Life of Rizal PDF

Life of Rizal Family Background Birth 1. Date: June 19, 1861 2. Place: Calamba, Laguna Parents 1. Father: Francisco Mercado 2. Mother: Teodora Alonso y Realonda Siblings 1. Saturnina (1850-1913), later married to Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas; 2. Pa...

Life of Rizal Family Background Birth 1. Date: June 19, 1861 2. Place: Calamba, Laguna Parents 1. Father: Francisco Mercado 2. Mother: Teodora Alonso y Realonda Siblings 1. Saturnina (1850-1913), later married to Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas; 2. Paciano (1851-1930), during the Philippine Revolution, Paciano became a revolutionary general and retired to farming after the conflict. Though he was thought to be a bachelor, during his life, he actually had his own family;  3. Narcisa (1852-1939), married to Antonio Lopez, a teacher from Morong Rizal; 4. Olimpia ( 1855-1887), married to Silvestre Ubaldo, telegraph operator from Manila; 5. Lucia ( 1857-1919), married to Mariano Herbosa of Calamba; 6. Maria (1859 – 1945),married to Daniel Faustino Cruz of Binan, Laguna; 7. Concepcion (1862-1865) , died at the age of 3; 8. Josefa (1865-1945), head of the women chapter of the Katipunan, died unmarried; 9. Trinidad (1868-1951), a member of the Katipunan, unmarried; and 10. Soledad ( 1870-1929), married to Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba Jose came after Maria, he is the seventh child in the family. Education Early Childhood 1. First teachers hired by his father: a. Lucas Padua b. Leon Monroy 2. His mother, Dona Teodora a. Reader used: El Amigo de los Ninos (The Children’s Friend) b. Prominent lesson learned as a young boy was from “The story of the Moth”  Influences from Other Members of His Family 1. Uncle Gregorio taught the value of hard work, to think for himself, and to observe his surroundings keenly. 2. Uncle Jose encouraged him to sketch, paint and make sculptures. 3. Uncle Manuel encouraged him to pursue his physical development. He taught the young boy swimming, fencing, wrestling and other sports. 4. His yaya ( nanny) told stories of duwendes, ghosts, and aswangs (evil spirits), of the beautiful Mariang Makiling, and other tales on the beautiful surroundings of his hometown, Calamba. Stories that awakened the imagination and creativity of the young boy. Artistic Endeavors 1. Poems written: a. “Sa Aking Mga Kabata” b. “Un Recuerdo de Mi Pueblo”(“A Memory of My Town,” a poem about Calamba) 2. He made a sculptures out of mud. 3. He drew things surrounding their house like trees, flowers, birds, butterflies, and anything he saw around him. He used charcoal and juices of leaves and flowers for color. During His Secondary Education 2. Place: Binan, Laguna a. Teacher: Justiniano Aquino Cruz b. Process used in teaching: He was quick to discipline his students for any infraction using a short, thin stick. 2. Injustice to the Rizal Family a. Dona Teodora was accused as an accomplice of Jose Alberto of trying to poison his wife. b. Dona Teodora tried to mediate between the spouses but she was accused of trying to poison the wife. c. Dona Teodora was thrown to jail. 3. As a student of Ateneo (1872-1877) a. Jose Rizal entered Ateneo Municipal as an eleven- year- old. b. His close friendship with Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, S.J. inspired the young student. Some poems written under the guidance of Fr. Sanchez: “Tragedy of St. Eustace” “In the Memory of My Town” “Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education” “Through Education Motherland Receives Enlightenment”  He had excellent achievements and graduated highest in in his class Other activities while in Ateneo: He studied painting under Agustin Saez. He studied sculpture under Teodoro Romualdo de Jesus. He carved the image of the Blessed Virgin Mary on a batikuling wood. He carved the image of the Sacred Heart. He joined the organization Marian Congregation. His mentor was Fr. Pablo Pastells, S.J. He was a member of the Academy of Spanish Literature. He was a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Fr. Jose Villaclara, S.J., encouraged him to pay attention also to the sciences and philosophy.  c. In S.Y. 1877-1878, he returned to Ateneo while studying at the University of Santo Tomas. He took up a course on land surveying which was offered then as a vocational course. He completed the surveyor’s course and was awarded the title perito agrimensor. He passed the final examination for the course. He could not practice the surveyor’s profession since he was still underage when he passed the course. He was issued his certification on November 25, 1881, at the age of 20. 4. As a student of the University of Santo Tomas: a. He enrolled at the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters ; majored in Philosophy, 1877-1878.  b. He pursued medicine at the University of Santo Tomas. Some of his grades were still excellent but he also had lower grades. c. He submitted an entry in the Liceo Artistico Literario de Manila in 1879, entitled “A La Juventud Filipina” (“To the Filipino Youth”). He won first prize in the contest. He was awarded a silver quill. For the first time, he used the phrase “the youth, the fair hope of my country” (“kabataan, pag-asa ng aking bayan”).  