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LITERATURE: Writings in which expression and form, in connection with ideas of permanent and universal interest, are characteristic or essential features, as poetry, novels, history, biography, and essays. MODERN APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF LITERATURE 1. PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH - is a critical appr...

LITERATURE: Writings in which expression and form, in connection with ideas of permanent and universal interest, are characteristic or essential features, as poetry, novels, history, biography, and essays. MODERN APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF LITERATURE 1. PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH - is a critical approach to literature that employs psychological theories to examine aspects of a literary work as a way to better EXAMPLE: WHEN I HAVE FEARS THAT I MAY CEASE TO BE BY John Keats 2. FEMINIST APPROACH - Explores gender inequality, aiming to understand its roots and nature. In sociology, feminism is a key conflict theory, which argues that society is in continuous conflict due to the inequalities between men and women. EXAMPLE: EMANCIPATION: A LIFE FABLE By Kate Chopin 3. MARXIST APPROACH - Examines the social and economic conditions that influence the creative processes behind a text, its portrayal of social realities and class struggles. EXAMPLE: ROMEO AND JULIET BY William Shakespeare CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE The word “contemporary” in literature means belonging to or occurring in the present, which suggests that writers after 1940 were focusing on their feelings, emotions and societies as they were experiencing them. The writing styles can vary, but the main idea is to convey realistic characters and experiences. Generally, Contemporary literature refers to works of prose, poetry, and drama published since 1945. Precisely, it refers to postmodernism and what has come afterward. Postmodernism is a deepening and extension of the previous literary movement, Modernism. MODERN VS. CONTEMPORARY MODERN LITERATURE Modernism is a period in literary history which started around the early 1900s and continued until the early 1940s (1900-1940) CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE Contemporary litera9ture refers to works of prose, poetry, and drama published since 1945 until the current day. (1945-present) CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES IN LITERATURE FORMALISM -Focuses on literary features such as symbol, imagery, tone, style, and structure to determine how these functions together to create the reader`s experience. -The main focus is on the arrangement of language, rather than on the implications of the words, or on the biographical and historical relevance of the work in question. EXAMPLE: Sonnet: Shakespearean sonnets The form dictates the structure, rhyme scheme, and often the thematic development. BIOGRAPHICAL CRITICISM is a form of literary criticism which analyzes a writer's biography to show the relationship between the author's life and their works of literature. It assumes the author's life, thoughts, and feelings of the author heavily influences the text. Therefore, biographical theorists believe that it is necessary to study the life of the author in order to truly understand the text. HISTORICAL CRITICISM This method investigates the life of the author and the social and political environment surrounding the author when the work was composed. It considers the events or happenings in the world or a society at the time the text was written. (wars, social issues, political movements, etc.) FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE -SOUND -SYMBOLS AND REPRESENTING OBJECT "a word or phrase used in a different way from it's usual meaning in order to create a particular mental picture or effect - Oxford Learner's Dictionary Alliteration Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words. EXAMPLE : "She sells seashells by the seashore. " Consonance The repetition of the consonance sounds within sentences or phrases. EXAMPLE : "Mike likes his new bike. " Assonance Repetition of vowel sounds within words. EXAMPLE : "The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain. Onomatopoeia Words that imitate natural sounds EXAMPLE : "The bees buzzed in the garden. " Symbolism A symbol represents something other than what it represents literally. Symbols add deeper meaning to a story. EXAMPLE : Dove - peace Dog - loyalty Black - war Red - Love or death Figure of Speech that show Comparison, Contrast and Balance Figure of Speech A word or phrase used in a non-literal sense for rhetorical or vivid effect. When words mean something other than their literal meaning.  Comparison  Contrast  Balance Simile A figure of speech that compares two different things using "like" or "as. " Examples: 1.Her voice is like a melody. 2.Her smile was as bright as the sun Metaphor A figure of speech that directly refers to one thing by mentioning another, implying a comparison. Examples: 1.Time is a thief 2.She is just a late bloomer. Antithesis A figure of speech where two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect. Examples: 1.Speech is silver, but silence is gold. 2.Men must work and women must weep Oxymoron A figure of speech in which contradictory terms appear in conjunction. Examples 1.Bitter sweet. 2.He is an honorable villain. Parallelism A figure of speech in which parts of a sentence are grammatically the same, or are similar in construction. Examples 1.He came, he saw, he conquered. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times. Chiasmus A figure of speech in which two or more clauses are related to each other through a reversal of structures in order to make a larger Examples 1.Never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You. When the going gets tough, the tough get going