Contemporary Arts Midterm PDF

**APOSTOLIC VICARIATE OF BONTOC-LAGAWE** **CATHOLIC SCHOOLS IN IFUGAO** **2^nd^ Semester -- Midterm** **CONTEMPORARY ARTS** -------------- **LESSON 1** -------------- Dear learners, this unit discusses the highest distinction an artist can be given in the Philippines,...

**APOSTOLIC VICARIATE OF BONTOC-LAGAWE** **CATHOLIC SCHOOLS IN IFUGAO** **2^nd^ Semester -- Midterm** **CONTEMPORARY ARTS** -------------- **LESSON 1** -------------- Dear learners, this unit discusses the highest distinction an artist can be given in the Philippines, namely the Pambansang Alagad ng Sining ng Pilipinas or the National Artist of the Philippines, and the Gawad sa Manlilika ng Bayan or the National Living Treasures award. Included are brief discussions on the other distinctions a Filipino artist could receive, such as the Outstanding Young Men Award and Thirteen Artists Award. The List of recipients of the said awards as of writing are incorporated in the topic. Some artists are acclaimed for their exemplary and outstanding works. These artists are given awards as recognition for their contribution and enrichment of Philippine culture and arts. Their bodies of work have become a benchmark and have been influential to other artists in developing and honing their craft. **CONTEMPORARY ARTS** - It is defined as the art of the "NOW". These are the artworks that are produced in the present. It isn\'t easy to define the actual starting point of contemporary art since the present is in constant motion, and what we might consider contemporary art today might not be true in the future. **ART** - Is a tangible output of creative expression of human creativity and skill to express oneself, it can open opportunities and provide an avenue to express one's thoughts and feelings. - Is defined as the manifestation or use of the various creative disciplines. - Is a tool for communication. Whether it is a painting or a performance as long as it is a venue for one to convey or express thoughts, emotions, or aspirations, it is considered art. Every artwork reflects the artist and his/her society. - Art is one of the earliest and most basic forms of communication. This is seen in prehistoric visual artworks like cave drawings and other early artifacts. This was also evident in our folk songs and rituals. The visual and performing arts are ways for people to express themselves and share their insights with others. Through these arts, they can catch other people's attention, imagination, and admiration. **PHILIPPINE CONTEMPORARY ART** - **The art of the Philippines** refers to the works of art that have developed and accumulated in the Philippines from the beginning of civilization in the country up to the present era. It reflects its society and non-Filipinos the wide range of cultural influences on the country\'s culture and how these influences honed the country\'s arts. The art of the Philippines can be divided into two distinct branches, namely**, traditional arts**, and **non-traditional arts**. **VISUAL ARTS** - a term used to describe a wide array of artistic disciplines that are appreciated primarily through sight. Visual Arts includes different art forms and disciplines such as; FINE ARTS, DECORATIVE ARTS, AND CONTEMPORARY ART FORMS. **[1. FINE ARTS]** - **Are** artworks readily associated with art. The term ***fine arts*** were first used to describe the art forms created primarily for their appearance rather than their practical use. As time passed, this term was used to include artworks that came about from emerging technology and artistic innovations. Examples of Fine Arts: DRAWING, PAINTING, SCULPTURE, GRAPHIC ART, CALLIGRAPHY, and ARCHITECTURE. **A. DRAWING** - the art or technique of representing an object or outlining a figure plan or sketch using lines by a pencil, pen, marker, and usually without paint. **B. PAINTING** - a two-dimensional form of art that showcases artistic expression created on a flat surface. - Images are made by applying pigment on a prepared surface using typically one or a combination of the following: 1. *Tools*: - Brush, Palette knife, Spray, 2. *Mediums*: - Oil, Acrylic, Watercolor, Poster color, Pastel, ink 3. *Materials*: - Canvass, Paper, Wood, Cardboard 4. *Painting themes*: Religious, Historical, Portraiture paintings, Still Life, landscapes, Nude and Genres. **PAINTING THEMES** ***Religious Themes* --** were the primary subject for the artworks during the Spanish colonial times. - Joey Velasco (1967-2010) - "Hapag ng Pag-asa ", many of his paintings depict Jesus Christ in the present day. - Renato Habulan\'s (1953) "bocetos" pen and ink series shows the similarities between the suffering of the human condition with that of the passion of Christ through the use of Christian iconography. ***Genres --*** These are paintings whose themes showcase people doing everyday activities and chores **C. GRAPHIC ART** - The fine and applied arts of representation, decoration, writing, and printing on flat surfaces together with the techniques and crafts associated with it. **D. CALLIGRAPHY** - The art of making beautiful handwriting. Artistic, stylized, elegant handwriting or lettering *originated in French or Greek* and it was first used in 1604*.