d. In 1880, a literary contest was held by Liceo Artistico Literario de Manila. Jose Rizal submitted an entry entitled “El Consejo de los Dioses” (“Council of the Gods”). This was held in commemoration of the 400th death anniversary of Miguel de Cervantes, Spain’s national poet. This poem was in praise of Cervantes and made him coequal with Homer and Virgil. He was awarded the grand prize. The award was a gold ring with an engraved bust of Cervantes. 5. Other literary works: a. “Junto al Pasig” – This one-act play was requested by the Jesuits on the feast day of the Immaculate Concepcion. This was a satire showing the good elements and bad elements. In the end, it was a victory for the good elements. b. “A Filipinas” 6. He decided to continue his studies in Spain: a. to widen his knowledge; b. to avail of more conducive conditions in Europe; and c. to learn a cure on the worsening eye condition of his mother. First Trip to Europe Jose Rizal left Manila on May 3, 1882 1. He left for Spain with blessings of his brother Paciano and his uncle, Antonio Rivera. 2. He decided not to seek his parent’s blessing knowing they would never approve of his plan. 3. He secured endorsements from Pedro Paterno. 4. His first stop was in Singapore; Colombo in Sri Lanka, Aden in Yemen; and crossed the entire length of Suez Canal. They landed at Port Said, Egypt; Naples in Italy; and disembarked in Marseilles, France. Activities in Marseilles 1. Jose Rizal went to Chatue d’If, the venue of Alexandre Dumas’s novel, The Count of Monte Cristo. 2. He boarded in Portbou. He noticed the indifference of the Spanish immigration officers compared to the courteous French counterparts. Arrival in Spain 1. He first stopped in Barcelona, the capital of the Spanish province, Cataluna. According to him, the people were indifferent and he arrived during the summer vacation of the students. a. In this city, he found out that the people of the city enjoyed freedom and liberalism.  b. He wrote esays for Diariong Tagalog “Amor Patrio”(Love of Country) “Los Viajes” (Travels) “Revista de Madrid”(Review of Madrid”) c. He met his classmates from Ateneo at the Plaza de Cataluna. 2. Madrid a. He enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid on November 3, 1882. He enrolled in the following courses: Medicine Philosophy and Letters  b. He took courses at the Academy of San Carlos Painting and sculpture Languages: French, German, and English c. He took private lessons at the Hall of Sanz and Carbonell Shooting Fencing d. Important people he met: Miguel Morayta, an advocate of freedom and self- determination. Students from South America hailed Dr. Morayta as their champion. He joined his students and other supporters to this end. Don Pablo Ortega Y Rey, a Spanish liberal who used to live in the Philippines.  e. Jose Rizal joined the Circulo Hispano Filipino It was a social organization where the members talked on the reforms needed in the Philippines. This group was mostly made up of elder Filipinos who were the exiles of 1872. It held informal programs which included poetry reading and debates.  f. Jose Rizal joined freemasonry. He became a member and his masonic name was “Dimasalang”. Freemasonry was an organization outlawed by the Catholic Church because its beliefs are contrary to the doctrines of the church. A mason’s view is that knowledge should be achieved by the light of reason and universal brotherhood of men. Rizal adopted the masonic view. Masonry attacked the church because they believed it promoted religious superstition and obscurantism, hiding truth behind the veil of religion.  g. He was an avid book collector. He scrimped on food and clothes, and lived in modest accommodations but he bought books. Important books he collected: Uncle Tom’s Cabin written by Harriet Beecher Stowe Works of Alexandre Dumas The Wandering Jew written by Eugene Sue Lives of the Presidents of the United Sates from George Washington to Andrew Johnson The Complete Works of Horace (3 volumes)  h. Events on June 25, 1884 Juan Luna was awarded the top prize for his painting Spolarium while Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo took the second place for his painting Virgines Christianas Expuestas al Populacho (Christian Virgins Exposed to the Population). The Filipino painters joined the National Exposition of Fine Arts. Jose Rizal gave a speech in a public audience saying that Luna and Hidalgo of any race and their prizes were products of both the Philippines and Spain. He voiced the hope that, someday, Spain will grant the reforms needed by Filipinos.  This speech was published in the newspaper El Liberal. This reached the Philippines and there were elements in the Philippines who were pleased with this development. i. Completion of his studies He completed his Licenciado en Medicina on June 21, 1884. He did not have his Doctorate in Medicine because he did not present the thesis required for graduation. He can practice medicine with the acquisition of this degree but he cannot teach medicine. He finished his studies in Philosophy and Letters and obtained the degree Licenciado en Filosofia y Letras with the rating of sobresaliente.  