analysis DIFFERENT THEORIES OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (EQ) d.) reflective emotional regulation 1. Bar – On – an array of non – cognitive 2. Goleman - clusters of EQ: abilities, competencies, and skills that influence one‟s ability to succeed in coping with a.) self – awareness ENVIRONMENTAL demands and pressures. b.) self- management 2. Mayer, Salovey, and Caruso – one‟s ability to c.) social awareness understand emotion, perception of environment where he/she is in d.) relationship management - EQ is the capacity to regulate emotions, 3.) Bar – On Model – EQ‟s five composites and be emotionally aware *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERSTANDING THE SELF a.) self – perception d.) decision - observable (ex, rumination, acceptance, and making distraction) b.) self – expression e.) stress 2. Behavioral / Overt – engagement in management observable activities (ex. Behavioral avoidance , substance abuse, exercise, eating, and getting c.) interpersonal involved in social activies) TWO GENERAL ASPECTS OF EQ 1.Intrapersonal 2. Interpersonal STRATEGIES FOR ER GOOD EFFECTS OF EQ 1. Rumination 2. Distraction 1. Positive thinking abilities during anxiety – 3. Acceptance 4. Problem Solving provoking testing conditions 5. Behavioral avoidance 6. Experiential 2. Have good social relationships Avoidance 3. High Social Competence 7. Reappraisal 8. Mindfulness 4. Flexibility skills 9. Expressive suppression 10.Worry 5. High organizational commitment QUALITIES FOR EFFECTIVE ER 6. Emotional well – being and life satisfaction 1. Self- Control – managing disruptive impulses Emotional regulation (ER) - will lead to 2.Trustworthiness- maintaining standards of emotional efficacy and emotional maturity honesty and integrity - defined as an attempt to influence 3. Conscientiousness – responsibility for one‟s emotion which can occur in both positive and performance negative emotions 4. Adaptability – handling change with flexibility Gross (1987) – two forms of ER: cognitive reappraisal and suppression 5. Innovation – open to new ideas Cognitive Reappraisal – evaluation of the 6. Empathy – putting one‟s self in other‟s shoe situation prior to making valuations about it, feelings are managed by using reason to Emotional Regulation – process that help attain appraise the situation culturally appropriate or functional emotional experiences Suppression – denial and masking of facial expression to hide one‟s current emotional state - ER must be done with regards to what is accepted in one‟s culture APPROACHES TO ER HOW TO DEVELOP ER 1. Cognitive / Covert – experiential avoidance, happens in one‟s mind and not directly 1. Observational 2. Social Referencing LESSON 3: SPIRITUALITY *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERSTANDING THE SELF SPIRITUALITY - giving life one‟s purpose and 3. Sinnott (2002) – releationship to the sacred and meaning transcendent - Considered as third aspect of a whole person 4.) Myers and his colleagues – personal and private beliefs that transcend the material aspects of life and - The meaningfulness of life is assessed if it is give a deep sense of wholeness, connectedness, and worth living openness to to the infinite - connection of a person to different aspects of EFFECTS OF SPIRITUALITY his or her existence: people, nature, and the 1. Positive Consequences to life – positive mental divine health, and well - being - talks about the sacred and transcendent 2. Contentment and Serenity - Spirituality is not innate and can be developed 3. Wisdom, self - transcendence (going beyond the normal) , acceptance of life and meaningful - it is individual, for it is a personal experience, existence and not anchored n any religious orientation 4. Increases self – esteem - how meaning is applied to life, not looking for life‟s meaning 5. Enhances interpersonal relationships Religiosity – defined as the adherence to a WAYS TO ENHANCE SPRITIUALITY belief system and practices associated with a - retreats, recollections, seminars, worship, and tradition in which there is AGREEMENT about parent‟s positive behavior what is believed and practice - teacher‟s reflection , self – evaluation - starting point for spirituality - constant meditation and reflection, compassion to - it is communal, for its beliefs and practices are other people within religious groups Whole Person – associated to the idea of physical and psychological aspects LESSON 4 : CONNECTIONS WITH NATURE Physical – growth, maturation , bodily changes ( HUMAN DEVELOPMENT) - We are appointed as „stewards‟ of God‟s creation Psychological – consciousness and attributed, Animism – practiced by our ancestors that venerated behavior animals, trees, bodies of water, and land DEFINITIONS OF SPIRITUALITY Affinity with Nature – ties that bind people and nature together that can also be defined as nature 1. Puchalski (2014) – individual‟s process of connectedness. seeking and expressing meaning, connectedness to the self, the moment, other, everything Nature connectedness- extend to which individuals including the sacred and significant include nature as part of their identity (Emotional connection with nature) 2. Beauregard & O’Leary (2007) – experience that brings contact to the divine Ecopyschology – concerned with the fundamental interconnections between