Hormone Notes PDF

‫فقرة‬ ‫لو سألك‬ ‫‪Note‬‬ ‫تعالى نفرق بين‬ Note ‫تعالى نجمع‬ All pituitary gland hormones are proteinic hormones GH Prolactin TSH ACTH FSH...

‫فقرة‬ ‫لو سألك‬ ‫‪Note‬‬ ‫تعالى نفرق بين‬ Note ‫تعالى نجمع‬ All pituitary gland hormones are proteinic hormones GH Prolactin TSH ACTH FSH LH Oxytocin ADH Note ‫الفرق بين‬ Glandular hormones & Neurohormones Glandular hormones: Hormones that produced by Endocrine glands Examples: GH, Prolactin, TSH , ACTH , FSH, LH, Thyroxine,...... Neurohormones : Hormones that produced by specialized neurons within the nervous system. These neurons are known as Nerve secreting cells Example: ADH, Oxytocin, Dopamine. 20) Which of the following is not considered from the properties of (ADH) hormone? (First session , 2022) A) It is transferred through bloodstream. B) It keeps the internal environment of the body. C) It is secreted in small amounts. D) It is secreted by an endocrine gland 21) Study the following diagram for the activity of an endocrine gland, then conclude: What distinguishes the cell (X)? (Second session , 2022) A) Neurosecretory. B) Glandular secreted in blood directly. C) Glandular secreted in special ducts. D) Storing nerve cells. Note ❖TSH & ACTH & FSH & LH & Prolactin & Oxytocin Affect Glandular organs ❖ ADH Affects Non-glandular organ (Smooth muscles of blood vessels and Kidney nephrons tubules) Note Hormones of pituitary gland Hormones that stimulate Endocrine glands TSH - ACTH Hormones that stimulate Exocrine glands Prolactin - Oxytocin Hormones that stimulate Mixed glands FSH - LH Note The relationship between conc. of GH in blood and Amount of amino acids in blood – Rate of protein synthesis - rate of peptide bonds formation. Amount of amino acids in blood Rate of protein synthesis rate of peptide bonds formation Conc. of GH in blood Note ‫تعالى نجمع‬ Factors that increase Growth hormone in the blood Conc. of GH in blood Eating food rich in proteins Sex hormones (during puberty) Note The relationship between conc. of GH in blood and the height of the person The height of the person The height of the person Conc. of GH during childhood Conc. of GH in blood in adults Note The relationship between TSH and Thyroxin hormone Thyroxin hormone TSH TSH Thyroxin hormone Note Hypothalamus Hypothalamus is considered an area in the brain that links between the nervous system and endocrine system Which of the following represents the connection between the nervous system and the endocrine system? A) Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland B) hypothalamus C) Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland D) Adrenal cortex  Note Neurosecretory cells Cell body Formation of the neural hormones {ADH - Oxytocin} Axon Transportation of the neural hormones Nerve ending Storage of the neural hormones Note ‫تعالى نجمع‬ Acetylcholine & ADH & Oxytocin All are formed in the neurons & Stored in vesicles in the nerve ending & released after depolarization and entry of calcium ions that lead to rupture of vesicles BUT Acetylcholine is released to muscle fibers in the neuromuscular junction ADH and oxytocin are released in the blood capillaries in the posterior lobe of pituitary gland 63) Which of the following changes causes the secretion of ADH in blood? A) Arrival of acetylcholine to its specific receptors on glandular cells’ membranes. B) Arrival of cholinesterase to its specific receptors on glandular cells’ membranes. C) The entry of calcium ions through its pumps into the secreting nerve’s terminals. D) Arrival of a hormone to its specific receptors of the membranes of secreting cells. Note ‫تعالى نجمع‬ ADH have a direct effect on Kidney ACTH have an indirect effect on kidney 8)........hormone has a direct effect on both kidneys. A) Prolactin. B) ADH. C) ACTH. D) FSH. Note ‫تعالى نجمع‬ ADH increase blood pressure by TWO WAYS Direct way: Contraction of the smooth muscles of blood vessels Blood pressure Indirect way: Reabsorption of water from kidney Increase the blood volume Blood pressure  Note ADH graphs Urine volume Blood volume Blood Pressure ADH ADH ADH Urine osmolarity Amount of solutes in urine Blood osmolarity (urea) ADH ADH ADH  Note ADH graphs Amount of solutes Blood ADH ADH ADH Morphine Alcohol / Caffeine ADH Rate of passage of amino acid into neurosecretory cells Summer / Exercise /Sweating Summer / Exercise Hemorrhage / Vomiting / Sweating /Hemorrhage Diarrhea Vomiting / Diarrhea ‫‪Note‬‬ ‫تعلى نجمع‬ Note ‫خلي بالك‬ ADH affects the blood osmolarity and Vice verse ADH affects the urine osmolarity BUT NOT Vice