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COMPUTERS IN OUR DAILY LIFE IT can also refer to the architectures, methodologies, and regulations governing the use and storage of data. The Computer- A computer refers to an electronic device that accepts data and...

COMPUTERS IN OUR DAILY LIFE IT can also refer to the architectures, methodologies, and regulations governing the use and storage of data. The Computer- A computer refers to an electronic device that accepts data and instructions, performs IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION logical and mathematical operation and generates the TECHNOLOGY outputs of the processing. - We are living in the information age and are Characteristics and capabilities of computer constantly inundated from every area of our lives with information technology. It is now a part of our Speed- The computer can work very fast. It can everyday lives and has greatly impacted society. perform millions of instruction and even more per second We use information technology to do school work, research for work, recreation, and almost anything Accuracy-The degree of accuracy of a computer is very else that can be imagined. Family and friends can stay high and every calculations is performed with the connected through internet applications and smart same accuracy devices. Diligence-A computer is free from tiredness. It can ADVANTAGES OF INFORMATION work for hours without creating any errors TECHNOLOGY Versatility- Computers has the capacity to perform Protecting and Storing Information - Electronic completely different types of work. storage systems are being created to hold the Power of remembering- Has a power of storing any information that is being shared over the internet and amount of information data. Can be stored and internal intranets. Secure maintenance of customer recalled as long as you require it and company files is vital to the integrity of the company. No IQ(Intelligence Quotient)-Computer is a dumb machine and cannot do any work without instruction Virtual vaults keep information safe by limiting access from user. to a select few. Security systems are put in place to protect your electronic information and keep it from No feelings- It does not have feelings or emotion being wiped out or damaged during a system breakdown. Hackers are also kept at bay with intense Storage- Can store a large amount of data securities. What is IT? Automated Processes - The ability to find ways to Information Technology(IT) is the use of any complete more work in a shorter amount of time is computers, storage, networking, and other physical essential to the success of a company. Information devices infrastructure, and processes to create technology improves a company’s efficiency by process, store, secure, and exchange all forms of implementing automated processes to make electronic data. employees more capable of handling a larger workload. Reports, queries, and monitoring financials IT SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE can be completed by computer programs, leaving employees free to complete other tasks. IT includes several layers of physical equipment (hardware), virtualization and management or Communication - Communication in every aspect of automation tools, operating systems, and applications human interaction is essential. In the business world, (software) used to perform essential functions. communication is imperative to the success of the company. Emailing, video conferencing, and chat User devices, peripherals, and software, such as rooms allow for easier communication between laptops, smartphones or even recording equipment, employees and supervisors as well as employees and can be included in the IT domain. clients. Remote Access or Telecommuting - When a company between individuals using symbols, signs, or verbal has implemented an information technology system, interactions. Previously, people communicated many times employees can then access the company’s through signs or symbols, performing drama and network electronically. This enables employees to poetry. With the advent of technology, these ‘older’ work from home or while on the road. This gives the forms of communication are less utilized as compared employees more flexibility and they are more to the use of the Internet, e - mail, or video productive because they can still work when not in the conferencing office. Technology- is the use of scientific knowledge, DISADVANTAGES OF INFORMATION experience, and resources to create processes and TECHNOLOGY products that fulfill human needs. Technology is vital in communication. Expenses of Implementation and Maintenance - Setup costs for implementing an information U S E S O F I C T I N O U R DA I L Y L I V E S technology system within a home or business can be Communication - Nowadays people are in touch with very costly. Software training can also take another big bite out of the budget. Information technology the help of ICT. Through chatting, E - mail, voice mail, and social networking people communicate with each Elimination of Jobs - By implementing IT systems into other. It is the cheapest means of communication. It a company, tasks take less time, and therefore, also provides students from remote areas access to employees have more time throughout the day. expert teachers and learning resources and gives Paperwork is processed and fled immediately, reports administrators and policymakers the data and are generated with the touch of a button, and expertise they need to work more efficiently. financial statements are generated automatically. Companies are finding that they can combine jobs and Job Opportunities - In the employment sector, ICT need a smaller staff to operate fully. enables organizations to operate more efficiently, so employing staff with ICT skills is vital