LIT_1ST QTR_MIDTERMS.pdf

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD 1ST QUARTER | MIDTERMS REVIEWER | BY 11HA-12 STRUCTURE INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE Poetry...

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD 1ST QUARTER | MIDTERMS REVIEWER | BY 11HA-12 STRUCTURE INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE Poetry Prose “Littera” = (Latin) a letter of the alphabet Drama Literature - a body of written works by a given culture or by the whole of humankind- highlights significant POETRY human experiences that tell the story of individuals Metrical and sophisticated language and groups of people in different times of contexts. Rhythm and rhyme Imagery, world play, figurative language, and According to William J. Long other poetic devices Not everything expressed in words - even when Implied messages organized and written down - is counted as literature because we have literary standards. TYPES OF POETRY LITERATURE STANDARDS Lyric Elegy - honor the dead Ode - pays tribute Artistry - Aesthetically appealing and reveals or Sonnet - fourteen lines conveys hidden truth and beauty Haiku - three lines connected to nature Suggestiveness - Allows the work to inspire and Simple Lyric - emotional provoke thoughts and understanding beyond the actual words written on the page Narrative Ballad - sung or recited Epic - heroic journey Intellectual Value - Promotes critical thinking that Metrical Tale - single enhances both abstract and reason-based thought and ordinary event processes and makes readers focus on the Metrical Romance - fundamental truths of life and nature chivalric poem Idyll - rustic life Spiritual Value - Lifts the inner spirit and soul and has the power to motivate and inspire readers PROSE Permanence - Determined by a written work’s ability to stand the test of time, which makes it TYPES OF PROSE impossible to determine at the moment of writing Fictional Universality - Appeals to the hearts and minds of Ordinary, non-metrical language almost any readers Utilizes literary techniques Characters, settings, and incidents which are Style - Refers to the distinct way the authors born out of the writer's imagination express their thoughts Still ultimately rooted in reality Short story - can be read in one sitting DIVISIONS, TYPES, AND IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE Novel - features chapters with fictional elements MODE OF DELIVERY Non-Ficitonal Oral - traditional forms and performances Ordinary, non-metrical language Written - manually or digitally encoded Straightforwarfly express their message to 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD 1ST QUARTER | MIDTERMS REVIEWER | BY 11HA-12 Utile convey information - Literature is a source of valuable information, Presente facts or opinions about reality not just about facts but also lessons in life. Biographical narratives - biography, profile, character sketch, interview According to Angelo Lorenzo Autographical narratives - autobiography, memoir, “Life is manifested in the form of literature. diary, journal, travelogue, food writing, nature writing WIthout literature, life ceases to exist…” Social Media Posts - blogs, facebook posts Literary Reportage or Journalism - facts, feature stories Essays - analytic or interpretative 21ST CENTURY LITERARY THEMES Identifying the Theme DRAMA Characters’ conversations, feelings, thoughts Meant to be performed on stage and actions Act out the scenes on a script while following Events and scenarios stage directions and using props and costumes May utilize symbolism and allegory to present a CATASTROPE hidden message Natural or man-made devastation Feature end-of-the-world scenarios Creates a world after the catastrophe and TYPES OF DRAMA proses a possible future reality (dystopian) Comedy - lighthearted, humorous, often ends with a HISTORY AND MEMORY happy ending No longer told in a matter-of-fact way Presented in the perspective of fictional Farce - exaggerated humor, slapstick, improbable character or real person who experienced the events vents that transpired long ago Musical - the entire production is set to a musical Gives the storytelling a more human touch score, earlier known as the “opera” FRACTURING Melodrama - dramatic or comedic storylines; may Experiment with retelling stories in the also feature singin and dancing, exaggerated perspective of the other or new characters in characters, and exciting events the narrative Gives a fresh view on the original tale that the Tragedy - darker themes, flawed characters, usually audience already know ends with heroic downfall IDENTITY Tragicomedy - a combination of elements of Searching for the meaning and purpose of life comedy and tragedy Diversity is celebrated Emphasizing that living is not worthwhile According to Horace Character’s struggle as tehy cope with their Dulce nihilism - Literature is a source of entertainment - It bring joy to the audience who may be MERITS AND PERILS OF TECHNOLOGY troubled