Abnormal Psychology Midterms Reviewer PDF

Abnormal Psychology Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context Integrative Approach to Psychopathology Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Psychotic Disorders Neurodevelopmental Di...

Abnormal Psychology Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context Integrative Approach to Psychopathology Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Psychotic Disorders Neurodevelopmental Disorders Midterms Reviewer BS Psychology | Prof. Rainier S. Ladic | 1st Sem Calpo, Julius Rhey C. Duya, Kathreena Angel L. Joseph, Mayumi Altheia Unnah L. Miranda, Alain Sofia C. Sanjorjo, Caddy Mae D. Suñiga, Pearl Angeline M. Tungol, Jopay D.  Abnormal Psychology Midterms Reviewer BS Psychology | Prof. Rainier S. Ladic | 1st Sem Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context 4D’S OF ABNORMALITIES 1. Distress UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY feeling problematic Psychological Disorder 2. Dysfunction − A psychological dysfunction within an can’t function well individual associated with distress or 3. Deviance impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected. behavior is different from norms 4. Danger Phobia tendency to harm oneself or another − A psychological disorder characterized by 5. Duration(Unofficial) marked and persistent fear of an object or situation (e.g. Trypanophobia/ fear of how long does one experience the needles) symptoms of an illness. WHAT IS A PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER? Ego dystonic disorders Psychological Dysfunction - aware that they have a problem (e.g. − Refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning. depression, anxiety behavior). Distress or Impairment Ego syntonic disorders − The criterion is satisfied if the individual is -not aware that they have a problem (e.g. extremely upset. − Does not define problematic abnormal ADHD). behavior. THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Atypical or Not Culturally Expected Psychopathology − Is important but also insufficient to − The scientific study of psychological determine if a disorder is present by itself. disorders. Talented or Eccentric The Scientist-Practitioner − We accept extreme behaviors by − Mental health professionals take a scientific entertainers that would not be tolerated in approach to their clinical work. other members of our society. Clinical Description Harmful Dysfunction − Represents the unique combination of − A related concept that is also useful is to behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make determine whether the behavior is out of the up a specific disorder. individual’s control.  CLINICAL DESCRIPTION HISTORICAL CONCEPTIONS OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR P.P.I.C.P.E. 1. The Supernatural Tradition 1. Presenting Problem − All physical and mental disorders were − Shorthand way of indicating why the considered the work of the devil. person came to the clinic. 2. Prevalance Demons and Witches − How many people in the population as − The bizarre behavior of people afflicted with a whole have the disorder psychological disorders was seen as the 3. Incidence work of the devils and witches. − Statistics on how many new cases Stress and Melancholy occur during a given period, such as a − Insanity was a natural phenomenon, year. caused by mental or emotional stress, 4. Course and it was curable. − Age of onset, and possible a different − It was identified as a cause of the “sin of sex ratio and prevalence, most disorders acedia or sloth” follow a somewhat individual pattern. − Treatments include rest, sleep, healthy and happy environment, baths, ointments, and Chronic Course various potions. − A disorder tend to last a long time, Treatments for Possession sometimes a lifetime. − Exorcisms at least have the virtue of being Episodic Course relatively painless. − The individual is likely to recover within − If exorcism failed, many people were a few months only to suffer a recurrence subjected to confinement, beatings, and of the disorder at a later time. other forms of torture. Time-Limited Course Mass Hysteria − The disorder will improve without − Is characterized by large-scale outbreaks of treatment in a relatively short period with bizarre behavior. little or no risk of recurrence. Acute Onset Emotion Contagion − The disorder begin suddenly − The experience of an emotion seems to Insidious Onset spread to those around us. − The disorder develop gradually over an extended period. The Moon and the Stars − Has profound effects on people’s 5. Prognosis psychological functioning − The anticipated course of a disorder. − It inspired the word “Lunatic”, in which the 6. Etiology gravitational effects of the moon