to the smooth WHAT IS INFORMATION AND running of any business. Being able to use ICT systems COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY(ICT) effectively allows employees more time to ? concentrate on areas of their job role that require soft skills. For example, many pharmacies use robot - ICT is the technology required for information technology to assist with picking prescribed drugs. processing, in particular, the use of electronic This allows highly trained pharmaceutical staff to focus computers, communication devices, and software on jobs requiring human intelligence and interaction, applications to convert, store, protect, process, such as dispensing and checking medication. transmit and retrieve information from anywhere, anytime Education - Schools use a diverse set of ICT tools to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information. In some contexts, ICT has also become integral to the teaching - learning interaction, through such approaches as replacing chalkboards with interactive digital whiteboards, using students’ own Information- refers to the knowledge obtained from smartphones or other devices for learning during class reading, investigation, study, or research. We need time, and the “flipped classroom” model where information to make decisions and to predict the students watch lectures at home on the computer and future. For example, scientists can detect the use classroom time for more interactive exercises formation of a tsunami using the latest technology and warn the public to avoid disasters in the affected Socializing - The internet and social media provide areas. young people with a range of benefits, and opportunities to empower themselves in a variety of Communication- is an act of transmitting messages. It ways. Young people can maintain social connections is a process whereby information is exchanged and support networks that otherwise wouldn't be possible and can access more information than ever Job loss : Manual operations are being replaced by before. The communities and social interactions automation. e. g. robots replacing people on an young people form online can be invaluable for assembly line. Job export. e. g. Data processing bolstering and developing young people's self - work being sent to other countries where operating confidence and social skills. costs are lower. Multiple workers are being replaced by a smaller number who are able to do the same Access to information- Increase in access to amount of work. e. g. information and services that has accompanied the growth of the Internet. Some of the positive aspects Reduced personal interaction : Most people need of this increased access are better, and often cheaper, some form of social interaction in their daily lives and communications, such as VoIP phones and Instant if they do not get the chance to meet and talk with Messaging. Improved access to education, e. g. other people they may feel isolated and unhappy. distance learning and online tutorials. New ways of learning, e. g. interactive multi - media and virtual Reduced physical activity : This can lead to health reality. problems such as obesity, heart disease, and diabetes POSITIVE IMPACTS OF ICT Cost : A lot of ICT hardware and software is expensive, both to purchase and to maintain. An ICT system New tools, new opportunities : ICT gives access to usually requires specialist staff to run them and there new tools that did not previously exist : digital is also the challenge of keeping up with ever - cameras, photo - editing software, and high - quality changing technology. printers, screen magnification or screen reading software enables partially sighted or blind people to Competition : this is usually thought of as being a good thing, but for some organizations being exposed work with ordinary text rather than Braille. to greater competition can be a problem. If the Communication : Cost savings by using e. g. VoIP organization is competing for customers, donations, or instead of the normal telephone, email, messaging other means of funding nationally or even instead of post, video conferencing instead of internationally, they may lose out to other traveling to meetings, e - commerce web sites instead organizations that can offer the same service for less of sales catalogs. Access to larger, even worldwide, money. markets. Information management : Data mining of customer information to produce lists for targeted advertising. Improved stock control, resulting in less wastage, better cash flow, etc. Security : ICT solves or reduces some security problems, e. g. Encryption methods can keep data safe from unauthorized people, both while it is being stored or while it is being sent electronically. o Distance learning : students can access teaching materials from all over the world. Creation of new more interesting jobs. Examples would be systems analysts, programmers, and software engineers, as well as help desk operators and trainers. NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF ICT  HISTORY OF COMPUTER -In the earliest Computers, initial calculations were Napier’s Bones - It is a manually - operated device computed by humans, whose job title was computers. used for calculating products, quotients, square and cube roots. It was invented by John Napier in 1614 - The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613 , referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS -The evolution of computers has six generations namely : pre - modern era, first, second, third, fourth, and fifth generations. Oughtred’s Slide Rule - It is a mechanical analog computer consisting of movable bars with a precise A. Pre - Modern Era scale that uses approximations for solving problems There are three classifications of devices that evolved like multiplication, division, roots, logarithms, and