by the worries of life How technological advancements give us more convenience 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD 1ST QUARTER | MIDTERMS REVIEWER | BY 11HA-12 How it is also a source of struggle, issues, and are in, the value of literature wouldn’t be the even destruction same as how we used to Focused on how technology usually shapes our "This is the particularism and division against lives - both in negative and positive ways which an old proverb warned us: do not focus too much on the branch or the leaf, lest you SOCIAL EVILS forget that they are a part of a tree, or too much Usually regarded as taboo topics on the tree, lest you forget that it is part of a Do not censor reality and bare it all forest." The audience could realize their innate negative traits Solipsism Resulting in changes and reflection the quality of being very self-centered or selfish The solipsism of nations and individuals DIASPORA & MIGRATION produces paranoia and delirium, distortions or Struggles in assimilating themselves in their reality that generate hatred, wars, and even target culture genocide. Feature the successful merging of cultures in one place that honors diversity Humanity Feature the effect of this “movement” on those The qualities that make us human, such as the who were left behind ability to love and have compassion, be creative, and not be a robot or alien EFFECTS OF COMMERCIALISM Literature is a testament of our humanity Tackles issues like consumerism, "But literature has been, and will continue to overconsumtion, objectificaiton, and the like be, as long as it exists, one of the common How money could both be a tool and a master denominators of human experience through once we partake in the mechanisms of a which human beings may recognizet capitalist world hemselves and converse with each other..." PERSONALIZATION OF NARRATIVES Integration The characters’ voices because of the shift To bring together or incorporate (parts) into a from third person POV to first person POV whole Gives texts a more personal feel to easily "A result of literature, life is better establish an emotional connection with their understoodand better lived; and that living life audience more full necessitates living it and sharing it with others." BENEFITS OF READING LITERATURE WHY LITERATURE? Language and communication Intellect and imagination The Premature Obituary of the book by Mario Refinement of actions Vargas Llosa Critical mindfulness Llosa’s “Literature” is the act of reading a book Escape from reality not reading through computer screens Rebelling again mediocrity “Literature is a dispensable activity” Immortality Llosa is against science & technology because Understanding human realities he is afraid that with the cybernetic world we Understanding oneself Freedom 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD 1ST QUARTER | MIDTERMS REVIEWER | BY 11HA-12 interdependent parts, most important quality of literary text CRITICAL APPROACHES TO LITERATURE “Form” Criical Approaches Perspectives seek to answer the questions of what, why, and how we read Literary Theory Also called critical theory, “tools” we use in our attempt to understand literature Literary Criticism An informed, written analysis and evaluation of a work of literature based on a literary theory It helps us understand what is important about the text Literariness - a feature that distinguishes a literary Reader-Response Theory work from ordinary texts Focuses on ther reader and their experiences of a literary work Approaches as lenses Prescription Protective Fashion Different lenses, Different purposes, different “views” on literature Textual evidence is a must TYPES OF CRITICAL APPROACHES Defamiliarization - the artistic technique of presenting to audiences common things in an unfamiliar or FORMALISM strange way so they could gain new perspectives and Form follows function see the world differently Also known as “New Criticism” Regards literary studies as an objective discipline Focuses on literary devices present in a text Ignores the author’s biography and history Assumes that meaning is found within the text itself Analyzes the parts of a text and relates tehm to form a whole Organic Unity - the idea that a thing is made up of 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD 1ST QUARTER | MIDTERMS REVIEWER | BY 11HA-12 The texts are static and unchancing Close Reading - focuses on the specific details of a The analysis through codes and rules passage or text in order to discern some deeper Looks at the structure of a text including its meaning present in it convention Ferdinand de Saurssure FORMALIST FALLACIES Swiss linguist whose ideas on structure in Intentional Fallacy - equating the meaning of a text language laid the foundation for much of the with the author’s intentions approach to and progress of the linguistic sciences in the 20th century Affective Fallacy - confusing the meaning of a text with how it makes the reader feel “Formula” Heresy