J. He started writing the novel Noli Me Tangere when he was still a student at Central University of Madrid. He was inspired to write after reading Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe. This book is about the trial and hardship of the black slave and awakened in him his inherent love and concern for the afflicted. On January 2, 1884, the Filipino expatriates had a meeting at the house of the Paterno brothers. It was during this meeting that the Filipinos who attended agreed to write a novel about the Philippines. These were Pedro Paterno, Maximo Paterno, Antonio Paterno, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Evaristo Aguirre, and Eduarto De Lete. The plan did not materialize and Jose Rizal was left to write the novel. He started writing in Madrid and he continued to write while he was in France and Germany. Final revisions were made in Berlin. He could not afford the printing cost but was saved by his friend, Maximo Viola. He lent Jose Php. 5300.00, the needed amount for the first 2,000 copies of the novel. On March 29, 1887, the novel was printed in Berlin. The first recipients of the novel were Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce, and Felix Resurreccion. As a way of showing his appreciation, he gave the original manuscript of the Noli me Tangere and a complimentary copy to Maximo Viola. Jose Rizal explained the title “Noli Me Tangere “means “Touch Me Not”. This was from the bible, from the Gospel of St. John. The book was dedicated to the Philippines, his fatherland. Paris France 1. He arrived in Paris on November 1885. 2. He worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert. 3. He found time to be with his friends, Pardo de Taveras, Juan Luna, and Felix Ressurrecion Hidalgo. 4. He posed for Juan Luna’s paintings. 5. Composed songs: “Alin Mang Lahi” and “La Deportacion” Germany 1. On February 1886, he arrived in Heidelberg, an old university town. a. He worked as an assistant to Dr. Otto Becker at the University Eye Hospital.  b. He listened to the lectures of Dr. Becker and Prof. Wilhelm Kuehne. c. He wrote the poem, “To the Flowers of Heidelberg”. d. He spent his summer vacation in 1886 in Wilhelmsfeld where he lived with Protestant pastor Karl Ulmer to perfect his ability to speak German. e. He started his correspondence with Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt, the Director of Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria. He sent a book to Prof. Blumentritt, Aritmetica by Rufino Baltazar. 2. On August 1886, he arrived in Leipzig a. He met Prof. Friedrich Ratzel and Dr. Hans Meyer who wrote a book on the Philippines.  b. He translated Schiller’s William Tell to Tagalog. The book narrates how the Swiss attained their independence in a peaceful manner. c. He translated Hans Christian Andersen’s Fairy Tales to Tagalog for his nephews and nieces. 3.On October 9, 1886, he arrived in Dresden. a. He saw the painting of Raphael, The Sistine Madonna. b. At the Zoological, Anthropological and Ethnographic Museum, he saw the collection on the Philippines. 4. Berlin a. He met Dr. Feodor Jagor who wrote Travels in the Philippines. b. He met Drs. Rudolf and his son Hans Virchow, two known German anthropologist; Dr. W. Joest; and Dr. Ernest Schweigger, a known ophthalmologist. c. He became a member of the Anthropological Society, the Ethnographic Society and the Geographic Society. His paper entitled “Tagalische Verkunst”was delivered before the members. He was accepted and became a very respected member. d. He made the final revisions on the novel Noli Me Tangere. On March 29, 1887,the novel was finally printed. 5. He went to Prague to visit the tomb of Nicolaus Copernicus. Departure from Europe 1. In Geneva, Switzerland, Maximo Viola and Jose Rizal parted ways. Viola returned to Spain. 2. Rizal continued to Rome, Italy. 3. In Marseilles, France, he boarded Djemnah to Saigon, Vietnam and finally, Manila. 4. He arrived in Manila. Jose Rizal Returned to Calamba 1. He established a clinic and his first patient was his mother. 2. He treated his mother’s eyes. 3. he worked as a town physician. 4. He was called to Malacanang by Gov. Gen. Emilio Terrero due to the controversy raised by Noli Me Tangere. The first copies had arrived in Manila. 5. Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade was assigned to watch over Jose Rizal. 6. After a review of the Noli Me Tangere, it was found out that the book was heretic, impious, unpatriotic, subversive, and injurious to the government of Spain in the Philippines. It was recommended that the importation, reproduction, and distribution of the book should be prohibited. 7. Gov. Gen. Terrero requested Jose Rizal to leave the country. 