during the pre - modern era namely manual - trigonometry. It was invented by William Oughtred. mechanical devices, electromechanical, and electronic devices. Manual - Mechanical Devices are devices that are operated manually by the user. Examples of manual mechanical devices are : Tally Sticks - A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, Pascaline Calculator - It is also called Adding Machine or even messages.. It is the first mechanical calculating device that uses cogged wheels that can be used to add and subtract two numbers. It was invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642 Abacus - It is also called a counting frame and is considered the first man - made computing device. In fact, it was used for centuries. It uses beads and it Stepped Reckoner - Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm was invented in China Leibniz in 1672. The machine can add, subtract, multiply, and divide automatically Babbage’s Difference and Analytical Engines - These computer ever completed by John Mauchly and J. engines embodied most of the design of modern Presper Eckert. computers. The Difference engine can compute tables and the Analytical engine is completely automatic and is capable of calculating any mathematical problems. It was invented by Charles Babbage. Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC). It is also known as an Electronic Binary Digital computer that uses a binary representation of data and internally stored programs ; the first full - size stored - program computer, built at the University of Cambridge, England by Maurice Wilkes and others to provide a formal computing service for users. EDSAC Arithmometer - A mechanical calculator invented by was built according to the von Neumann machine Thomas de Colmar in 1820 , The first reliable, useful, principles and commercially successful calculating machine. The machine could perform the four basic mathematic Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) functions. The first mass - produced calculating machine.. Electronic Devices. The principal components of B. First Generation Computers ( 1951 - 1958 ) electronic devices are circuit boards, transistors, or The size of computers during the first generation silicon chips, and use electrical switches and circuitry computers are mainframes. The major hardware instead of mechanical relays. Examples of electronic features are vacuum tubes and magnetic drums and devices are : the processing speed is 1,000 instructions per second ABC (Atanasoff - Berry - Computer) - The first special - One example of the computer during this generation purpose digital computer that solves simultaneous is Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC). It is the equations. It was developed by John Atanasoff. first commercial business computer and was developed by John Eckert and John Mauchly. Another example is IBM 701 which is the first generation IBM computers. The most popular 1st generation computer is IBM 650. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) - The first fully electronic general - purpose digital C. Second Generation Computers ( 1959 - 1963 ) powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of The major hardware features of second - generation the Internet. computers are transistors and magnetic cores. Its processing speed is 1 , 000 , 000 instructions per Fourth - generation computers also saw the second and the size is mainframe. development of GUIs, the mouse, and handheld devices. TRADIC is one example of a second - generation computer. It is the first transistorized computer. F. Fifth Generation Computers (Present - Future) More examples of second - generation computers are UNIVAC II, IBM 7070 , 7090 , and 1400 series. Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self - organization. There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS D. Third Generation Computers ( 1964 - 1970 ) The computers can be classified according to purpose, according to data handled, and according to capacity. During the third generation, minicomputers already became available. The major hardware features are integrated circuits or “chips” and the processing speed is 10 , 000 , 000 instructions per second. One example of third generation computer is IBM System 360. It is the first general - purpose machine used in science and business. According to Purpose General - purpose computers have the ability to store different programs of instruction and thus, perform a variety of operations. Examples of general - purpose computers are personal computers, laptops, and tablets. Digital Computers refer to machines that specialize in E. Fourth Generation Computers ( 1971 - present) counting. It operates by counting values that are The fourth generation started in 1971 up to the discrete, or separate and distinct. present. The size of a computer varies from Analog Computers. The name analog comes from the mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers. word “analogous” meaning similar. Analog computers The major hardware features are microprocessors or are used for scientific, engineering, and process large - scale integrated circuits. The minimum control purposes. They deal with quantities that are processing speed is 100 , 000 , 000 instructions per continuously variable. One example is the analog second. As these small computers became more speedometer in an automobile. Hybrid Computers. Although both analog and digital and out simultaneously. This makes them popular computers are extremely used in widely accepted in with businesses. various industries, manufacturers designed a computer that combines the best features of both types. This special - purpose machine called a hybrid computer combines the measuring capabilities of the analog computer and the logical and control