humans and the natural *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERSTANDING THE SELF world through a phenomenological and sensorial link, - when well - being and life satisfaction are present (Transpersonal and philosophical relationship) happiness naturally flows. - integration of practices based on the notion Happiness – can be subjective and temporal while that direct contact with natural world has HEALING life satisfaction is more encompassing potential FACTORS OF HOW WELL – BEING AND LIFE - highlights beliefs and practices. SATISFACTION ACHIEVED? HOW CAN ECOPSYCHOLOGY AND AFFINITY 1. Personal Factors - personality , cognition, physical WITH NATURE DEVELOPED? health, and vigor 1. Observation about the environment 2. Environmental Conditions 2. Parental Behavior – ex. Taking care of animals at 3. Socio – economic status – home and social home environment, interpersonal relationships and education. 3. Location - ex. Rural areas are more likely to be mindful of environment 4. Goals and basic needs - The more goals are met the more life satisfaction increases 4. Print and non- print media – 5. Healthy mindset – engaging in forward thinking, HOW CONNECTION WITH NATURE IS and becoming community oriented IMPROVED? 1. One must conform with what society says of how to take care of the environemtn - Well – being and life satisfaction are highly personal and relative which is affected by personal views of life 2.Develop open mind and adopt philosophical and cultural contexts (ex. Filipino collectivistic nature) perspective QUALITIES OF A PERSON WITH HIGH LIFE 3. Go Out ant and explore SATISFCATION AND WELL – BEING 4. Disposing and segregating garbage, avoiding 1. Effective self – perception – change in attitudes plastic use. about themselves and engage in self – monitoring to LESSON 5: DISCOVERING LIFE’S MEANING minimize negative attitudes Well – Being – being intrinsic in nature, is an inner, 2. Realistic self – esteem and self – acceptance – personal construct, associated with self – esteem and self – valuation and self – respect self- understanding 3. Control of Behavior – behavior awareness and - how good one feels about himself regulation Life Satisfaction – contentment one has with the 4. True perception of the world – harboring healthy direction of his or her life is going. perceptions of their environment - can refer to the desire to change one‟s life 5. Sustaining relationships and affection – empathy and positive emotions with others - associated with one‟s quality of life 6. Self – direction and productivity – core values are basis of goals and behaviors *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERSTANDING THE SELF - It is important to make the most of what life offers Veto Power – power to disapprove a law LESSON 6: THE POLITICAL SELF – DEVELOPING - the congress can over right the president in 2/3 ratio ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP of vote Philippines – is a state because it has Territorial, - after winning the bill will be published in leading Governement, I, Sovereignty newspapers -it governs airspace , land and water - after this, 15 days must pass before implementation - it is an archipelago because it is composed of many 3. Judicial – they interpret the law islands and surrounded by bodies of water. - they answer questions and oppositions - it is located ABOVE the equator about the law - it has two season : wet and dry season - the constitution will be the basis of the decisions Government of the Philippines 4 CONSTITUTIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES R – epublic 1. Malolos Constitution (1899) – First Constitution and consider the first republic of the Philippines D – emocratic 2. 1935 Constitution – U.S. Constitution, which was P – residential declared in common wealth, U – nitary - also known as commonwealth constitution - the president of this was Manuel L. Quezon 3. Branches of Governement 3. Japanese Constitution – lasted for 3 years and 1. Legislative – composed of the UPPER house lead by Jose P. Laurel (House of Senates, 24 members) and LOWER house 4. 1972 Constitution – changes the form of (House of Representative, Congress 297 members) government from presidential to parliamentary, which Bill – start – up of laws which only congressmen can is led by Marcos pass it 5. 1987 Constitution – brough back from - three reading will be undergone by the bill before it parliamentary to presidential which was led by Cory becomes a law Aquino ( B.C. Before Cory) 2. Executive – vested to the president and his Estrada/ Arroyo and so on – president of cabinet the 4th constitution Vice President – it is dependent on the U.S.A – only 1 constitution decision of the president if he/she will be part of his Politics – refers to the actions or activities concerned cabinet or not (Ex. While Estrada was the president, with achieving and using power in a nation or society arroyo was assigned to become the secretary of DSWD) -ways that power is shared in an organization - Presidents may disapprove the law because of his veto power Aristotle : “ Man is by nature a political animal” *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERSTANDING THE SELF IMPLICATIONS OF POLITICS - major thing about OD is ANONYMITY 1. It is concerned with POWER ( Inequalities of - How identity is projected in real – life can also be the power) same what with how one‟s identity is projected on the internet. 