Abnormal Psychology Lecture Notes PDF

Abnormal Psychology Instructor: Prof. Dr. Rukhsana Kausar Topic: 9-14 1 Abnormal Psychology Diagnosis 2  Diagnosis The diagnosis of the disorder based on:  Assessment  DSM-5 criteria for the...

Abnormal Psychology Instructor: Prof. Dr. Rukhsana Kausar Topic: 9-14 1 Abnormal Psychology Diagnosis 2  Diagnosis The diagnosis of the disorder based on:  Assessment  DSM-5 criteria for the disorder 3  Diagnosis Using all available information, clinicians attempt to paint a “clinical picture”  Influenced by their theoretical orientation 4  Diagnosis Using assessment data and the clinical picture, clinicians attempt to make a diagnosis  A determination that a person’s problems reflect a particular disorder or syndrome  Based on an existing classification system 5  Diagnostic Process  Clinical Interview  Subjective ratting  Baselines  Behavioral Assessment  Formal Assessment Tests  Prognosis 6 Abnormal Psychology Diagnostic Assessment 7  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Assessment  Assessment is collecting relevant information in an effort to reach a conclusion  Focus is idiographic  To evaluate treatment progress Clinical assessment tools fall into three categories:  Clinical interviews  Tests  Observations 8  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Characteristics of Test  Assessment tools must be standardized  Have clear reliability and validity Procedure  Administration  Scoring  Interpretation 9  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Clinical Interview  Used to collect detailed information, especially personal history, about a client.  Allow the interviewer to focus on whatever topics they consider most important.  Can be either unstructured or structured. 10  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Clinical Interview Limitations  May lack validity or accuracy  Interviews, particularly unstructured ones, may lack reliability  Individuals may be intentionally misleading  Interviewers may be biased or may make mistakes in judgment 11  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Mental Status Examination  General Appearance Appearance in relation to age Accessibility Friendly Body Build Clothing Cosmetics Hygiene Odor Facial expression 12  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Mental Status Examination  Psychomotor behavior Gait Handshake Abnormal movements Rate of movements  Speech Rate of speech Intensity of volume Liveliness Quantity 13  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Mental Status Examination  Mood and affect Appropriateness of affect Range of affect Stability of affect Attitude toward nurse during encounter Specific mood or feelings observed or reported Anxiety Level 14  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Mental Status Examination  Cognition Cognition Attention & Concentration Memory Abstraction Insight into illness Orientation Judgment 15  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Mental Status Examination  Thought Pattern Clarity Relevance/logic Flow Content Level of Consciousness 16  Diagnostic Assessment Characteristics of Test  Assessment tools must be standardized  Reliable and valid Procedure Administration Scoring Interpretation 17  Diagnostic Assessment Intelligence Test  Salosson Intelligence Test  Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale  Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children  Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales 18  Diagnostic Assessment Personality Testing Self-report tests  Big Five Inventory  Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory  Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors Tests 19  Diagnostic Assessment Personality Testing Projective Tests  Rorschach test  Thematic Apperception Test  Child Apperception Test  House Tree Person 20  Diagnostic Assessment Neuropsychological Assessment  Benton Visual Retention Test  Wisconsin Card Sorting Test  Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS)  Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological battery  Memory Assessment Scales (MAS)  Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Tests 21  Diagnostic Assessment Neuropsychological Assessment  Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Tests  Stroop Test  Tower Test 22  Diagnostic Assessment Specific Disorder Related Tests  Beck Depression Inventory  Beck Anxiety Inventory  OCD Inventory  Positive and negative symptoms scale 23  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Behavior Observation Systematic observations of behavior  Naturalistic  Self-monitoring Clinical Observation  Subjective Ratings of Symptoms  Baseline Charts 24  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment DSM5 and Assessment  Criteria can be used as an assessment tool  Severity criteria in order to rate the severity of the disorder  A list of Assessment tools is provided in section of “Assessment Measures” 25  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Assessment Report Assessment report is brief description of results obtained by assessment inventories. The report included:  Brief History of the Problem or illness  Behavioral Observation  Test Administration  Quantitative Analysis  Qualitative Analysis  Conclusion 26 Abnormal Psychology DSM & Diagnosis 27  DSM and Diagnosis  DSM Criteria can be used as an assessment tool  Severity criteria in order to rule the severity of the disorder. 