capabilities of the digital computer. It offers an efficient and economical method of working out special types of problems in science and various areas of engineering. Some Hybrid machines contain special equipment to convert analog voltages into digital voltages, and vice - versa. Minicomputers - are general - purpose devices without the monumental expenses associated with a larger system. Their processing power is below that of mainframe systems but above the capabilities of personal computers. Also known as mid - range computers, these became popular in the late 1960 s but have become almost extinct because of the popularity of personal computers. According to Capacity The latter can now Supercomputers - These are arguably the most perform most of the powerful in terms of speed and accuracy. They are tasks reserved for types of computers used in solving complex minis. mathematical computations.They are capable of executing trillions of instructions per second, which is calculated in floating point operations per second Microcomputers are the smallest, least expensive, and (FLOPS) most used types of computers. They have small memories, less processing power, are physically smaller, and permit fewer peripherals compared to super and mainframe computers. They are more commonly known as personal computers or simply PCs. The term was initially used to refer to IBM - compatible computers. Mainframe computers - are large - sized computer types. They are equally powerful but fall short in terms of the computation ability in supercomputers. They are like big file servers, enabling multiple users from nearby and remote locations to access resources at the same time. Also known as big iron, these systems can handle massive amounts of data going in  COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER Secondary Memory - Also known as Auxiliary Memory. It is a non - volatile type of memory that is Hardware responsible for keeping files permanently. Software People ware Data ware Hardware- Refers to the physical and tangible components of the computer system Components of a Internal Hardware 1. CPU- The Central Processing Unit (CPU) executes all the instructions and it is considered the brain of the computer system. The parts of the CPU are control unit (CU) and arithmetic/logic unit (ALU). Other parts 3. Input and Output Unit -it allows communication that go along with the processor are bus, ports, between the computer and its outside world via input expansion slots, and registers. and output devices. Other parts that go along with the Processor: Bus - It is an electronic circuit that sends data and messages between the other components. Ports - It attach input and output devices to the computer. Expansion slots - It allow the addition of extra 2. Memory - It stores data and instructions before the features. execution and the processed data as well. Registers - Are special temporary storage which quickly accepts, stores, and transfers data and instructions for immediate use. Components of the External Hardware Input hardware Processing hardware Storage hardware Types of Memory Output hardware Internal Memory Communication hardware Random - Access Memory (RAM) – It is a volatile type of memory - refers to as Main Memory or Input Hardware - it accept or collect data and convert Primary Memory it into a form suitable for processing. Read - Only Memory (ROM) – contains permanently TYPES stored instructions that cannot be changed. Keyboard - Entry Devices External Memory  Keyboards - It is the most commonly used input MICR (Magnetic - Ink Character Recognition) – it device. reads the strange - looking numbers printed at the bottom of bank checks Terminals- It consists of keyboard, video display screen and a communication line to a mainframe OMR (Optical Mark Recognition) – it reads pencil computer. marks THREE TYPES OF TERMINAL OCR(Optical Character Recognition) – it reads special preprinted characters Dumb – can be used only to input data to and receive information from a computer system. Fax Machine (Facsimile Transmission Machine) – it scans an image and sends it as an electronic signals Smart – can do input and output and has some over telephone lines limited processing capability. Imaging Systems/Image Scanner/ Graphics Scanner Intelligent – a full fledge microcomputer with a – it converts text, drawings, and photographs into communication link. forms TYPES Smart Cards and Optical cards Direct - Entry Devices Smart cards – it contain a microprocessor and a Pointing Devices memory chip. Mouse – a pointing device that allows you to control Optical Cards – it s a plastic, laser - recordable card an on - screen cursor. used with an optical card reader. Trackball – the upside - down version of the mouse. Other Devices A ball mounted in box is rolled with the fingers to Voice Recognition Systems – they convert human move the cursor. speech into digital code. Joystick – a video display screen that picks up input Audio - Input Device – they record or play analog from the user through the touch of a finger sounds Light pen – it is a point and draw input device that Video - Input Devices – signals that come from VCR allows you to draw directly on screen. or a camera recorder Digitizing tablet – a pen - like device with which the Electronic cameras – they capture images in user “sketches” an image or puck electronic form Pen based systems – a pen like stylus to enter Sensors – it collects specific kinds of data directly handwriting and marks into a computer. from the environment TYPES Processing Hardware - It is used to retrieve and Scanning Device - It translates images of text, execute the instructions provided by the computer drawing, and photos and the like into forms of data Main Components that can be understood by the computer. CPU Bar code readers – photoelectric scanner that translate the bar code symbols into digital forms. Main Memory Mark and Character recognitions devices System Unit – it contains electrical components that make the computer works.  