of Paraphrase - regarding a detailed summary or paraphrase of the work as its interpretation GUIDE QUESTIONS Does this work follow a traditional form orchard its own development? How are the events of the plot recounted i.e. in sequential fashion or flashback? How does the work’s organization affect its meaning? BInary Opposition - a pair of related terms or What is the effect of using the literary device? concepts that are opposite in meaning What recurrences of words, images or sound do your notice? How does the narrator’s point of view shape the meaning? What visual patterns do you find in this text? What progressions in nature are used to suggest meaning? STRUCTURALISM Scrutinizing structures and systems Treats literature almost as if it were an organized, scientific body of knowledge Relates literary texts to a larger structure, which may be genre, intertextual connections, Some Considerations narrative structure, or recurrent patterns The text’s genre or conventions Assumes that there must be a structure in The use of binary oppositions every text to interpret it The plot structure Focuses on how meaning is generated or how a text fits in within a system of possible DECONSTRUCTION discursive strategies disassemble, dissect, decipher Sometimes called “post-structuralism.” 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD 1ST QUARTER | MIDTERMS REVIEWER | BY 11HA-12 Allows the reader to “take apart” a text to decipher a new meaning Calls readers to seek out contradictory viewpoints and analysis Pays close attention to word choice and syntax, as so many words have multiple connotations and denotations Looking for meaning, not only hidden but possibly unintended by the author For Derrida - these oppositions are arbitrary and The texts are fluid, dynamic entities inherently unstable. The structures themselves begin The meaning is essentially undecidable to overlap and clash, and ultimately, these structures Look for the place where the text contradicts of the text dismantle themselves from within the text. But there is always a dominant, more privileged side Jacques Derrida and an oppressed or non-dominant side. French philosopher whose critique of Western philosophy and analyses of the nature of language, writing, and meaning were highly controversial yet immensely influential in much of the intellectual world in the late 20th century Transcendental Signified - a sign or a word does not have a single meaning but rather a chain of meanings. “Overthinking” GUIDE QUESTIONS What is the primary binary opposition in the text? What associated binary oppositions do you find? Which terms in the opposition are privileged? What elements in the work support the privileged terms? What statement of values or belief emerges For Saussure -the binary opposition was the “means from the privileged terms? by which the units of language have value or meaning; What elements in the text contradict the each unit is defined against what it is not.” With this hierarchies as presented? categorization, terms and concepts tend to be Where is the statement of values or beliefs associated with a positive or a negative. contradicted by characters, events, or statements in the text? 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD 1ST QUARTER | MIDTERMS REVIEWER | BY 11HA-12 Manifesto and was the author of Das Kapital, Are the privileged terms inconsistent? Do which together formed the basis of Marxism they present conflicting meanings? What associations do you have with the Classism terms that complicate their opposition? - The belief that our value as human beings is That IS, what associations keep you from directly related to class to which we belong: the accepting that the terms are all good or all higher our social class, the higher our natural, bad? or inborn superiority What new possibilities of understanding emerge when you reverse the binary “Power” oppositions? How does the reversal of oppositions tear down the intended statement of meaning? What contradictions of language, image, or event do you notice? Are there any significant omissions of information? Can you identify any irreconcilable views offered as coherent systems? What is left unnoticed or unexplained? How would a focus on different binary oppositions lead to a different interpretation? Where are the figures of speech so ambiguous that they suggest several (and perhaps contradictory) meanings? What new vision of the situation presented by the text emerges for you? MARXISM - Money, manipulation, masses - Aims to achieve a worldwide classless society by exposing the oppressive ideologies - Asserts that literature is a reflection of culture, and that culture can be influenced by literature - Believes that literature can instigate revolution - Looks at what oppressive socioeconomic Bourgeoisie ideologies influence a character;s behavior and - The owners of capital, purchasing and looks at how a literary work reinforces or exploiting labor power, using the surplus value opposes these