2. Politics functions based on a particular cultural and and social economic context. 9 THEMES OF THE CONCEPT OF DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP 3. Politics in also personal 1. DIGITAL ACCESS - full electronic participation in 4. Politics goes hand in hand with the society. society - The political self is anchored on the inclination to - enables obtaining information off – site participate in POLITICAL activities that should serve the interests of all sectors of the society. 2. DIGITAL COMMERCE – electronic buying and selling of goods - simplifies business transactions and consumer Active Citizenship – structures forms of engagement sales. with political processes (voting and etc) 3. DIGITAL COMMUNICATION – electronic - process of sharing decisions which affect exchange of information one‟s life and the life of a community in which one lives. - facilitates quick communication and information access in situations where physical boundaries make - it is associated with “sense of community” it difficult Participation – fundamental right of citizenship 4. DIGITAL LITERACY – teaching and learning - political self is a result of carious personal and technology and the use of technology environmental factors that impact the individual. - incorporates the use of technology in teaching and LESSON 7: THE DIGITAL SELF learning methods 3 Major Purposes of Internet : social interaction, 5. DIGITAL LAW- electronic responsibility for actions information acquisition and generation, and and deeds, especially with ethics of technology entertainment - curtail abusive behaviors that occur online 6. DIGITAL RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITES – Digital Citizenship (DC) – norms of appropriate and those freedoms extended to everyone in a digital responsible behavior towards technology use. world. - serves the purpose of regulating human - curtail abusive behaviors that occur online behavior 7. DIGITAL HEALTH AND WELLNESS – physical 3 general principle of DC: respecting , educating , psychological well – being in a digital technology and protecting oneself and the others. world Online Disinhibition (OD) – lack of restraint one - online participation can complement and feels when communication ONLINE in supplement healthy lifestyle comparison to communicating in PERSON. *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERSTANDING THE SELF 8. DIGITAL SECURITY – electronic precautions to - they are likely to succumb to immediate guarantee safety pressures found in their environement - ensures the release of such information to legitimate 2. Present Fatalistic – individuals feel their lives stakeholders. are out of heir control 9. DIGITAL ETIQUTTE- electronic standard of - no matter they will do, things will not conduct or procedure turn as what they plan them to be - curtail abusive behaviors that occur online 3. Past – Negative – individuals are likely to REVIEWER IN UNDERSTANDING THE SELF remain in their comfort zone (FINALS) - actions influenced by what was worked THE FUTURE SELF: OUR PAST, PRESENT in the past AND FUTURE 4. Past – Negative – individuals are likely to Future Oriented Aspect – deals with the anchor in the past but being on the negative side motivational and sociocognitive aspects of an - they focus on negative decisions in the individual‟s conceptualization of who he or she is past constantly regret them and who or she can become in the future 5. Future – Oriented – individuals base their Soren Kierkegaard – once said “life can only be present choices and action on long –term understood backwards, but it must be lived consequences forwards” - they delay gratification, endure negative Time Perspectives Theory – by Philip Zimbardo situations (1999), explains how people envision their experiences - According to Zimbardo, a healthy perspective is one that combines past, present, and future time - explains that people are likely to sort, perspectives categorize, and analyze their human experiences: into past, presents and future THE POSSIBLE SELVES timeframes. Possible Selves Theory (PST) – has outlined 6 - This theory warns people in making philosophical premises decisions dominated by only one time frame 6 PREMISES OF PST 5 Time Perspectives 1. Motivational Resource and Behavioral 1. Present Hedonistic – individuals are risk – Blueprint – this is what comprises possible takers, driven by sensory, concrete factors, and selves pleasurable sensations, disregard negative consequences of their actions 2. Future selves revolve around 3 ideas - - process rather than outcome a.) ought – to selves - what one might become - emotional and volatile *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERSTANDING THE SELF b.) ideal or hoped – for selves - what - From this, he concluded that populations will grow one would like to become faster than the supply of food. This will lead to a shortage of food. c.) feared selves - what one is afraid to become Population Control - Malthus then argued that because there will be higher population than the 3. Future Self is intertwined with his or her past availability of food, many people will die from the and present selves – shortage of food 4. Future selves are a product of social Natural Checks - He believed that natural forces will interactions correct the imbalance between food supply and population growth in the form of natural disasters 5. Life transitions that have an enabling influence such as floods and earthquakes and man-made of one’s future’s selves actions such as wars and famines. 