* French "calligraphie", Greek "kalligraphia", which kalli means beautiful (Kalos "beauty") and Graphia "graphy". **E. SCULPTURE** - Are three-dimensional artworks - Sculpture is made by either adding or subtracting materials, subtraction is used in carving, while addition is seen in sculpting techniques like molding casting, and welding. Classifications of sculptures: 1. ***Free Standing*** -- Also known as in the round, sculptures that are raised independently in their given space. It can be often observed from all points of view. 2. ***Relief* --** These are sculptures that are raised from a background. **F. ARCHITECTURE** -- The art or science of designing and creating buildings. Some structures are meant to be used as shelter. -------------- **LESSON 2** -------------- **[2. DECORATIVE ARTS]** - Also known as ***decorative crafts***, are Artworks that are both aesthetically pleasing and functional. While the fine arts are primarily concerned with beauty and aesthetics, the Decorative arts are not only beautiful but are useful as well. From the Renaissance up until the twentieth century, many artists in the West considered Decorative arts as a lower version of art; makers of these artworks were not considered as artists but rather as craftsmen. **Forms of Decorative Arts (POTTERY, CARVING, WEAVING, METALWORK)** **A. POTTERY** - It is the art and craft of making pots and other wares using clay or mud. In Vigan Ilocos Sur, the pottery tradition is still alive with their high-temperature pottery called *BURNAY.* It is used as a container for a variety of things like water, salt wine, etc. This earthenware is Heated in Giant kilns. - *Kiln --* A furnace or oven for burning, baking, or drying, especially one for calcining lime or firing pottery. **B. CARVING** - Is the art of manipulating and creating objects by subtracting and shaping solid materials such as wood and stone. The Ifugao's Rice God or the "*BULUL"* is represented through carved wood and is used as a decorative element throughout their daily wares. The Muslims of Western Mindanao carved geometric patterns and stylized images of plants and animals called "*OKIR"*. Popular decorative motifs are the *SARIMANOK* and the *NAGA*. These are used as decorations in their houses, boats instruments containers weapons, and utensils. **C. WEAVING** - Is the art of interlacing threads or fibers to create fabric, textile, or similar products. Philippine textiles are often made from Indigenous plants such as Piῆa, abaca, maguey, and cotton. - Traditional weaving methods can still be seen in the Ilocos Region. Many of the woven products such as blankets called BINAKOL and PINILIAN. In the mountain provinces IKAT process is being revived. The IKAT is a *dyeing* process that involves resisting dyeing to achieve a desired pattern, after which the fibers are then woven. **D. METALWORK** - It is the art of creating and manipulating materials to create various items such as jewelry and weapons. Based on the archaeological records and artifacts, the Filipinos were skilled metalworkers. Many amazing pieces of jewelry and ornaments discovered from different sites prove the early Filipino Talent. Metal ornaments and jewelry are found in different regions, these are often considered as one's possession and are passed from one generation to another. - The Maranaos from Tugaya, Lanao Del Sur is the largest manufacturer of brassware in the Philippines. One of their most popular products is the "*Gador"* or decorated brass urns made using the lost-wax process. Lost-wax process also called the cire-perdue, method of metal casting in which molten metal is poured into a mold that has been created using the wax model. Once the mold is made, the wax model is melted and drained away. [**3. CONTEMPORARY ART FORMS** **(COLLAGE, ASSEMBLAGE, MOBILE ART, PERFORMANCE ART, INSTALLATION ART)**] - Many contemporary art forms cannot be easily classified and categorized following the traditional definitions, some contemporary art forms blur the distinctions between the disciplines and genres. Some are products of new technological advancements and cannot be categorized using outdated definitions, hence the need to classify them under their heading as contemporary art forms. **A. COLLAGE** - It is the method of combining printed images with other flat media and pasting them on a canvas or flat boards. This contemporary art method first came about in the early 1900s as part of the experimentation of the cubists Picasso and Braque. They used cutouts of newspaper that were pasted onto their paintings. **B. ASSEMBLAGE** - It is a term used by French Artist Jean Dubuffet in 1952 to describe a series of artworks made from paper collages, wood scraps, and other found objects. - Among the pioneers in assemblage art in the Philippines is Lao Lianben (1948) He was born in Manila on April 21, 1948. He used indigenous materials for his artworks in the 1960's. He placed twigs and small branches on top of carved wooden panels as commentary on forest devastation. - Roberto Feleo\'s (1954) works called Sapin-sapin show a combination of different pieces, both found and made, that portray traditional, historical, iconic, and popular images. **C. MOBILE** - Refers to a sculptural work that is suspended from the ceiling or a protruding base. It is typically