28  DSM and Diagnosis What’s New in DSM-5  Non-axial system  Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) is changes to “Unspecified” and “other specified”  “General medical condition” is replaced with “another medical condition”  ICD-10 diagnoses in parentheses 29  Diagnosis What’s New in DSM-5  Mental Retardation obsolete  Communication disorders, Autism Spectrum Disorder  Specific learning disorder  Attention deficit hyperactivity  motor disorders  Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders  Bipolar disorders 30  Diagnosis What’s New in DSM-5  Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder  Persistent depressive disorder  Premenstrual Dysphonic Disorder  Major Neurocognitive Disorder  Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders  Trauma and Stress Related Disorders 31  Diagnosis What’s New in DSM-5  Dissociative Disorders  Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders  Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders  Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder  In Sleep Disorders  Sexual Disorders  Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders 32  Diagnosis What is ICD-10 International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10)  Used by Psychiatrists  Revised periodically  ICD-10 is printed in a three-volume set.  ICD-10 has alphanumeric categories  Codes in DSM-5 are from ICD-10 33  Diagnosis and Treatment Planning a Treatment  Once clinicians decide that a person is suffering from abnormality, they seek to treat it  Treatment, or therapy, is a Therapy... not Recently, a hotel in Spain that was about to procedure designed to undergo major renovations invited members change abnormal behavior of the public to relieve their stress by destroying the rooms on one floor of the into more normal behavior hotel. This activity may indeed have been therapeutic for some, but it was not therapy. It lacked, among other things, a “trained healer” and a series of systematic contacts between healer and sufferer. 34  Diagnosis and Treatment Planning a Treatment All forms of therapy have three essential features: A sufferer A trained healer A series of contacts between the healer and the sufferer 35  Diagnosis and Treatment Treatment Team  Psychiatrist  Psychologist  Helping Staff  Family/ Informant 36  Diagnosis and Treatment Modality of Treatment  Medicine  Psychotherapy  Begin with assessment information and diagnostic decisions to determine a treatment plan  Use a combination of idiographic and nomothetic information  Treatment using various techniques 37  Diagnosis and Treatment Modality of Treatment Today's Leading Theories and Professions Socioc Psychoanal ytic ultural Humanisti c- Biolog existentia l ical Cogni Beha tive vioral 38  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Assessment  Assessment is collecting relevant information in an effort to reach a conclusion  Focus is idiographic  To evaluate treatment progress Clinical assessment tools fall into three categories:  Clinical interviews  Tests  Observations 39  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Characteristics of Test  Assessment tools must be standardized  Have clear reliability and validity Procedure  Administration  Scoring  Interpretation 40  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Clinical Interview  Used to collect detailed information, especially personal history, about a client.  Allow the interviewer to focus on whatever topics they consider most important.  Can be either unstructured or structured. 41  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Clinical Interview Limitations  May lack validity or accuracy  Interviews, particularly unstructured ones, may lack reliability  Individuals may be intentionally misleading  Interviewers may be biased or may make mistakes in judgment 42  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Mental Status Examination  General Appearance Appearance in relation to age Accessibility Friendly Body Build Clothing Cosmetics Hygiene Odor Facial expression 43  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Mental Status Examination  Psychomotor behavior Gait Handshake Abnormal movements Rate of movements  Speech Rate of speech Intensity of volume Liveliness Quantity 44  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Mental Status Examination  Mood and affect Appropriateness of affect Range of affect Stability of affect Attitude toward nurse during encounter Specific mood or feelings observed or reported Anxiety Level 45  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Mental Status Examination  Cognition Cognition Attention & Concentration Memory Abstraction Insight into illness Orientation Judgment 46  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Mental Status Examination  Thought Pattern Clarity Relevance/logic Flow Content Level of Consciousness 47  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Intelligence Test  Salosson Intelligence Test  Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale  Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children  Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales 48  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Personality Testing Self-report tests  Big Five Inventory  Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory  Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors Tests 49  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Personality Testing Projective Tests  Rorschach test  Thematic Apperception Test  Child Apperception Test  House Tree Person 50  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Behavior Observation Systematic observations of behavior  Naturalistic  Self-monitoring Clinical Observation  Subjective Ratings of Symptoms  Baseline Charts 51  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Neuropsychological Assessment  Benton Visual Retention Test  Wisconsin Card Sorting Test  Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS)  Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological battery  Memory Assessment Scales (MAS)  Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Tests 52  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment DSM5 and Assessment  Criteria can be used as an assessment tool  Severity criteria in order to rate the severity of the disorder.  A list of Assessment tools is provided in section of “Assessment Measures” 53  Characteristics of Psychological Assessment Assessment Report Assessment report is brief description of results obtained by assessment inventories. The report included:  Brief History of the Problem or illness  Behavioral Observation  Test Administration  Quantitative Analysis  Qualitative Analysis  Conclusion 54