ideologies from employment of this labor power to accumulate or expand their capital Karl Marx - A german philosopher during the 19th century Proletariat who worked primarily in the realm of political - Owners of labor power, and mere owners of philosopy and was a famous advocate for labor power, with no other resources that the communism and cowrote The Communist ability to work with their hands, bodies, and 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD 1ST QUARTER | MIDTERMS REVIEWER | BY 11HA-12 minds. “Commoditifcation” - Relating things and people in terms of how Landlords much money it is worth and what social status - Able to transform their wealth in land into it gives to the over of that object landed capital and used as a means by which capital can be expanded Peasantry & Farmers - Would tend to disappear, with most becoming displaced from the land and joining the proletariat Petty Bourgeoisie & Middle Class - Does own some property, but not sufficient to have all work done by employees or workers Lumpenproletariat - Emphasize how capitalism uses, misus and discards people, not treating them as humans Capitalism “Rugged Inidividualism” - A system in which everything - every object, - An ideology in which an individual strikes out every activity, every person - can be defined in alone in pursuit of a goal not easily achieved, terms of its worth in money, its “going rate” on putting self- interest above the needs of the a specific market community “Competition” - The best way to promote a strong society because this ensures that the most capable, most intelligent people will rise to the top GUIDE QUESTIONS What is the social class of the author? Which class does the work claim to represent? What values does it reinforce? 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD 1ST QUARTER | MIDTERMS REVIEWER | BY 11HA-12 - Asserts that most “literature” throughout time What values does it subvert? has been written by men, for men What conflict can be seen between the - Examines the way that the female values the work champions and those it consciousness is depicted by both male and portrays? female writers What social classes do the characters represent? Sexism How do characters from different classes - The belief which states that women are interact or conflict? innately, or by nature, inferior to men: less Does the work reinforce (intentionally or not) intelligent, less rational, less courageous, and capitalist or classist values? so forth How might the work be seen as a critique of capitalism or classism? “Patriarchy” That is, in what ways does the text reveal, - Men are fiven power by promoting traditional and invite us to condemn oppressive gender roles and anyone who deviates from the socioeconomic forces (including repressive traditional gender roles are considered ideologies)? unatural, unhealthy, or even immoral Does the work in some ways support a Marxist agenda but in other ways (perhaps unintentionally) support a capitalist or classist agenda? In other words, is the work ideologically conflicted? How does the literary work reflect (intentionally or not) the socioeconomic conditions of the time in which it was written and/or the time in which it is set, and what do those conditions reveal about the history of class struggle? How might the work can be seen as a “Objectification of Women” critique of organized religion? - Women are not viewed as independent human That is, how does religion function in the text beings with their own goals, needs, and to keep a character/s from realizing and desires; they are valued only in terms of their resisting socioeconomic oppression? usefulness to patriarchal men FEMINISM - Fairness for females - Examines the ways in which our personal identity is formed by our culture’s definition of what it means to be a man and woman - Seeks to understand they ways in which women are oppressed - socially, economically, politically, and psychologically- in order to reduce, if not eliminate their oppression - Concerned with the role, position, and influence of women in a literary text 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD 1ST QUARTER | MIDTERMS REVIEWER | BY 11HA-12 “Cult of true womanhood” How are women’s lives portrayed in the - The “true woman” (piety, purity, submission work? and domesticity) Fulfilled her patriarchal gender Is the form and content of the work - role in every way, and was defined as fragile, influenced by the writer’s gender? submissive, and sexually pure How do male and female characters relate to one another? Are these relationships sources of conflict? Are these conflicts resolved? Does the work challenge or affirm traditional views of women? How do the images of women in the story reflect patriarchal social forces that have impeded women’s efforts to achieve full equality with men? What marital expectations are imposed on the characters? What effect do these expectations have? What behavioral expectations are imposed on the characters? What