made with several balancing rods dangling at different lengths carrying one or more elements. - This was pioneered by the American artist Alexander Calder. The mobile is an example of a kinetic sculpture since it is moving due to its interaction with the wind. **D. PERFORMANCE ART** - The mixture of visual arts and performing arts. It is early incarnations were the happenings of the Dada movement in 1916. - The medium used in performance art is the artist himself, and the artwork is the acting and the movements of the artist. A performance, to be considered performance art, should be done in front of a live audience. Artists often include various disciplines in their art such as digital art, videos, and fashions. Performance art can be done spontaneously or rehearsed. It can be done in a simple manner or as a large-scale event. **E. INSTALLATION ART** - Is a form of contemporary art that involves the arrangement of objects in a given space. Installation art is intentionally designed to be experienced as a temporary work of art. - Incorporates different materials that may include traditional sculptural materials such as wood, metal, and different objects as well as technology-based media such as light, sound, videos, and digital. - Installation art often takes into consideration the viewers of the art and it allows them to move around the work and immense themselves within the art, making the audience and their reactions part of the artwork. -------------- **LESSON 3** -------------- **CONTEMPORARY PERFORMING ARTS** - When artists use their voices or their body movements to communicate artistic expression, it is considered an example of Performing arts. All are meant to be enacted in front of a live audience. They are often categorized into three types; MUSIC, DANCE, AND THEATER. **MUSIC** - Is the universal form of art. It is defined as the manipulation of sound and silence. It blends different elements such as pitch, rhythm, dynamics, timbre, and texture to create sound. It is performed by utilizing different instruments, vocal techniques, and styles. It can be performed live or recorded and can be prepared in advance or improvised. - **The word MUSIC comes from the Greek word "MOUSIKE" which means "art of Muses" in Ancient Greece.** **FORMS OF MUSIC (Kundiman and Harana, Ballad, Chamber Music, Choral Music, Liturgical Music, Opera, Pop Music, Protest Song)** **[1. HARANA AND KUNDIMAN]** - **KUNDIMAN** - **A product of Spanish colonization, it's an art song that signifies love and affection for someone.** - **Kundiman is a genre of traditional Filipino love song.** - **The lyrics of the kundiman are written in Tagalog.** - **The melody is characterized by a smooth, flowing, and gentle rhythm with dramatic intervals.** - **Kundiman was the traditional means of serenade in the Philippines.** - **"Traditional Kundiman" is rarely heard at present except for the occasional radio play on the AM radio.** - **"Contemporary kundiman" is an iteration of a modern art form using contemporary vernacular lyrics and accompanied by electronic instruments.** - **HARANA** - **A traditional courtship ritual in the Philippines where men introduce themselves and woo women by singing underneath their windows at night.** - **Almost all love songs can be sung during harana, including Kundiman songs.** - **Uses deep Tagalog words and is used to implore the girl to listen or give attention such as; "Dungawin Mo, Hirang", "O, Ilaw".** - **The Harana is rooted in the Mexican-Spanish tradition and based on the rhythmic patterns of the habanera.** **[2. BALLAD]** - **A song that narrates an event in a community, the style varies from region to region and from ethnic tribe to another.** - **The term ballad in modern times has been applied to describe love songs, a "balladeer" is an artist whose set of songs is primarily composed of romantic songs.** - **Ballads engage your attention at once and they begin in media\'s res (in the middle of things) usually the action is presented using a sequence of little dramatic scenes or in a question-and-answer format.** **Examples:** - **"Idangdang" of Bukidnon, "Iyangkit Parang Sabil" of the Tausug, "Composo" of the Hiligaynon.** - **"Magellan" a popular example of a traditional ballad by Yoyoy Villame (1932-2007)** **TYPES OF BALLADS** - **Traditional Ballad** - **It is a kind of ballad that was developed by anonymous poets in ancient times and handed down to our generation by word of mouth. It has no written form and it is a verbal sort of poetry, which underwent reasonable changes over time due to new circumstances and conditions and had no single author, it has the product of many poets** - **Broadside Ballad (also known as broadsheet)** - **A single sheet of inexpensive paper oriented on one side, often with a ballad rhyme, news, and sometimes with Woodcut illustrations.** - **Literary Ballad** - **An imitation of a traditional ballad, the only difference is the two ballads in authorship.** **[3. CHAMBER MUSIC]** - **A form of instrumental music composed by a small ensemble where each part is composed by one player, as opposed to an orchestra where a part is performed by a group of musicians.** - **Usually performed with a group of three to eight musicians, it is performed in an intimate setting by amateurs or professionals.