versa  Note Kidney The kidney is connected to ❖ Renal artery which carry the blood to the kidney for filtration ❖ Renal vein which carry the blood from the kidney after Filtration ❖ Ureter which carry the urine (The waste products of filtration) Note The effect of ADH hormone on these vessels It Increases the reabsorption of water from nephron`s tubules Decrease the osmolarity of blood in the renal vein Increase the osmolarity of urine in the ureter Note The effect of ADH hormone on these vessels So it affects the osmolarity of fluids in renal vein and ureter NOT renal artery  Note ‫تعالى نجمع‬ Prolactin Works on secretory cells for production of milk Oxytocin Oxytocin Works on smooth muscles for releasing of milk Prolactin What is the correct sequence for the function of both prolactin and oxytocin hormones? A) Coincident B) Successive C) Separate D) Opposite Note ‫تعالى نجمع‬ Both hormones of neurohypophysis cause contraction of smooth muscles NOT skeletal or cardiac muscles Oxytocin Contraction of smooth muscles of mammary gland and uterus ADH Contraction of smooth muscles of blood vessels ‫‪Note‬‬ ‫خلي بالك‬ ‫اعراض نقص اي هرمون ممكن تحصل نتيجه حاجتين‪:‬‬ ‫❖ نقص الهرمون فعال‬ ‫❖ مشكله فى ‪ Receptors‬بتاعت الهرمون‬ Note ‫خلي بالك‬ Hyposecretion of GH during childhood Dwarfism Disturbance in the receptors of GH Hyposecretion of ADH Diabetes Disturbance in the receptors of ADH on insipidus kidney nephrons A woman produces a sufficient amount of milk after birth, but the baby remains hungry after each feeding. What could be the cause of this condition? A) Decreased activity of anterior pituitary cells B) Increased activity of anterior pituitary cells C) Increased activity of hypothalamic secretory cells D) Decreased activity of hypothalamic secretory cells Homework Questions 19) Growth hormone plays a major role in the synthesis of which of the following? A) Testosterone hormone. B) Liver glycogen. C) Myosin filaments. D) Cortisone hormone. 64) Study the figure in front of you , then answer (1-2): 1- Which of the following is present in the infundibulum (stalk) of the pituitary gland? A) Hypothalamus. B) Nerve endings for neuro-secretory cells. C) Axons of nerve cells. D) Bodies of nerve cells. 2-Which of the following exists within the structure of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland? A) Hypothalamus. B) Nerve endings for neuro-secretory cells. C) Axons of nerve cells. D) Bodies of nerve cells. 58) The opposite figure shows a transverse section in the kidney cortex showing some collecting ducts, which of the following choices is correct with respect to the action of a hormone that is secreted from the neuro- secretory cells that are present in the hypothalamus region in the brain? A) Direction (Y) leads to decreasing the blood osmolarity. B) Direction (X) leads to decreasing the urine osmolarity. C) The water molecules movement increases in direction (X). D) The water molecules movement increases in direction (Y). PreviousExams Questions 46) Study the opposite graph that illustrates the normal growth rate in children in the area between X and Y and the symbols A, B, C and D represent 4 children. Which one of the four children suffers from shortage in growth hormone secretion? (Final exam 2021 ,2nd session) A) A B) B C) C D) D 68) Study the opposite drawing and then determine. What is the structure that is responsible for secretion of neurohypophysis hormones of the pituitary gland into the blood? (1st Session , 2023). A) A blood capillary of the posterior lobe of pituitary gland. B) Glandular cells in the posterior lobe of pituitary gland. C) The nerve ending of a secreting nerve cell in hypothalamus. D) The nerve ending of a nerve cell in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. 69) Study the diagram then conclude: Where is the hormone represented by the letter (X) Synthesized in the human body? (Final 2024 , First session) A) At the ribosomes of the cells of the hypothalamus. B) At the ribosomes of the posterior lobe of pituitary gland cells. C) Inside the nucleus of the cells of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. D) Inside the nucleus of the cells of the hypothalamus Study the diagrammatic drawing that illustrates the action of one hormone: (Final 2024 , First session) A) What is the name of the hormone (X) and what are its building units? Growth hormone or GH Amino acids Study the diagrammatic drawing that illustrates the action of one hormone: (Final 2024 , First session) B) What are the target cells of the hormone (X)? Bone THANK YOU!