8. Investigation on the Calamba problem  Second Trip to Europe He travelled through Asia 1. Hong kong He was met by Jose Ma. Basa and other Filipinos who were exiled due to the secularization issue of 1872. He studied the Chinese language, Chinese drama and theatre, Chinese cultures and Chinese values. He visited Macau, Portuguese colony near Hong Kong. 2. He visited Japan. He stayed in Yokohama. He studied the Japanese language, Japanese culture, theatres, martial arts, and he visited shrines. c. On the way to the United States, on board a ship, he met Tetcho Suehiro. Suehiro wrote the book Dead Traveler. In this book, he described his travel from Japan to the U.S. and his association with Jose Rizal. He wrote another book, Storm Over the Southern Sea. This is said to be similar to Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere.  In the United States of America 1. The entire boat was quarantined when it docked in San Francisco on April 8, 1888. The reason given was because the boat came from a land where cholera was rampant. In reality, it was because the boat carried several Chinese coolies and laborers who accepted cheap labor, displacing the American laborers. This situation was resolved and the passengers were allowed to disembark safely. 2. He travelled westward through Reno, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, Chicago, Albany, and New York City. 3. His comments on America a. The United States was a progressive and prosperous country. b. There was lack of racial equality because there was racial prejudice against the blacks. c. America was land of fairness and justice but only for the whites. Liverpool, England He reached Liverpool, England on May 24, 1888. Immediately after his arrival, he left for London. 1. He was met by Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, also an exile of 1872. Dr. Regidor practiced law in London. 2. Jose Rizal was introduced to Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in England. He was also an authority on Malay languages and customs. 3. His objectives for choosing to live in London were: a. To do research on Philippine history; and b. To annotate Antonio Morga’s Sucesos delas Islas Filipinas, a rare Philippine history book available at the Bristish Museum. He transferred to Paris 1. He continued his research on the Philippine History at the Bibliotheque Nationale or the National Library in Paris. 2. He continued to work on his annotation of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. He published his annotated version. 3. He studied the French language. 4. He wrote a volume of French exercises that the students of the French language may use as a textbook or workbook. 5. He founded the Kidlat Club and the Indios Bravos. These were social clubs which aimed to prove that the Filipinos could excel intellectually and physically.  6. He published Por Telefono, an answer to Fr. Salvation Font, a Spanish friar who attacked the Noli me Tangere. Activities in Brussels 1. He continued to write El Filibusterismo, his second novel. 2. He wrote articles for the La Solidaridad. a. “Verdad Para Los Todos”or “The Truth for All People”appeared on the May, 1889 issue. b. “ Verdades Nuevas” or “New Truths” was published on July 31, 1889. c. “Una Profanacion” or “A Pronation” which is also appeared on the July 31, 1889 issue.  d. “Diferencias” or “Differences”, September 15, 1889. e. Filipinas Dentro de Cien Anos”or “The Philippines a Century Hence” published in four series, September 30, October 31, December 15, 1889 and February 1, 1890. f. “Ingratitudes” which also meant “Ingratitudes” in English language was published on January 15, 1890. g. “Sin Nombre”or “Without Name”, February 8, 1890. h. “Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagala” or “on the New Orthography of the Tagalog Language” , April 15, 1890. i. “Cosas de Filipinos” or “Things about the Philippines”, April 30, 1890.  3. Publication of the El Filibusterismo. Like Noli Me Tangere, money was very scarce. It was financed by Valentin Ventura. 4. He received the news that the members of his family were deported to different places. They also lost the agrarian case in Calamba. 5. Publication of El Flilibusterismo The Decision to Transfer to Madrid 1. The case of Rizal was elevated to the Supreme Court in Madrid. Rizal wanted to pay attention to the case. The Calamba residents were forced to leave the town, their houses were burned, and more people were exiled, including the entire Rizal family. 2. He wrote a poem entitled “A Mi Musa”(To My Muse)  3. Rivalry between Jose Rizal and M.H. del Pilar a. Another group of Filipinos was being formed in Madrid. This was composed of disgruntled students who viewed that the members of the Circulo Hispano Filipino were more inclined to accommodation, moderation, and politeness toward the Spaniards than actually fighting for reforms in the Philippines. b. Another organization was formed, this was the Asosacion Hispano Filipino. It was headed by Dr. Miguel Morayta, a Spanish professor and a Mason Grandmaster. In a meeting to decide where the direction of the Propaganda was going, the group started with an election of the leader. There were 90 Filipino members. An election was held and it was a contest between Jose Rizal and M.H. del Pilar. For two canvassings, del Pilar lead the votes but there was no majority. Finally, on the third attempt, Jose chose to leave than to divide the Filipinos in Madrid.  