Literature 1 - Literary Genres - Day 2 PDF

Litрature 1 The Great Works Asst. Prof. Jaezamie V. Ong, LPT, MA Litрary Genrс  Breakout Rooms Room 1 - Prose Modern Drama, Essay, Prose Fiction Room 2 – Poetry – Narrative Poetry Room 3 – Poetry – Lyric Poetry Room 4 – Poetry – Dramatic Poetry Room...

Litрature 1 The Great Works Asst. Prof. Jaezamie V. Ong, LPT, MA Litрary Genrс  Breakout Rooms Room 1 - Prose Modern Drama, Essay, Prose Fiction Room 2 – Poetry – Narrative Poetry Room 3 – Poetry – Lyric Poetry Room 4 – Poetry – Dramatic Poetry Room 6 – Other Forms of Poetry (Haiku, Cinquain, etc.) Room 5 – Literary Movements  Poetry - it was the first to be developed and the best literary works have been written in this form. It uses rhyme, meter, exalted and figurative language, and has melody, harmony and balance. A. Narrative Poetry – a story-telling poetry. 1. Epic – long narrative poem set against the distant past relating the exploits of a semi- legendary hero. Ex. The Iliad & The Odyssey 2. Metrical Romance – long rambling story in verse characteristic of the Middle Ages. Ex. King Arthur and Knights of the Round Table  Poetry 3. Ballad – story-telling verse meant to be sung a. Folk – songs of the unlettered folk. Ex. Get Up and Bar the Door, The Two Sisters b. Literary – songs written by the literary people. Ex. La Belle Dame Sans Merci – John Keats 4. Metrical Tale – it is to poetry while the short story is to prose. Ex. Canterbury Tales – Geoffrey Chaucer  Poetry ★ B. Lyric Poetry – derives its name from the musical instrument lyre, played by wandering minstrels, and is primarily intended to be sung. ★ 1. Ode – most majestic lyric type and expresses enthusiasm, lofty praise or homage for a person, thing or object. ★ Ex. Ode to the West Wind – Percy Bysshe Shelley ★ 2. Elegy – voices the author’s personal grief for a loved one, or loss affecting the public or simply a meditation about death. ★ Ex. Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard –J. Keats; ★ O Captain, My Captain – W. Whitman. ★ 3. Sonnet – distinguished by its fourteen (14) iambic pentameter lines. ★ Ex. Sonnet 43 – Browning, Shakespeare’s sonnets  Italian/Petrarchan Sonnet The Italian sonnet is made up of two sections, grouped by different rhyming sounds. The first 8 lines is called the octave and has the rhyme scheme: a b b a a b b a The last 6 lines are known as the sestet and can have two or three rhyming sounds which can be arranged in a number of ways. Some examples include: c d c d c d; c d d c d c; c d e c d e; c d e c e d; c d c e d c *In the Italian sonnet, the change occurs with the beginning of line 9 is called the "volta" or the "turn." This "turn" is also where the second idea of the poem is introduced, making the "turn" perhaps the essential element of the sonnet.  English/Shakсpearean Sonnet The English sonnet consists of 3 quatrains of alternating rhyme scheme and closes with a rhyming couplet (2): a b a b/c d c d/e f e f/g g Each quatrain serves to develop its own idea, unique from the other quatrains but still closely related. The rhyme scheme of the English sonnet is quite simple, but the sonnet form is also more flexible in the placement of the "volta." Shakespeare chose to delay the "volta," in the final couplet.  Poetry 4. Songs – are short poems meant to be sung, which are either secular, sacred, anthems, oratories or hymns. Ex. Song to Celia – B. Johnson; Auld Lang Syne – R. Burns 5. Simple Lyric – lyrical poems that do not belong to the other types of lyric. Ex. Psalm 23 – King David  Poetry C. Dramatic Poetry – poetic form used to set forth life and character by means of speech and action. 1. Poetic Plays – comedy (protagonist succeeds over the travails of his plight), tragedy (protagonist emeas the loser in the end), dramatic history, farce and melodrama (exaggerated, excessive and plot situations are more important than the plot).  Poetry 2. Masque – is related more to the opera than to drama, characterized by a splendid setting, elaborate costumes, make-up, music and tableaux. 3. Dramatic Monologue – has only one speaker and is adopted for small and non-regular productions. Ex. My Last Duchess-R. Browning  Prose uses ordinary and personal language, sentences and paragraphs and is more direct and intimate to the reader. 