Power supply – is a device that converts AC to DC Storage Hardware - It temporarily or permanently power to run the computer. store data used for processing and the output of such processing. Motherboard – it is the main circuit board in the system unit. Two types: CPU – the microprocessor chip. Primary Storage – refers to main memory (RAM). Specialized Processor chips – used to speed up your Secondary Storage - refers to storage devices that computer system retain data and instruction in a relatively permanent (non - volatile) form. System clock – it controls how fast all operations within a computer are performed Diskettes RAM chips - chips that temporarily hold data and Hard disks instructions Optical storage – use a laser beam to pack ROM chips – chips containing programs that are information densely on are movable disk built into the computer Magnetic tapes – a sequential file storage Cache memory – is the special high - speed memory represented by various arrangements of magnetized that the CPU can access quickly. spots along the width of the tape Expansion slots and boards - are sockets on the Magnetic disk – a metal plotter where data is motherboard into which you can plug expansion cards represented by magnetized spots on the tracks. or boards. Magnetic strip – a recording of a data cell device Bus line – the electrical pathways through which nits capable of storing 400 million of data are transmitted within the CPU and between the CPU Paper tape – a continuous strip of paper wound on a and other devices in the system unit. reel where data is represented by holes punched on Port – the sockets on the outside of the system unit the paper. that each connected to an expansion board on the inside of the system unit. Drum – a recording medium of data represented by magnetized spots that is coated with a magnetically PCMICIA slots and cards – it represents a new bus sensitive material divided into tracks. standard for notebooks, subnotebooks and pocket computers. Continuous forms – a long sheets of paper where data is represented thru print out. Computer Output Microfilm (COM) - stores large volume of information printed or photographed as a very small images on sheets or roll of film called Microfiche. Output Hardware - It provide a means for the user to view information produced by the computer system. Two forms: Hardcopy – it is when an information has been recorded in a tangible medium, such as paper or microfilm  Softcopy – it is when an output is temporarily Concentrator - it collects data in a temporary storage displayed on the screen area, then send it forward when enough has been accumulated. Hardcopy Output Hardware: Front - end Processor - a computer that handles Printer – it is capable of printing characters, communications for mainframes. symbols and graphics. Categories of Software Categories: 1. System software - facilitating applications Impact printer – it has contact with papers like daisy programs. wheel printers, dot - matrix printers and line printers Types of system software Non - impact printers – it has no contact with the paper like laser printer, ink - jet printers and thermal a. operating system - refers to a group of related printers. programs that supervise the execution of an application program Plotter – they are specialized output devices that can produce high quality graphics in a variety of b. operating environment - refers to programs that sit colors. on top of OS 3 types c. utilities - a single term for all types of programming aids Pen plotter – the most popular type of plotter d. programming damages - the programs used to Electrostatic plotter – electrostatic charges create write other programs tiny dots on specially treated paper. e. language processor - used to convert source Thermal plotter – its pins are electronically heated program into a form suitable for execution and are used with heat - sensitive paper to produce images. compliers Softcopy Output Hardware: assemblers Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) – the most popular interpreters Software softcopy output device used on microcomputers 2. Application software - use program designed to Flat Panel Displays – they are used with portable solve problem computers. Types of Package Programs Communication Hardware- It facilitate the connection between computers connected with a network of a. word processing software computers over phone lines and other channels. b. desktop publishing software Includes: c. spread sheet software Modems - it converts digital signals to analog signals. d. data base management system Cable – commonly used in networking, to facilitate the e. graphic software communication between those computers. f. communication software Fax modems – a modem with fax capability installed as a circuit board in the motherboard of a computer g. integrated software Multiplexers – it combines several low - speed h. groupware transmission into one high - speed transmission. i. software suites j. desktop accessories k. personal information manager l. project management software m. multimedia software Levels of programming languages 1. Machine language 2. Symbolic language 3. High level language Types of application software Package program - commonly called application package. Types of application software Custom program - specifically written for an organization. People ware- refers to the personnel involved in data processing operations Functional Areas of People ware : Systems Programming System analysts Application programming Computer Operations Personnel : Data Entry Operator Computer Operator Computer Programmer System Analysts Computer Center Director