Lesson 9-10 PDF

 FACTORS THAT INCREASE OR DECREASE POPULATIONS FECUNDITY AND FERTILITY - Fecundity refers to the physical capability to reproduce while fertility measures the actual number of offsprings produced. IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION - Populations are affected by individuals that migrate into and o...

 FACTORS THAT INCREASE OR DECREASE POPULATIONS FECUNDITY AND FERTILITY - Fecundity refers to the physical capability to reproduce while fertility measures the actual number of offsprings produced. IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION - Populations are affected by individuals that migrate into and out of the community  FACTORS THAT INCREASE OR DECREASE POPULATIONS IMMIGRATION -Individuals enter into the population -Increases density of the population EMIGRATION Individuals move out of the population Reduces density of the population  MORTALITY AND LIFE EXPECTANCY - The mortality rate measures to number of individuals that die in a particular time period. Life expectancy refers to the most probable number of years an organism will survive.  HUMAN DEMOGRAPHY Demography ("demos" = people,"graphos" = to write or to measure) covers the important statistics concerning the human population such as births, deaths, geographic locations, and the total population size. As of writing, there are around 7.8 billion people worldwide. China and India hold the biggest population share among all the countries. Philippines ranks 13th with a population close to 110 million.  ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF POPULATION Ecological footprint - measures the amount of land, sea, and natural resources extracted from the environment to provide the consumption needs of particular countries - Some limitations include: - Agricultural practices - unavailability of reliable data from many parts of the world  SUSTAINABILITY As the population grows exponentially, it picks up pace. In the years to come, we will need more and more of the resources that we are using now. Thus, we need to promote sustainability in all levels of society. Sustainability requires us to use our natural resources mindfully, ensuring that the future generations have enough to sustain themselves in their lifetime. This can be done by capitalizing on renewable energy resources, for example, reducing our reliance on fossil fuels which also mitigates our greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. By keeping our GHG emissions down, we also ensure that there is a world left for our children to live in. What other sustainability practices do you think should we adopt?  SDG 9: INDUSTRY, INNOVATION, AND INFRASTRUCTURE Air transport was the most hard-hit sector due to the pandemic. Forecasts see a heavy decline in international passenger count, seat capacity, and overall revenues for airline companies. 2019's manufacturing value increased only by 1.5 percent from the previous year due to tariffs and trade tensions across different regions. This year's growth was the slowest since 2012. Budget allocation to research and development (R&D) improved globally, from 1.5 percent in 2000 to 1.7 percent in 2015. Mobile connectivity has covered almost the entire planet. In 2019, it is estimated that 96.5 percent of the world has access to at least a 2G connection while 81.8 percent is covered by long-term evolution (LTE) network. GDP share of manufacturing increased to 12.4 percent from only 10 in 2010. However, this growth rate was too slow as the goal was to double the industry's share in GDP. Lesson 10 Food and Hunger  FOOD NUTRIENTS Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats Micronutrients: Vitamins and Minerals  Daily Reference Intakes values that show the maximum amount of each nutrient that a person should consume on average everyday. These are NOT meant to be targets for your daily intake but rather a limit or ceiling for the particular nutrients indicated there. Usually, the values indicated in reference intakes are for an adult woman engaging in an average amount of physical activity.  MALNUTRITION AND DIET Malnutrition refers to a condition where there is a deficiency, excess, or imbalance in a person’s nutrient and/or energy intake. The type of malnutrition can be classified according to four basic groups of conditions: Undernutrition Micronutrient-related malnutrition Overweight and obesity Diet-related noncommunicable diseases  UNDERNUTRITION Wasting is a low weight-for-height condition. This is characterized by extreme weight loss that may be due to a recent lack of food intake or occurrence of an illness, like diarrhea. Stunting is a low height-for-weight condition. It results from long-term or recurring undernutrition, probably due to poverty, poor maternal nutrition, or poor child care. Stunting is usually an indication of hampered physical and cognitive growth in children. Children who are underweight have a low weight for their age. An underweight child may be stunted, wasted, or both  UNDERNUTRITION MICRONUTRIENT-RELATED MALNUTRITION - Micronutrients are required by the body only in small amounts. However, inadequacies in the daily intake of vitamins and minerals can severely inhibit our body's capacity to function normally. - Chronic (long-term) micronutrient deficiency is common in developing countries as poverty deprives children of proper nourishment and diet. This often leads to more serious complications depending on what micronutrient is insufficient. Some examples of these include: a. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA), as its name implies, is caused by inadequate iron supply. b. Lack of iodine leads to goiter, hypothyroidism, cretinism, and possibly mental retardation, among others. c. Deficiency in Vitamin A causes poor vision and compromises the immune system.  OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY Overweight and obesity refer to a condition where a person's weight is too much for his height as defined by his Body Mass Index or BMI. This BMI is calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of his height in meters. For adults, a BMI of over 25 is overweight and beyond 30 is obese. Obesity is on the rise globally as more people tend to eat energy-dense (sugary and fatty) foods while engaging in less physical activities that expend the energy from these foods, leading to increased fat deposits all over the body.  DIET-RELATED NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES Examples of these types of diseases are stroke, heart attack, high blood pressure, certain types of cancers, and diabetes. These diseases arise from a poorly balanced diet that has too many fats and sugars NUTRITION ISSUES IN THE PHILIPPINES NUTRITION ISSUES IN THE PHILIPPINES NUTRITION ISSUES IN THE PHILIPPINES  SDG 2: ZERO HUNGER More than a quarter (26.4%) of the world's population suffer from moderate to severe food insecurity mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Stunting and chronic malnutrition in children 5 years and under decreased globally from 23.1 per cent in 2015 to 21.3 (144 million children) per cent in 2019. 75 precent of these children are from sub-Saharan Africa and Central to Southern Asia. Global GDP share in agriculture fell from 0.42 to 0.28 percent from 2001 to 2018. Financial aidto the agriculture sector declined as well since the 1980's. 47 million children under 5 are wasted (low weight-for-height) due to acute malnutrition while 38 million children are overweight.