on bodily − The study of origins. fluids might be a possible cause of mental − What is the cause of disorder, and it disorders. includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions. 2. The Biological Tradition − Physical causes of mental disorders have ❖ Developmental Psychology been sought since early in history. − Study of changes in behavior over time Hippocrates and Galen ❖ Developmental Psychopathology − Hippocrates is considered to be the father − The study of changes in abnormal of modern Western medicine. behavior Hippocratic Corpus ❖Life-Span Developmental − Suggested that psychological disorders Psychopathology could be treated like any other disease. − Study of abnormal behavioracross the entire age span.  Humoral Theory of Disorders Electroconvulsive Therapy − Assumed that normal brain functioning − Sending six small shocks directly through was related to four bodily fluids or humors; his brain, producing convulsions. blood(heart), black bile(spleen), phlegm(brain), yellow bile(liver). 4. The Psychological Tradition − Advocated humane and responsible care for individuals with psychological disturbances Syphilis − A sexually transmitted disease caused by a Moral Therapy bacterial microorganism entering the brain, − A strong psychosocial approach to mental include believing that everyone is plotting disorders. against you (delusion of persecution) or that − Treating institutionalized patients as you are God (delusion of grandeur). normally as possible. Mental Hygiene Movement − Improving the standards of care. − Making sure that everyone who needed care received it, including the homeless. Dorothea Dix -started the mental hygiene movement. 3. The Development of Biological Treatments − Renewed interest in the biological origin of psychological disorders led to greatly increased understanding of biological contributions to psychopathology and to the development of new treatments. Insulin Shock Therapy PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY − Using increasingly higher dosages until patients convulsed and became temporarily − The most comprehensive theory yet comatose. constructed on the development and structured on the development and structure of our personalities.  HUMANISTIC THEORY − Emphasized the positive, optimistic side of human nature. − It is all about setting goals, looking toward the future, and realizing one’s fullest potential. THE BEHAVIORAL MODEL − Also known as the “cognitive-behavioral model” or “social learning model”, brought the systematic development of a more scientific approach to psychological aspects of psychopathology.  Punnett Square Integrative Approach to Psychopathology tool showing gene combination. Dominant Gene (TT) Systematic Derived from the word “System”, Implies Shows strong effect in either homozygous particular influence contributing or heterozygous psychopathology cannot be considered out (e.g. TT - Homozygous Dominant, Tt of context. Heterozygous Dominant) Recessive Gene (tt) One Dimensional Model Psychopathology attributed to a single shows effect in homozygous condition cause. only. (e.g. tt - Homozygous Recessive) Multi-Dimensional Model Psychopathology influenced by various Misconception about genes - Single genes factor. affect only one attribute only. Gregor Johann Mendel Diathesis Stress Model The father of genetics Demonstrated that inheritance came from This model argues that the development genes. of comes from the interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental Mendelian Genetics factor Study of inheritance Genes Units of heredity that maintains the structural identity from one generation to another. Chromosomes strand of genes. Precipitating DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Contains the genetic instruction of an This refers to the environmental trigger of organism the current problem Double stranded Perpetuation Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine Continuous level of precipitating. RNA (ribonucleic acid) Link between DNA and the ‘Synthesis of The Nervous System protein”. Single Stranded Central Nervous System Adenine, Guanine Cytosine, Uracil brain and spinal cord. Autonomic Nervous System ‘Automatic’, controls the heart, intestine, and other organs that do not need voluntary movement. Somatic Nervous System Negative Symptoms Conveys axon that relay messages from Symptoms that are not there but SHOULD the sense organ to the CNS. be there. Avolition Affective Flattening Alogia Anhedonia Asociality Medication for Schizophrenia - First Generation - Neuroleptic, drugs Second Generation - Atypical Antipsychotic, Clozapine, amisulpride, etc. Observational Learning Allow people people to learn any behavior by observation. Albert Bandura - The theorist who believes