Lesson 5_Fallacies.pptx

Fallacies Prepared by: Carmina Jane G. Domantay  ARGUMENT FALLACY is a set of is an illogical statements step in an (called argument. It is premises) that usual...

Fallacies Prepared by: Carmina Jane G. Domantay  ARGUMENT FALLACY is a set of is an illogical statements step in an (called argument. It is premises) that usually noted work together as a “bias” to support where the logic another of the statement statement Introduction to the Philosophy of the is 2 flawed.Lesson 4 Ad Hominem attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself. Example: “I wouldn't listen to her advice on parenting, she doesn't even have kids of her own.” Introduction to the Philosophy of the 3 Lesson 4 Appeal to authority Using an authority figure as evidence in support of an argument, without providing additional reasoning or evidence. Example: “My doctor says that taking these supplements is the best way to lose weight, so it must be true.” "The CEO of our company says that we need to increase our profits, so we should trust his judgement and follow his plan." Introduction to the Philosophy of the 4 Lesson 4 Appeal to force Using threats and force to make them agree to your conclusion. Example: "If you don't agree with me, I'll beat you up." "Give me your wallet or I'll shoot you." Introduction to the Philosophy of the 5 Lesson 4 Appeal to pity Using emotional appeals to persuade someone to accept a conclusion. Example: Can I please have an extension for my paper? I’m busy with soccer and babysitting, and juggling deadlines is difficult for me. Please don’t give me a failing grade—I really need to pass this class to graduate. Introduction to the Philosophy of the 6 Lesson 4 Appeal to people Arguing that a conclusion is true because many people believe it to be true. Example: Every boy your age already has a girlfriend, you should go find one! It might be against the law to drink when you are 18 years old, but everyone does it, so it's okay. Introduction to the Philosophy of the 7 Lesson 4 Appeal to tradition The idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time. Example: "Women should stay home because they've traditionally been the caregivers.“ No one in this family has ever been divorced; therefore, you need to work out your marital problems. We don't get divorced! Introduction to the Philosophy of the 8 Lesson 4 Begging the question Assuming the conclusion in the premise of an argument and using that assumption to prove the conclusion. Example: Premise: Steve is a trustworthy person because I trust him. Conclusion: Therefore, you should trust Steve. 9 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Lesson 4 Cause and effect Assuming a “cause-and-effect” relationship between unrelated events Example: “Ever since you bought that sweater, everything has been going wrong in your life. You should get rid of it.” Introduction to the Philosophy of the 10 Lesson 4 Slippery Slope Making an argument that a particular action will lead to a chain of negative events, without providing sufficient evidence for the causal relationship. Example: “If we allow same-sex couples to marry, then soon people will be marrying animals.” Introduction to the Philosophy of the 11 Lesson 4 Hasty Generalization Making a generalization based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence. Example: Jeff smokes a pack a day because his uncle smoked nearly two packs a day and he lived to be 95. Introduction to the Philosophy of the 12 Lesson 4 Appeal to ignorance Arguing that a conclusion is true because there is no evidence against it, or because it has not been proven false. Example: "There's no evidence that aliens haven't visited Earth, so it must be true that they have." Introduction to the Philosophy of the 13 Lesson 4 Fallacy of Composition Assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole Example: "Each player on the team is a great athlete, so the team as a whole must be unbeatable." Introduction to the Philosophy of the 14 Lesson 4 Fallacy of division Assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts Example: You come from a family of doctors and intellectuals! Surely you can do better in this course! Introduction to the Philosophy of the 15 Lesson 4 Fallacy of equivocation Using the same term in two different senses within the same argument, leading to confusion or a false conclusion. Example: Noisy children are a real headache. Two aspirin will make a headache go away. Therefore, two aspirin will make noisy children go away. Introduction to the Philosophy of the 16 Lesson 4 Exercise: 1. "If you don't agree with me, I'll punch you in the face“ 2. "The company must be doing well because we're making a profit, and profits are always a sign of success" 3. "Nobody can prove that Bigfoot isn't real, so he must exist somewhere“ 4. "I started using a new shampoo and then my hair started falling out, so the shampoo must be causing the hair loss“ 5. "Each brick in the wall is small and lightweight, so the whole wall must be easy to move" Introduction to the Philosophy of the 17 Lesson 4 Exercise: 6. “I've met two people in Greece so far, and they were both nice to me. So, all the people I will meet in Greece will be nice to me." 7. "Nobody wants to eat at that restaurant, it must not be any good“ 8. "Please don't fire me, I have a family to support" 9. "We've been using this method for years, it's worked so far, so we should stick with it" 10."I'm sorry I didn't finish the project on time, I was up all night with a sick child" Introduction to the Philosophy of the 18 Lesson 4