** **"CHAMBER" -- Is a room (from the French word "Chambre"), Chamber -- In English means a room in a large house or in a castle.** **[4. CHORAL MUSIC]** - **Musical composition intended to be performed by a group of singers called a "choir", the choir is arranged according to voice categories such as soprano, alto, tenor, and bass, early choirs in the Philippines performed in churches, singing a religious hymn during the mass and still practiced with many churches and religious groups with their choir including also schools having own choral groups.** **[5. LITURGICAL MUSIC]** - **A song that is intended for Christian church services, its early form was inspired by Jewish chants during religious rituals. Many musicians adapted liturgical music to reflect contemporary musical styles and forms.** - **Liturgical music is also called church music. Is written for performance in a religious rite of worship; the term is most commonly associated with the Christian tradition.** - **Liturgical music, being a type of sacred music, has been called by all the popes of the 20^th^ century, from Pope Pius X to Pope John Paul II, the finest of all the arts employed in service to worship. Sacred music is the term preferred by the hierarchy of musical arts applied to the liturgical rites.** - **It implies artistic worthiness, holiness in style, and a general acceptability, or universality.** **[6. OPERA]** - **A combination of both music and theatre. it is a sung drama that entails the collaborative efforts of singers, dancers, composers, and choreographers.** - **One type of song found in an opera is the ARIA, which is a song sung in Solo that portrays the character's emotional state.** - **A staged drama set to music in its entirety is made up of vocal pieces with instrumental accompaniment and usually with orchestral overtures and interludes. The English word opera is an abbreviation of the Italian phrase opera in music ("work in music"). It denotes a theatrical work consisting of a dramatic text, or libretto ("booklet"), that has been set to music and staged with scenery, costumes, and movement.** - **Art and music in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text called "libretto" and musical score, usually in an elaborate theatrical setting.** - **Dialogue is entirely sung not spoken. It incorporates many of the elements of the spoken theater such as acting scenery and costumes and sometimes includes dance.** **TRADITIONAL OPERA -- Consists of two modes of singing: recitative, the plot-driving passages often sung in a non-melodic style, and aria (an "air" or formal song) in which the characters express their emotions in a more structured melodic style.** **TYPES OF OPERA** - **OPERA SERIA** - **characterized by serious historical dramas, a highly vocal male lead, and a noble audience.** - **Italian term "Drama Per Musica" which refers to the serious style of Italian opera in the 18^th^ century** - **OPERA BUFA** - **a comedic opera that was popular in the 18^TH^ century, the comic opera was just a short one-act skit performed during the intermission of serious operas. Focus on ordinary people and everyday settings, local dialects, and simple vocal writing, Characters showed such as stupidity, vanity, greed, and affection.** **[7. POP MUSIC]** - **"Popular music", is used to describe what is readily available to the broad populace. An umbrella term that encompasses a multitude of different genres of music such as RnB, Rap, Rock, Hip-hop, Dance, etc.** - **many critics look down on this type of music because some songs gain recognition due to their popularity and rarely for their quality.** **[8. PROTEST MUSIC]** - **Songs that bring to light injustices and inequality in society, seek to inspire nationalism and heroism from their listeners.** - **It is associated with a movement for social change. The genres can also be folk, classical, or even commercial. The main point of a protest song is to directly call for a change with the use of humor, irony, or the ballad form to make its point.** - **comes in many musical forms such as Kundiman as seen in "Bayan Ko" (1928)** **"Bayan Ko" -- Is one of the most popular and recognizable examples of a protest song made with the collaboration between Jose Corazon de Jesus (1896-1932) who wrote the lyrics that were set to music by Constancio de Guzman (1903-1982), still used in many protest movements because of strong emotional effect it has on its audience it is a tribute to the Motherland and plea of its citizens to be free from struggle and oppression this song is first used as a call of independence from the Americans and later on the Japanese and also popular used in rallies and marches during the Marcos era.** -------------- **LESSON 4** -------------- **DANCE** - dancing, much like music, is very popular in the Philippines. - it is a way to bond and share our talents with the rest of the community - the types and forms of dances expressed in the Philippines are quite diverse, this is especially true for the indigenous dances of the Philippines**.