Lesson 7.1 Biodiversity PDF

SCIENCE 11, Lesson 7: BIODIVERSITY Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 Lesson Outline Types of Biodiversity Biodiversity Attributes and...

SCIENCE 11, Lesson 7: BIODIVERSITY Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 Lesson Outline Types of Biodiversity Biodiversity Attributes and Ecosystems Processes Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity Using Surrogate Species Biodiversity Hotspots Causes of Biodiversity Loss Effects of Biodiversity Loss Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 What is biodiversity? Biodiversity is defined as the variety of living organisms, in various types of ecosystems such as terrestrial, desert, marine, etc. The basic function of biodiversity is to explain the richness and variety in an ecosystem. Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY Genetic Diversity – total of information contained in the genes of species of plants, animals, and microorganisms; genetic variation within a species Species Diversity – the number and relative proportions of different species, and their distribution and functions or interactions within a given spatial context Ecosystem Diversity – distribution and abundance of habitats, biotic communities, and ecological processes in the biosphere Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 GENETIC DIVERSITY 1. Genetic Diversity – total of information contained in the genes of species of plants, animals, and microorganisms; genetic variation within a species Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 SPECIES DIVERSITY 2. Species Diversity – the number and relative proportions of different species, and their distribution and functions or interactions within a given spatial context Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 3. Ecosystem Diversity – distribution and abundance of habitats, biotic communities, and ecological processes in the biosphere Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 Aspects of species diversity Species richness (S) – the total number of species Species evenness (E) – the relative abundance/proportion of species Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 BIODIVERSITY ATTRIBUTES AND ECOSYSTEMS PROCESSES A. Compositional biodiversity – describes the type of elements and the number of representatives present at each level in an area B. Structural biodiversity – describes the variety of arrangement of these components, i.e., variety of ways in which different habitats, species, or genes are arranged over space or time C. Functional biodiversity – the variety of biological processes, functions, or characteristics of a particular ecosystem/area Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 BENEFITS OF BIODIVERSITY Anthropocentric benefits - potentials for different lifeforms to provide information necessary for science, materials that are useful to humans, and all other recreational, medical, or consumptive benefits (nature to humanity) Anthropocentric nature – choosing to protect a certain species or ecosystem, just in case it turns out to be useful Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 BENEFITS OF BIODIVERSITY Ecocentric benefits (examples of ecosystem services) – purifying water and air, pollinating crops, stabilizing soil, maintaining a proper heat balance in the atmosphere, and cycling critical nutrients – economic context – mangrove forests lessened damage to a coastal community in Cebu due to typhoon; “service” – absorbing and slowing down the strong winds and waves – intrinsic value – just knowing that a healthy and vibrant coral reef system or a tropical forest is present can already be fulfilling (even if you may never have actually visited it or have directly benefited from it) - the need to protect these Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 MEASURING AND MONITORING BIODIVERSITY Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 Measuring and monitoring biodiversity The most ideal would be to measure actual processes: rates of productivity, pollination rates, patterns, species interaction, etc. very tedious and time- consuming Simpler and quicker approach – use of surrogate species that can represent a broader set of species and/or habitats to support conservation or management strategies Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 Measuring and monitoring biodiversity using surrogate species ▪ Surrogate approaches – chosen based on taxonomy, habitat, life-history features, or other ecological functions ▪ Keystone species ▪ Umbrella species ▪ Indicator species ▪ Flagship species Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 Keystone species play essential community roles much larger impact on the community or ecosystem/more influential (relative to its abundance) impact becomes Sea otters are examples of keystone species. apparent once removed from an ecosystem without them, an ecosystem would dramatically differ or would even cease to exist altogether e.g., tropical figs bear fruits during off fruiting season—without them, many animals would starve to death Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class during use only periods of fruit scarcity to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 Umbrella species require large areas of habitat or home range – because protecting these species indirectly protects the many other species that make up the ecological community of its habitat (the umbrella effect). http://www.djibnet.com/photo/filipinas/turtle-cebu-philippines- most are listed as endangered or 356792881.html threatened on the IUCN red list; for making conservation-related decisions e.g., marine turtles (for ocean ecosystems); Philippine eagle (for land ecosystems) https://whitleyaward.org/winners/conserving-the-philippine-eagle-on-mindanao- island/ Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 Indicator species species that set a benchmark against which comparisons can be made after a period of time are sensitive to certain changes in the environment hence found only in areas where these factors are optimal may work well only in a particular habitat or ecosystem examples: giant golden crown flying fox, sensitive aquatic macroinvertebrates (stoneflies, Fireflies are examples of indicator species. They are sensitive to air pollution. Change in firefly populations can serve as early warnings of environmental distress. mayflies, caddisflies) Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024  aquatic macroinvertebrates http://algakon.es/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/6.jpg Giant Golden-crowned Flying Fox (Acerodon jubatus); wingspan of up to 6 ft; weigh up to 3.3 lbs; up to a body length of 55 cm, or 22 inches Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 Flagship species Cebu black shama ‘siloy’ Copsychus cebuensis https://focusingonwildlife.com/news/siloy- popular, charismatic species that cebus-endangered-black-shama/ serve as symbols and rallying points to stimulate conservation awareness and action serve to act as an ambassador, icon, or symbol for a defined Mindoro Hornbill Penelopides habitat, issue, campaign, or mindorensis - Male environmental cause http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?Bird_ID=319&Bird_ Image_ID=89729 achieving conservation of that species, the status of other species sharing its habitat, or are vulnerable to the same threats, may also be improved examples: Mindoro’s ‘tariktik’; Bohol’s tarsier; Cebu’s ‘siloy’ Philippine tarsier Tarsius syrichta http://www.bohol- Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 philippines.com/tarsiers.html Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024 CLASS TASK: 1. The class will be divided into five groups, with six members in each, using a drawing method for the class presentation. 2. Present an ecosystem featuring a unique indicator or keystone species. Explain its role and significance within that ecosystem. Email me to confirm your chosen topic, and be ready to deliver a 12-minute PPT presentation on Tuesday (Oct 1, 2024). Terms of use: This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Sci 11: Living Systems, Concepts, and Dynamics; Second Semester, A.Y. 2023 - 2024