1. Modern Drama – three act and one-act plays. Ex. A Doll’s House – Ibsen 2. Essay – presents in prose form the author’s thoughts, feelings and observations on some phases of life that are of interest. Ex. Of Studies – F. Bacon  Prose 3. Prose Fiction – prose narratives that employ creativity and imagination: a. Prose Allegory – long implied comparison between unlike things. Characters are more symbols than personages. Ex. Animal Farm – Orwell b. Prose Romance – metrical romance in prose form. Ex. Don Quixote – Cervantes c. Novel – a three-element prose narrative (setting, plot and characters) Ex. Harry Potter novels d. Novelette – a short novel with a simpler plot and fewer characters. Ex. Tuesdays with Morrie – M. Albom e. Short Story – one unit of place, time and action prose. Ex. The Necklace - Maupassant  Prose 4. Biography and Autobiography – fictionalized story of human life as it presents the highlights and struggles. Ex. The Life of Princess Diana 5. Letters, Diaries and Journals – life accounts as they are lived from day to day, separated by dates. Ex. The Diary of Anne Frank  Litрary Movemenʦ 1 2 Romanticism 3 Realism Naturalism  Romanticism ★ *Life is portrayed as good. ★ *The absent is more revered than the present. ★ *Nostalgia and reminiscences are common themes. ★ *The hero is a perfect knight in shining armor -debonair, intelligent, ideal.  Realism ★ *Life is portrayed as objectively as possible. ★ *Life is both good and bad, meaningful and meaningless. ★ *The hero is a guy next door or a girl on the street, with both endearing and weak qualities. ★ *The approach of the writer is objectivity.  Naturalism ★ *Life is meaningless. It is definitely bad all the way. ★ *Man is naturally weak. He is an animal drawn to animalistic tendencies. ★ *The hero is a victim of his environment. ★ Even when he is good at the start, he will be corrupted by stronger forces surrounding him. Elemenʦ of Poetry  Elemenʦ of Poetry Metaphors ★ Make comparisons between two unrelated subjects; expand the sense and clarifies meaning ★ Why are metaphors significant in poetry? a. *Symbolism b. *Concise language c. *Make language livelier d. *Writers use them without stating obvious e. *Give words new meaning ★ Direct Metaphor- comparing two unlike objects or ideas. Example: My love is a rose. ★ Indirect metaphor- is an indirect comparison between two unlike things. ★ Ex. “My love has a rosy bloom” ★ Simile- ★ A comparison using like or as. Ex. “Life is like a box of chocolates.” ★ Personification- ★ giving human qualities to an inanimate object. Ex. “The moon smiled down on the lovers.” ★ Sound Techniques ★ Rhyme Scheme- the pattern in which end rhyme occurs. a. Heavy is my heart, A b. Dark are thine eyes B c. Thou and I must part A d. Ere the sun rise B Alliteration- repetition of the initial consonant sound Ex. “She sells seashells at the sea shore” ★ Onomatopoeia- ★ a word whose sound imitates its meaning ★ Examples: “The bee buzzed by my ear. “ ★ “The clock ticked down the final hour.” ★ “The engine purred while awaiting the green light.” Stanza- a unit of lines grouped together; similar to a paragraph in prose TYPES OF STANZA Couplet- two line stanza Triplet- a three line stanza Quatrain- a four line stanza Quintet- a five line stanza Sestet- a six line stanza Septet- a seven line stanza Octave- an eight line stanza Elemenʦ of Poetry Mood- the feeling a poem creates for the reader Tone – the attitude a poet takes toward his/her subject Imagery- representation of the five senses: sight, taste, touch, sound, and smell. It creates mental images about a poem’s subject. Example: “Continuous as the stars that shine and twinkle on the milky way.” Symbol- ★ a word or object that has its own meaning and represents another word, object or idea ★ Example: The daffodils represent happiness and pleasure to the author. Assonance- the repetition of a vowel sound in two or more words in the line of a poem ★ Example: “Which is the bliss of solitude” ★ Lake Fate Base Fade (All share the long “a” sound.) ★ “Slow the low gradual moan came in the snowing.”--John Masefield ★ “Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep.”-- William Shakespeare ★ Consonance- ★ similar to alliteration EXCEPT that the repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words. Example: “silken, sad, uncertain, rustling.. “ ★ Refrain- ★ the repetition of one or more phrases or lines at certain intervals, usually at the end of each stanza; similar to the chorus in a song ★ Repetition- ★ a word or phrase repeated within a line or stanza Example: “gazed and gazed ★ POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY ★ POET- is the author of the poem. ★ SPEAKER-is the “narrator” of the poem. ★ POETRY FORM ★ FORM - the appearance of the words on the page ★ LINE - a group of words together on one line of the poem ★ STANZA - a group of lines arranged together ★ FREE VERSE POETRY ★ -does NOT have rhyme. It is very conversational - sounds like someone talking with you. It is a more modern type of poetry. ★ BLANK VERSE POETRY ★ written in lines of iambic pentameter, but does NOT use end rhyme. ★ Example: (from Julius Ceasar): Cowards die many times before their deaths; The valiant never taste of death but once. Of all the wonders that I yet have heard, It seems to me most strange that men should fear; ★ RHYME- ★ words sound alike because they share the same ending vowel and consonant sounds. ★ END RHYME- ★ a word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line Hector the Collector Collected bits of string. Collected dolls with broken heads And rusty bells that would not ring. ★ INTERNAL RHYME- ★ a word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line. ★ Example: ★ Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary. ( “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe) ★ NEAR RHYME- ★ a.k.a imperfect rhyme, close rhyme; the words share EITHER the same vowel or consonant sound but not both. Example: ROSE-LOSE  Othр Forms of Poetry HAIKU: A Japanese poem written in three lines Example: Five Syllables- An old silent pond… Seven Syllables- A frog jumps into the pond Five Syllables- Splash! Silence again. CINQUAIN- a five line poem containing 22 syllables Example: Two Syllables- How frail Four Syllables- Above the bulk Six Syllables- Of crashing water hangs Eight Syllables- Autumnal, evanescent, wan Two Syllables- The moon CONCRETE POEMS- Othр Forms of Poetry in concrete poems, the words are arranged to create a picture that relates to the content of the poem. Example: Poetry Is like Flames, Which are Swift and elusive Dodging realization Sparks, like words on the Paper, leap and dance in the Flickering firelight. The fiery Tongues, formless and shifting Shapes, tease the imagination. Yet for those who see, Through their mind’s Eye, they burn Up the page  Poetic Devicс ★ Hyperbole- ★ exaggeration often used for emphasis. ★ Examples: From the poem To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell: "A hundred years should go to praise / Thine eyes and on thy forehead gaze; / Two hundred to adore each breast; / But thirty thousand to the rest...“ ★ From Auden’s "As I Walked Out One Evening:" ★ "I'll love you, dear, I'll love you / Till China and Africa meet, ★ And the river jumps over the mountain / And the salmon sing in the street." ★ Litotes (understatement) ★ basically the opposite of hyperbole. Often it is ironic. Ex. Calling a slow moving person “Speedy” ★ *Usually, litotes occurs in a language when the speaker does not make an affirmation, rather denies theopposite. Ex. She’s not a bad writer at all. He is not unaware of what you said behind his back. She is not as young as she was. ★ Idiom- ★ is an expression where the literal meaning of the words is not the meaning of the expression. It means something other than what it actually says. ★ Examples: “A rolling stone gathers no moss" - Something which is in motion does not collect problems. ★ "Curiosity killed the cat" - inquisitive about things can be risky. ★ "Early to bed, early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise" - Healthy and good practices benefit your life. ★ "A stitch in time saves nine" - Doing something in advance, saves having to do much harder work later. Elemenʦ of Short Story Story Grammar Setting Characters Plot Climax Theme Resolution Denouement Story Grammar The Functions of a Setting To create a mood or atmosphere To sow a reader a different way of life To make action seem more real To be the source of conflict or struggle To symbolize an idea Types of Characters People or animals Major characters Minor characters Round characters Flat characters Characterization -A writer reveals what a character is like and how the character changes throughout the story. -Two primary methods of characterization: Direct- writer tells what the character is like Indirect- writer shows what a character is like by describing what the character looks like, by telling what the character says and does, and by what other characters say about and do in response to the character. Factors in Analyzing Characters Physical appearance of character Personality Background/personal history Motivation Relationships Conflict Does character change? Plot -Plot is what happens and how it happens in a narrative. -A narrative is any work that tells a story, such as a short story, a novel, a drama, or a narrative poem. Parts of a Plot Inciting incident – event that gives rise to conflict (opening situation) Development- events that occur as result of central conflict (rising action) Climax- highest point of interest or suspense of story Denouement- when characters go back to their life before the conflict Resolution- when conflict ends Diagram PLOT Special Techniques of Plot Suspense excitement or tension Foreshadowing hint or clue about what will happen in story Flashback interrupts the normal sequence of events to tell about something that happened in the past Surprise Ending conclusion that reader does not expect Conflict -Conflict is a struggle between opposing forces -Every plot must contain some kind of conflict -Stories can have more than one conflict -Conflicts can be external or internal External conflict- outside force may be person, group, animal, nature, or a nonhuman obstacle Internal conflict- takes place in a character’s mind Theme A central message, concern, or insight into life expressed through a literary work Can be expressed by one or two sentence statement about human beings or about life May be stated directly or implied Interpretation uncovers the theme Awсome words