Literary Studies PDF

MAYA HELMCHEN | 2344379 Literary Studies INTRODUCTION TO LITERARY STUDIES - LITERATURE/POETRY WHAT IS LITERATURE? = Sonnets, diary entries (Anne Frank), letters, novels - literary texts; storytelling, ‘fictional‘ - non-literary texts; ‘neutral’, objective vs. subjective narrative perspectives...

MAYA HELMCHEN | 2344379 Literary Studies INTRODUCTION TO LITERARY STUDIES - LITERATURE/POETRY WHAT IS LITERATURE? = Sonnets, diary entries (Anne Frank), letters, novels - literary texts; storytelling, ‘fictional‘ - non-literary texts; ‘neutral’, objective vs. subjective narrative perspectives subject - authorial - omniscient narrator (knows everything) message - first person narrator addresser [emotive] ➞ ➞ addressee [conative] contact - third person limited ("outside")/omniscient - unreliable narrator (opposite of omniscient) code Function of literature - storytelling; convey a story - express feelings, share opinion, social criticism, political opinions; social awareness - famous literature has enormous impact on society ⇨ understanding cultural and historical contexts broad vs. narrow definition - broad; a wide range of written, oral, or even visual forms of expression - narrow; focusing on more specific aspects normative vs. descriptive definition - normative; definition what literature should be or do, often tied to aesthetic or moral ideals - descriptive; definition that objectively describes what literature is, without value judgments POETRY characteristics of poetry - subjective perspective ‘lyric persona’ - rhyme scheme (e.g. rhyming couplets) - metre extratextual level (outside) - lack of any plot [sometimes] intertextual (inside) - high degree of diversity real (historical) ➞ fictive speaker ‘lyric I’ ➞ subject-matter of speech ➞ fictive addressee ‘lyric thou’ ➞ real author author - spatial & temporal relations - musicality = origin of different features speech situation; [addresser ⭤ addressee] - their spatial + temporal situation = Who is the speaker? Who is the addressee? When & where are both situated?, speech situation can change throughout the text - ‘lyric persona’/’lyric I’ = speaker, ‘lyric thou’ = person being spoken to - explicit subjectivity = clear and overt expression of personal opinions, emotions and self expression, clear subjectivity - implicit subjectivity = indirect expression of personal opinions or emotions, suggested subjectivity - enounced = content - ‘what?’; places, people, feelings, experiences - enucation = ‘how it is expressed’; language, structure, form  MAYA HELMCHEN | 2344379 Literary Studies INTRODUCTION TO LITERARY STUDIES - POETRY structure of poetry - metre; stressed/unstressed syllables ➞ iamb [u/] ➞ trochee [/u] ➞ anapaest [uu/] ➞ dactyl [/uu] - number of feet; ➞ Trimeter (3 stressed syllables) ➞ Tetrameter (4) ➞ Pentameter (5) ➞ Hexameter (6) ➞ Heptameter, Octa” (8), Mono” (1), Di” (2) - rhythm; ➞ words + metre influences rhytm - external structure - stanzaic form; stanzas with 3/4 lines = tercets, quatrains, paired lines = couplet - internal structure; break marked by shift - rhyme scheme; rhyme at the of the verse, internal rhyme = in the middle of verse ➞ rhyming couplets [aa bb cc] ➞ alternate rhyme [ab ab cd cd] ➞ embracing rhyme [abba] ➞ chain rhyme [aba bcb cdc] ➞ tail rhyme [aab ccb] - other stylistic devices; ➞ Metaphor; indirect comparison, saying one thing is another [Time is a thief] ➞ Alliteration; same initial sounds [Milch macht müde Männer munter] ➞ Consonance; repetition of consonant sounds [Gobbets of bubber] ➞ Assonance; repetition of vowel sounds [blind eyes] ➞ Onomatopoeia; imitate sounds ‘boom’ ‘bang’, typical for comics ➞ Enjambement; sentence keeps going in the next line [a run-one line] ➞ word repetition; anaphora = at the beginning, epiphora = at the end ➞ parallelism; similar structure, repeated patterns in sentences [easy come, easy go] - function of sound patterns; creates rhythm, specific tone/emotions - sonnets; 14-lines, iambic pentameter, set of rhyme scheme; ➞ Shakespearean; [abab cdcd efef gg]/ Petrarchan (italian); devided into an octave [abba abba cde cde] - ballads; narrative poem or song that tells a story, typically quatrains (four line stanzas) [abab] - rhetorical figures; morphological (work on level of words), syntactic (sentences), semantic (meaning of words/expressions), pragmatic (involving language)  MAYA HELMCHEN | 2344379 Literary Studies INTRODUCTION TO LITERARY STUDIES - NARRATIVE TEXTS NARRATIVE TEXTS Narrative = structured account of events, real or fictional; beginning, middle, and end to convey meaning or tell a story beginning = development of plot, introductory information, ‘birth‘ of protagonist exposition =includes information of time, place, characters, prehistory [necessary for understanding] ending = closed; all conflicts are solved vs. open; conflicts are unsolved, expected or unexpected analysis of narrative texts - character - plot - narrative transmission, modes of presenting - representation of time and space - story oriented narratology = concerned with content (what?), discoursed oriented = the way content is mediated (how?) - plot; sequence of events extratextual level COMMUNICATION MODEL intratextual level I - narrative transmission; narrator intratextual II - communication, level of characters and story real author ➞ fictive narrator real author ➞ fictive narrator character character as ⭤ as addresser addressee NARRATOR TERMS - homodiegetic; character within a story, involved in action, ‘participant’ - heterodigetic; character outside a story, not involved, ‘observer’ - overt vs covert; explicitly of the narrator, hidden vs. openly presented (+ self-aware) - unreliable narrator; lack of knowledge, biased POVs - extradiegetic [frame narrative]; outside the primary narrative serves as a "outer layer"; providing context or setting - intradiegetic [embedded narrative]; exists within the story introduced by an extradiegetic narrator - omniscient; knows everything about the story, including inner thoughts, emotions  MAYA HELMCHEN | 2344379 Literary Studies INTRODUCTION TO LITERARY STUDIES - NARRATIVE TEXTS TYPOLOGICAL CIRCLE (STANZEL) first person narrator - involved in narrative story; ➞ ‘narrating I’ = I-as-witness; narrator talks about other person from their own POV ➞ ‘experiencing I’ = I-as-protagonist; narrator = protagonist authorial narrative situation - outside the story (not a character), dominance of external perspectives, reflects on his role as narrator figural narrative situation - a character within the story; ‘through eyes of character’ = reflector (becomes almost invisible; covert) Genette’s structuralist taxonomy - Who speaks? = narrator, Who sees? = focalizer ➞ external focalizer = focalizing subject is on the level of narrative transmission [’narrator-focalizer’] ➞ internal focalizer = focalizing subject is on the same level as characters [’character-focalizer’] - interior monologue; presents a character’s inner thoughts and emotions, quoted; quotation [Why did I say that? I’m so stupid!] - free indirect discourse; character's thoughts in the third person [She couldn’t believe she had said that.]  MAYA HELMCHEN | 2344379 Literary Studies INTRODUCTION TO LITERARY STUDIES - DRAMA DRAMA dramatic text vs performance - not always written to be read but for theatre performance; multimedial form of presentation ➞ performance; actors, body language, gesture + facial expressions theatre - amphitheaters; big size, semicircle around the stage - Shakespearean playhouses; stage close to audience, plays set in the afternoon [apron stage] - modern theatre; realistic, invisible ‘fourth wall’ to create an illusion as its reality [characters break the 4th wall, when talking directly to the audience/discuss their own roles], [picture frame stage] COMMUNICATION MODEL extratextual level dramatic text: intratextual level of communication addresser historical author ➞ ➞ addressee real reader/audience character character as ⭤ as addresser addressee ➞ lack or narrating, but narrator can occur - primary text; text of characters [spoken] - secondary text; stage directions, characters gestures/facial expressions, title etc. - dramatis personae = characters or persons involved in play, story or work - flat characters; limited development, lack of complexity - round characters; fully developed, complex - dramatic irony; audience knows information the characters do not - dialogue; between two or more characters exchanging thoughts or opinion = action - monologue; character speaks alone to inner-self [thoughts & feelings] - soliloquy; character is alone on stage talking to himself ➞ high degree of subjectivity, individual POV - verbal vs non-verbal communication [gesture + facial expressions] - character perspective; restricted personal view of reality; closed = unitary view of world, open = POVs are divergent  MAYA HELMCHEN | 2344379 Literary Studies INTRODUCTION TO LITERARY STUDIES - DRAMA characterisation - figural; information primarily via speech, gestures and actions of characters - authorial; character information arise from structure of entire play - explicit; features and traits of a character are stated outright, e.g. by others - implicit; presents traits and behaviour of a character, allow readers to draw their own conclusion OVERVIEW OF LITERARY GENRES