Mixtures, Solutions and Classifications - Lesson 3

• Solutions are explored within Lesson 3, focusing on mixtures, characteristics, solution components and classifications.

Matter & Mixtures

• Matter can either be physically separated, or not physically separated.
• If matter can be physically separated, it is a mixture.
• If matter cannot be physically separated, it is a pure substance.
• Mixtures can either have uniform composition, or not have uniform composition.
• Homogeneous mixtures have uniform composition, is also called a solution.
• Heterogeneous mixtures don't have uniform composition.
• Pure substances can either be chemically decomposed, or not chemically decomposed.
• If a pure substance can be chemically decomposed, it is a compound.
• If a pure substance cannot be chemically decomposed, it is an element.

Defining Solutions

• Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances.
• Homogeneous mixtures feature one substance changing form, while containing variable proportions.

Characteristics of Solutions

• Solutions have a uniform composition that is thoroughly distributed.
• Solutions do not allow beams of light to scatter.
• The particles making up a solution are not visible to the naked eye.
• Solutions can be separated by physical means.
• Solution concentrations consist of solute and solvent.

Solution Components - Solute

• A solute is a solution component present in a smaller quantity.
• Solutes disperse and dissolve within a solvent

Solution Components - Solvent

• A solvent is a solution component present in greater quantity.
• Solvents dissolve other substances.

Types of Solutions - Solid

• Solid solutions are solids where one component is randomly dispersed on an atomic or molecular scale throughout another component.
• Alloys are an example.

Types of Solutions - Liquid

• Liquid solutions are formed by dissolving a gas, liquid, or solid in a liquid.
• Vinegar or soy sauce are examples.

Types of Solutions - Aqueous

• Aqueous solutions are liquid solutions where the liquid is water.
• Salt in water is an example.

Types of Solutions - Gaseous

• Gaseous solutions are formed by mixing gas with another gas.
• The atmosphere is an example.

Solution Classifications - Amount of Solute - Diluted

• Diluted solutions contain a relatively small amount of solute.

Solution Classifications - Amount of Solute - Concentrated

• Concentrated solutions contain a relatively large amount of solute.

Solution Classifications - Degree of Saturation - Unsaturated

• Unsaturated solutions contain less than the maximum amount of solute at a given temperature.

Solution Classifications - Degree of Saturation - Saturated

• Saturated solutions contain the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved at a given temperature.

Solution Classifications - Degree of Saturation - Supersaturated

• Supersaturated solutions contain more than the maximum amount of solute at a given temperature.
• These solutions are unstable.

Solution Classifications - Based on Miscibility - Miscible

• Miscible solutions occur when two liquids dissolve in any proportion.

Solution Classifications - Based on Miscibility - Partially Miscible

• Partially miscible solutions happen when two liquid components mix in certain proportions, but form two phases when mixed in different proportions.

Solution Classifications - Based on Miscibility - Immiscible

• Immiscible solutions occur when two components are insoluble in each other.

Solution Classifications - Heat During Formation - Exothermic

• Exothermic solutions occur when heat evolves or escapes during formation.

Solution Classifications - Heat During Formation - Endothermic

• Endothermic solutions occur when heat absorbs from the surroundings during formation.

Solution Classifications - Based on Concentration - Hypotonic

• Hypotonic solutions have lower osmotic pressure in the body than the cells of the body.

Solution Classifications - Based on Concentration - Isotonic

• Isotonic solutions possess the same osmotic pressure.

Solution Classifications - Based on Concentration - Hypertonic

• Hypertonic solutions have a higher osmotic pressure in the body than the cells of the body.

Solubility

• Solubility is the property of a substance to form uniform mixtures with other substances.
• The weight of a substance dissolves in a given volume at a given temperature.

Factors Affecting Solubility

• Temperature: Solubility increases with higher temperature.
• Stirring: Constant stirring increases solubility.
• Particle size: Smaller particle sizes increase solubility.
• Nature of solution: "Like dissolves like."
• Pressure: Solubility increases with higher pressure.

Lesson 3 explores mixtures, their characteristics, and solution classifications. It differentiates between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. The lesson also covers pure substances, compounds, and elements within the context of matter.