4. Paciano, his elder brother, advised Jose no to return to the Philippines but he compromised that Jose can return to the Philippines but he compromised that Jose can return to the East, near enough for his parents and relatives to visit him but he cannot be disturbed by the Spaniards. He left for Hong Kong. Productive Life in Hong Kong 1. Jose Ma. Basa initially paid for his fare to Hong Kong. 2. With his undesirable experience in Madrid, he decided to leave the political life in Europe and concentrate on his endeavors. 3. He applied for his license to practice medicine in Hong Kong and this was granted. 4. He had a reunion with his siblings and his parents. He supported them in Hong Kong. 5. His friendship with Dr. Lorenzo P. Marquez helped him start his practice in Hong Kong. 6. He went to Sandakan, Borneo to look for an alternative place for displaced Calamba farmers.  7. Writings a. He translated The Rights of Man written in French to Tagalog, Ang Mga Karapatan ng Tao. b. He was never idle as he stayed in one place. He had his lucrative practice, but he still took time to write. c. He tried to finish his third novel, Makamisa, in Tagalog but gave it up. Paciano started translating the Noli Me Tangere to Tagalog. d. He wrote “A la Nacion Espanola” (“To the Spanish Nation”), an appeal to Spain to right the wrongs done to Calamba tenants.  8. Jose Ma. Basa thought of the idea of an organized group of Filipinos toward the attainment of the liberty of the people of the Philippines. This was later named La Liga. 9. Return to the Philippines a. He wanted to face Gov. Gen. Eulogio Despujol on the fate of his North Boneo project since the governor remained silent on Jose Rizal’s petition. b. Together with his sister Lucia, Rizal left Hong Kong and returned to Manila. Years of Exile in Dapitan 1. On his arrival, he was met by Apolinario Mabini, Andres Bonifacio, Ambrosio Salvador, Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Deodato Arellano, and other patriots. They met in Ilaya Street and formed the La Liga Filipina (The Filipino League). 2. He took a train in Tutuban and visited Malolos, Bulacan; San Fernando, Pampanga; Tarlac; and Bacolor, Pampanga. 3. Handbills were found in Lucia’s pillows entitled “Pobres Frailes.” Jose Rizal admitted that those bills belonged to him. He was ordered arrested by Despujol.  4. He was ordered exiled to Dapitan, North Zamboanga. a. The prisoner was handed over to Captain Carnicero, the political military governor of Dapitan, an isolated Spanish outpost in northern Mindanao. b. One of the passengers was Fr. Pablo Pastells, S.J. c. He won in a lottery with Captain Carnicero and Francisco Equilor. He bought land in Talisay. He had a house, a clinic and a school constructed on his land. d. He continued to correspond and send various species of plants, animals, and insects to Europian scientists. e. Animal species named after Jose Rizal: Rhacophorus rizali, a frog Apogonia rizali, a beetle f. He constructed a huge relief map of Mindanao at the town plaza with the help of Fr. Sanchez.  g. He helped in the livelihood of the people. He modelled an invention on a Belgian example of making bricks. He taught the people to run a cooperative to ensure they have an income from buying and selling abaca and its product. h. Poems written while he was in Dapitan. “El Canto del Viajero” “A Ricardo Carnicero” i. He did an operation on his mother’s eyes. j. He studied native medicinal plants of Dapitan so he could prescribe these to is patients. k. Mr. George Tauffer was brought to him in Dapitan with Josephine Bracken.  l. Dr. Pio Valenzuela arrived in dapitan with ablind man, Raymundo Mata. Dr. Valenzuela imparted to Jose Rizal the intents of the revolution. m. Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt updated Jose Rizal on world events. He suggested that Rizal volunteer his services to the Spanish government and join forces as a doctor in Cuba as a means to end his exile. n. Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco granted Jose Rizal’s request. On July 30, 1896, he was granted a safe conduct pass. Rizal returned to Manila on board the steamer Espana. The Final Chapter of his Life 1. While on board the steamer Espana, awaiting another ship that will transport him to Spain and eventually to Cuba, Philippine Revolution broke out.  2. He was transferred to another ship that left for Spain. 3. He was arrested while cruising the Mediterranean Sea. He was imprisoned in Barcelona, Spain and was immediately deported back to Manila. 4. In Manila, he was imprisoned in Fort Santiago. He was tried on the charges of rebellion, sedition, and illegal association. 5. He was found guilty and was sentenced to death through a firing squad on December 30, 1896.