effect do these GUIDE QUESTIONS expectations have? If a female character were male, how would How is the relationship between men and the story be different and vice versa? women portrayed? How does the marital status of a character What are the power relationships between affect her decisions or happiness? men and women (or characters assuming male/female roles)? How are male and female roles defined? What constitutes masculinity and femininity? POST-COLONIALISM How do characters embody these traits? - Past powers pondered Do characters take on traits from opposite - Attempts to understand people from different genders? How so? How does this change cultures in terms of an important experience others’ reactions to them? they had in common: colonial domination by What does the work reveal about the superior European military force operations (economically, politically, socially, - Analyzes literature produced by cultures or or psychologically) of patriarchy? populations that developed in response to What does the work imply about the colonial domination, from the first point of possibilities of sisterhood as a mode of contact to the present (as a subject matter) resisting patriarchy? - Seeks to understand the operations (politically, What does the work say about women's socially, culturally, and psychologically) of creativity? colonialist and anti colonialist ideologies (as a What does the history of the work's reception theoretical framework) by the public and by the critics tell us about the operation of patriarchy? Postcolonial Literature Do the characters conform to patriarchal - Literary work written by people from these gender roles? nations and also members of the colonizing Are the female characters depicted according (white) culture in colonized or formerly to patriarchal stereotypes of women? colonized nations 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD 1ST QUARTER | MIDTERMS REVIEWER | BY 11HA-12 Colonialism inferior - A practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to another Anti-colonialist resistance - Can take e form of organized, armed rebellion Colonialist Ideologies against a colonialist regime, or can take the - Colonizers believed their entire culture was form of organized, non-violent resistance to more highly advanced, thus the religions, colonialism oppressions customs, codes of behavior of the colonized were ignored or swept aside. DECOLONIZATION - The process of revealing and dismantling “demonic othering” colonialist power in all its forms, including - The view that those who are different form dismantling the hidden aspects of those oneself are backward and savage, even evil institutional and cultural forces that had maintained the colonialist power and that “Exotic othering” remain even after political independence is - The view that those who are different from achieved oneself possess an inherent dignity and beauty, perhaps because of their more undeveloped, natural state of being GUIDE QUESTIONS “Subaltern” How does the literary text, explicitly or - Those who occupy the bottom of the social allegorically, represent various aspects of ladder whether their inferior status is based on colonial oppression? race, class, gender, religion, sexual orientation, What does the text reveal about the ethnicity, or any other cultural factors problematics of post-colonial identity, including the relationship between personal Colonial Subjects and cultural identity within cultural - Subalterns who internalize or “buy into” the borderlands? colonialist belief that those different from a What person(s) or groups does the work society’s dominant culture are inferior identify as "other" or stranger? How are such persons/groups described and treated? “Mimicry” What does the text reveal about the politics - Imitation by a subaltern of the dress, speech, and/or psychology of anticolonialist behavior, or lifestyle of members of the resistance? dominant culture What does the text reveal about the operations of cultural differences (race, “Double Consciousness” religion, class, cultural beliefs, and customs) - A sense of being part of both the colonized and in shaping our perceptions of ourselves, the colonizing cultures, with all the conflicts others, and the world in which we live? and contrasts that involves How does the text respond to or comment upon the characters, themes, or assumptions “Unhomeliness” of a canonized (colonialist) work? - The feeling of having no stable cultural identity- Are there meaningful similarities among the no real home in any culture- that occurs to literature of different postcolonial people who do not belong to the dominant populations? culture and have rejected their own culture as How does a literary text in the Western canon 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD 1ST QUARTER | MIDTERMS REVIEWER | BY 11HA-12 reinforce or undermine colonialist ideology through its representation of colonization and/or its inappropriate silence about colonized peoples?