Lípidos No Saponificables - Guía 1 - PDF

## Lípidos no saponificables Composición, estructura, función y clasificación - **No saponificables o derivados** - Esteroides - Prostaglandinas - Leucotrienos - Tromboxanos - Carotenoides - Vitaminas lipídicas ## Esteroides ### Esteroides These lipids do not have any r...

## Lípidos no saponificables Composición, estructura, función y clasificación - **No saponificables o derivados** - Esteroides - Prostaglandinas - Leucotrienos - Tromboxanos - Carotenoides - Vitaminas lipídicas ## Esteroides ### Esteroides These lipids do not have any relation to triglycerides, phospholipids, or sphingolipids. All steroids have a general, structural formula made of 17 carbon atoms. ### Figura A diagram of a cyclopentanoperhidrofenantreno, showing its component parts. ### Los esteroides más importantes: - sterols - bile acids - female and male sex hormones - corticosteroid hormones - Vitamin D ### Esteroles - Cholesterol is the best known of the sterols. - It is a crystalline substance, insoluble in water. ### LDL "Bad cholesterol" is a lipoprotein with a low density. It transports cholesterol into cells. ## HORMONAS ESTEROIDEAS - The adrenal cortex stimulates the synthesis of glycogen as well as the breakdown of fats and proteins. - "Cortisol" is the hormone that regulates excretion of water and salts through the kidneys. - Androgenes, like testosterone, estrogen and progesterone control the maturation of eggs. ## ACIDOS BILIARES These are direct derivatives of cholesterol molecules. ## EICOSANOIDES - **Prostaglandinas, leucotrienos and tromboxanos** - Since **arachidonic acid** is the precursor to all of these compounds, these are often called eicosanoids. ### Prostaglandinas - These were for the first time isolated from the prostate gland, but are found in all tissues of the body. - They are very important in pharmacology and medicine. - They cause retention of fluids, control blood pressure, correct blood circulation. - They can be found in omega 3 and omega 6. ### Tromboxanos These are metabolites of prostaglandin endoperoxides, which have a very strong effect on the body. - They have the opposite effect to prostaglandins, as they stimulate platelet aggregation and cause vasoconstriction. ### Leucotrienos - These are found in high concentrations in the intestines of macrophages, within the group of leukocytes, and in eosinophils. - Human leucotrienes are mostly produced by 5-lipoxygenase. - They cause inflammatory disorders, as well as allergic and anaphylactic reactions. ## TERPENOS The classification of terpenes occurs in two groups: ### 1. CAROTENOIDES - These are small, lipid compounds. - They give fruits and vegetables their color. - They are insoluble in water, and found in animals. - They lack OH groups. - The formula is: `CH=C-CH=CH2 CH3` - The name is: 2 methyl 1,3 butadieno or isoprene ### Vitaminas - **Liposolubles** - These are organic compounds without any direct chemical relation to each other, but they cannot be synthesized by humans. - They are all terpenes. - **Liposolubles** - Vitamin A (retinol, B-carotenos) - Vitamin D (colecalciferol) - Vitamin K (filoquinonas, menaquinonas) - Vitamin E (tocoferoles) ## Vitamina A - The retinoid family is a group of molecules, related to retinol, which are essential for vision, reproduction, growth and the maintenance of epithelial tissues. - They play a role in wound healing, vision, protection from infection, and bone growth. ## Vitamina D - This group of molecules are steroids with a hormone-like function. - They regulate the use of calcium and phosphorus during the development of bones and teeth ## Vitamina E - The 8 tocopherols are naturally occurring, the most active of which is alpha-tocopherol. - Its main function is as an antioxidant, preventing the non-enzymatic oxidation of cellular components. - Therefore, it has antioxidant effects and prevents premature aging and cancer. ## Vitamina K - The main function of vitamin K is the post-translational modification of proteins, mostly those that are involved in blood coagulation.