** - Indigenous dances in the Philippines are influenced and molded by various factors, such as the experience and events in the community as reflected by the war dances of the people of the mountain province. - Dance reflects the group's values and beliefs like the Samal's "pangalay" which is performed slowly with intricate poses. - most indigenous dance was performed as ritualistic dances to ask for good fortune and abundance. Some are performed as narratives of the community's daily life as evident in the different mimetic dances all over the archipelago. - many indigenous ritualistic dances were adapted to be used as vehicles of veneration to the different figures in Christianity. - social dances during this time were influenced by the trends in Europe. Popular European dances that we have adapted to our own were the "pandango", the "polka", and the balloon dance "Rigodon De Honor" which can still be seen performed in debuts. **CONTEMPORARY DANCE FORMS FOUND IN THE PHILIPPINES** **1. [AEROBIC DANCE ]** - Is a dance routine made into an exercise program, it is usually accompanied by upbeat pop music. *Formal aerobic dance class has 3 phases:* - warm-up - aerobic dance - cool down exercises - there have been many variations of aerobic dancing, usually dictated by the type of music used **Example:** 1. Jazzercise, 2. Aero-hip-hop, 3. Ballroom dancing, 4. Belly dancing, 5. Brazilian developed Zumba. **[2. BALLET]** - Is both a dance and theatre art - It is a style and dance technique that follows a strict set of moves and performances. - It originated from the European court spectacles and was later brought to the Philippines by the Americans. Different contemporary reiterations of ballet form: 1. Modern ballet, 2. Opera ballet, 3. Folkloric ballet A. **MODERN BALLET** - A traditional ballet techniques and styles set to contemporary ideas and subjects. It is a type of modern dance that uses a contemporary and sometimes experimental attitude toward traditional dance techniques and style. - This type of ballet is not limited to the confines of the stage and can be presented outdoors and in other unconventional venues. These ballet performances tackle prevailing themes and are accompanied by modern music. B. **OPERA BALLET** - Its more modern version is called the rock ballet. - This type of ballet combines dance and song. C. **FOLKLORE BALLET** - Is a performance that presents subjects and themes based on the art and culture of a community. **MAJOR BALLET COMPANIES IN THE PHILIPPINES** 1. Ballet Philippines (1969) 2. Philippine Ballet Theatre (1987) 3. Ballet Manila (1995) **[3. FOLK DANCE]** - The different dances performed by various cultural groups throughout the country. - It changes from region to region and is performed by non-professional dancers who are members of the said community. - It is often performed during rituals, festivals, fiestas, and other community celebrations. **MIMETIC DANCES** - are dance movements imitating animals**.** - It depicts movements that copy communal activities such as planting rice and harvesting. **Example:** - "[Managat]" of Cebu which imitates the movements of fishermen. - "Tanobong" of Pangasinese which mimics the steps in making a broom. Traditional dances have been used by ethnic groups to celebrate their identity based on their: culture, literature, legends, and beliefs. **EXAMPLES:** 1. **TINIKLING (Waray)** - Is considered as the Philippines' national dance. - One of the oldest dances in the country; the word "tinikling" is derived from the movements of the "tikling" bird as it wanders on grass stems and crushes several branches of trees. Dance performers ship gracefully back and forth while trying to avoid getting their feet caught by two bamboo poles. 2. **SUBLI** (Batangas) 3. **ATI-ATIHAN** (Aklan) 4. **MASKARA** (Bacolod) 5. **SINULOG** (Cebu) 6. **CARINOSA** - Is another well-liked dance in the country. The word "Carinosa" is derived from the Spanish word that means "the loving or affectionate one". - This courtship dance is closely associated with the Panay islands in the Visayas region and is said to have its panic origin. **SOME PROFESSIONAL DANCE TROUPES THAT SPECIALIZE IN SHOWCASING FOLK DANCE ARE THE:** - Bayanihan Dance Company - Darangan Cultural Dance Troupe of Marawi - Tambuli Cultural Troupe of Tawi-Tawi **THEATER** Many say that theater is the ultimate art since it is a collaborative art form that combines the various disciplines of art such as literature, visual art, music, and dance. The Philippines is known to produce world-class theater artists and playwrights like Lea Salonga, Audie Gemora, Tony Perez, and Rene Villanueva. This art form is part of the country's cultural heritage from the pre-colonial time up to the present. Theater, as Filipinos know it today, came during the Spanish colonization. It was used in tandem with the other disciplines of art to spread Christianity. These religious plays are often retelling of the stories of the different events, figures, and personalities in the Bible. In the 1880's the zarzuelas were a popular form of entertainment for the Filipinos that showcased love stories of the upper class prepared with comedic situations. Also, around this time, the drama was introduced to the Filipinos. This theater form tells stories about the struggles of everyday life. The sarswela and the drama were important to the development of Philippine theater since they depicted a more realistic view of the lives of Filipinos.