Solutions Lesson Notes PDF

# SOLUTIONS LESSON 3 SHS | 2ND SEMESTER The image shows a flow chart that distinguishes between matter, mixtures and pure substances **MATTER** * Can it be physically separated? * Yes: **MIXTURE** * Is the composition uniform? * Yes: Homogeneous Mixture (solution);...

# SOLUTIONS LESSON 3 SHS | 2ND SEMESTER The image shows a flow chart that distinguishes between matter, mixtures and pure substances **MATTER** * Can it be physically separated? * Yes: **MIXTURE** * Is the composition uniform? * Yes: Homogeneous Mixture (solution); Colloids * No: Heterogeneous Mixture; Suspensions * No: **PURE SUBSTANCE** * Can it be chemically decomposed? * Yes: Compound * No: Element **SOLUTIONS** The solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which one of the substances often changes in form and contains variable proportions. ## CHARACTERISTICS 1. A solution has a uniform composition distributed thoroughly. 2. The solution does not allow beams of light to scatter, and the particles that make the solution cannot be seen by the naked eye. 3. Solution can be separated by physical means. 4. Solution concentrations are composed of solute and solvent. The image shows different laboratory equipment e.g. a beaker, flask, measuring cylinder, and a funnel. * **A solute** is a component in a solution that is present in lesser quantity; thus, it disperses/dissolves in a solvent. * **Solvent** is a component in a solution that is present in greater quantity; thus, it dissolves other substances. **COMPONENTS OF SOLUTIONS** ## TYPES OF SOLUTIONS | | | | -------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **SOLID SOLUTION** | Is solid in which one component is randomly dispersed on an atomic or molecular scale throughout another component. Ex. Alloys | | **LIQUID SOLUTION** | Made by dissolving a gas, liquid, or solid in a liquid. Ex. Vinegar and Soy sauce | | **AQUEOUS SOLUTION** | Is a liquid solution if the liquid is water. Ex. Salt in water | | **GASEOUS SOLUTION** | Made by mixing gas with another gas | CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOLUTIONS ## AMOUNT OF SOLUTE | | | | -------------------- | -------------------- | | **Diluted Solution** | **Concentrated Solution** | | Which contains | Which contains | | Relatively small | Relatively large | | amount of solute | amount of solute | The image is a diagram of two beakers of solute and solvent, one dilute the other concentrated. * Dilute a little bit of salt: solute, solvent * Concentrated: a lot of salt ## DEGREE OF SATURATION * **Unsaturated Solution** contains less than the maximum amount of solute at a given temperature. * **Saturated Solution** contains maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved at a given temperature. * **Supersaturated Solution** contains more than the maximum amount of solute at a given temperature. The image is a diagram of the degree of saturation. * Unsaturated Solution: more solute dissolves * Saturated Solution: no more solute dissolves * Supersaturated Solution: becomes unstable, crystals form increasing concentration ## BASED ON MISCIBILITY | | | | | ------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------- | | **Miscible** | If two liquid dissolve in each other in any proportion | | | **Partially Miscible** | If two liquid components are mixed in certain proportions but four two phases when mixed in different proportion | | | **Immiscible** | If two components are insoluble in each other | | The image is of test tubes showing the miscibility of liquids inside the test tubes as temperature changes ## HEAT DURING FORMATION | | | | ------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **Exothermic Solution** | When heat evolves or escapes in the surrounding during formation | | **Endothermic Solution** | When heat absorbs from the surroundings during formation | The image shows diagrammatically the difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions | | | | ------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **Exothermic Reactions** | A reaction that releases energy from the system in the form of heat. | | **Endothermic Reaction** | A reaction that the system absorbs energy from its surrounding in the form of heat. | ## BASED ON CONCENTRATION | | | | | ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **Hypotonic Solution** | Is a solution that has a lower osmotic pressure in the body than the cells of the body. | | | **Isotonic Solution** | Is a solution that has the same osmotic pressure. | | | **Hypertonic Solution** | Is a solution that has a higher osmotic pressure in the body than the cells of the body. | The image is a diagram showing a the difference between hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions ## SOLUBILITY The property of a substance to form uniform mixtures with other substances, wherein the weight of a substance dissolves in a given volume at a given temperature. FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF SOLUBILITY FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF SOLUBILITY 1. Temperature - the higher the temperature, the faster the solute to dissolve 2. Stirring - the faster we stir constantly, the faster the solute to dissolve 3. Particle size - the smaller the particle, the faster the solute to dissolve 4. Nature of solution - "like dissolves like" 5. Pressure - the higher the pressure, the faster the solute to dissolve THANK YOU! Lesson 3 | Solutions