6. Proximal and distal goals – people are more Preventative Checks- To correct the imbalance, motivated to work on goals that are more immediate Malthus also suggested using preventative measures that those which are not. to control the growth of the population. These POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHY measures include family planning, late marriages, and celibacy. Demography - Is the statistical analysis and description of population aggregates with reference to Crude birth rate(CBR) - Crude birth rate represents the distribution, vital statistics, age, sex and related the childbirths per 1,000 people each year. factors Formula: - the composition of a particular human population. CBR = number of deaths/mid-year population x 1000 Population - Is the number of persons occupying a Mortality - It is the number of deaths within certain geographic area, drawing substance from their a particular society and within a habitat, and interacting with one another. particular period of time Thomas Robert Malthus - an English cleric, and Formula of Mortality rate scholar published this theory in his 1798 writings, An Essay on the Principle of Population. Mortality rate = (deaths / population) * 1000 Malthusian theory of Population Growth Life expectancy - It is a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, - Malthus examined the relationship between population growth and resources. From this, he Population density - Population density is a developed the Malthusian theory of population measurement of population per unit area or unit growth in which he wrote that population growth volume occurs exponentially, so it increases according to birth rate. Population Density = Number of People/Land Area. - Thomas Malthus theorized that populations grew Migration - It is described as the geographic in geometric progression. He also stated that food population shifts within nations and across borders. production increases in arithmetic progression Two types of Migration *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERSTANDING THE SELF 1. Immigration (I) - Movement of people into a - Some of the methods here are (Basal Temperature, specific area Calendar Method, and Withdrawal) 2. Emigration (E) - Movement of people in away from Basal Temperature – Considering the normal body a specific area temperature of a human, when it was found out that the temperature is higher than the normal, women are Migration rate - This rate illustrates the change in the considered fertile population Calendar Method – after 10 days of menstrual cycle, Crude net migration rate = I – E / P * 1,000 is the safest day for intercourse, however this is not Population change = (Births + Immigrations) – reliable since there are a lot of woman who are (Deaths + Emigration) irregular FAMILY PLANNING Withdrawal – this is the act of withdrawing the penis before the ejaculation happen - Refers to the planning of when to have children, and the use of birth control. It allows individuals and PERMANENT FAMILY PLANNING couples to anticipate and have their desire number of VASECTOMY - Male tubes cut to stop the sperm children, and to achieve healthy spacing and timing of getting to the penis their births. It can achieved through the use of contraceptive method and the treatment of involuntary TUBAL LIGATION - Clips put on female tubes to stop infertility. the egg getting to the uterus. 4 PILLARS OF PHILIPPINE FAMILY PLANNING ARTIFICIAL FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM 2 TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL FAMILY PLANNING RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD - It is the will and 1. BARRIERS - Barrier methods stop sperm from ability to respond to the needs and aspirations of the entering vagina. family. It promotes the freedom of responsible parents to decide on the timing and size of their families in a. ) MALE CONDOMS pursuit of a better life b.) FEMALE CONDOMS RESPECT FOR LIFE - The 1987 constitution protects the life of the unborn for the moment of conception. c.) DIAPHRAGM The Family Planning aims to prevent abortion thereby saving lives of both women and children. 2. Long – Acting Reversible Contraceptives - Is a BIRTH SPACING - Proper spacing of 3 to 5 years contraceptive that lasts for a long time. You don‟t from recent pregnancy in able women to recover from need to remember it everyday or even every month. pregnancy and to improve their well-being a.) COMBINED PILL INFORMED CHOICE - Couples and individuals are fully informed on the different modern Family b.) PROGESTOGEN PILL Planning methods. c.) VAGINAL RING NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING - Typical Menstrual Cycle of a woman is 28 days d.) IMPLANTABLE ROD *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERSTANDING THE SELF e.) CONTRACEPTIVE PATCH FERTILITY AWARENESS - A woman can watch over herself whether she like it or not to be pregnant *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.