in observational learning. Created “Bobo Doll Experiment” children can learn through observation Major Depressive Disorder and later imitating the same behaviors with a combination of environmental Feel sad or helpless most of the day. and cognitive processes. Can cause: Injury, Highly stressful experience, poor diet, or other causes. Modeling - Learning through modeling you Increased activity in “Prefrontal can add or subtract the observed behavior Cortex”. Prepared Learning - Over the course of Medication for MDD: Tricyclic, SSRI, evolution, this knowledge contributes to the SNRI, MAOI, Atypical antidepressant survival of the species. Oldest Treatment for MDD - Monoamine (e.g. there's an earthquake, your survival Oxidase Inhibitors. instinct is to duck under the table) Learned Helplessness - State that occurs after a person has experienced a stressful Schizophrenia situation. (e.g. a smoker may repeatedly try and fail Psychotic disorder affecting thoughts and to quit) behavior. People diagnosed with schizophrenia Learned Optimism - Developing the ability must have deteriorated everyday to view the world from a positive point of functioning for at least 6 months. view. (e.g. if I study, I can get a better grade) Positive Symptoms - symptoms that are there but should NOT be there. Blind sight / Unconscious vision - Hallucination Reduced visual pathways but accurately Delusion reach and distinguish objects Disorganized Implicit Memory - Unconscious, Someone thinking/speech/movement can clearly act on the basis of things that have happened in the past but can’t remember the events. (e.g. singing a familiar song) Explicit Memory - Conscious memory influencing behavior. (e.g.: recalling your to do list) Mood - Persistent period of emotion Emotions - conscious mental reactions. Fight or Flight Response - Alarm reaction that activates during life threatening situations Parasympathetic - This autonomic response relaxes our nervous system, it allows us to rest and digest. Sympathetic - This autonomic response alerts our system, giving us the flight or fight response. Freeze - is your body's inability to move or act against a threat. Fawn - is your body's stress response to try to please someone to avoid conflict. Suppressing Anger - Can contribute more strongly to death from heart disease. Fear and Phobias - Are universal. What we fear strongly influenced by our social environment (e.g. in Korea, they are scared on opening their fans at night because they believe it can cause death.) Your particular disorder is powerfully influenced by your gender (e.g. Breast cancer for women) The greater social interactions you have the longer you live. The End of History Illusion - A cognitive bias that makes us think that we will change very little in the years to come. The principle of equifinality - Used in developmental psychopathology to indicate that we must consider a number of paths to a given outcome.  Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis The Clinical Interview - The core of the most clinical work. - Gathers information on current, past behaviors, attitudes, emotions, detailed history of the individuals’ life in general and of the presenting problems. The Mental Status Exam (MSE) - A systematic observation of an behavior. > Five categories of the exam: ATIMS 1. Appearance and behavior Clinical Assessment - Clinician notes any overt physical Evaluating and measuring an individual’s behaviors, general appearance, posture, psychological, biological, and social and facial expressions. factors with a possible psychological 2. Thought processes disorders. - Clinician tend to listen more on their Diagnosis clients to get a good set of ideas of the This is a process in determining whether person’s thought processes. the particular problem afflicting the 3. Mood and affect individual meets all criteria for a - Important part of the MSE psychological disorder, according to the - Our affect is “appropriate” DSM-5. 4. Intellectual functioning - Clinicians make a rough estimate of Key Concepts in Assessment others’ intellectual functioning just by talking to them. - Helps us understand the different ways 5. Sensorium clinicians assess psychological problems, - General awareness of our surroundings with this, there are three basic concepts that help us determine the value of Semistructured Clinical Interviews assessments: - No systematic format - Unstructured interviews 1. Reliability Physical Examination - The degree to which a measurement is - Clinician tend to recommend to a consistent. patient (presenting with psychological > Interrater reliability- a designed problems) to visit a family physician first assessment device that undergoes (with particular attention or sometimes through research to ensure two or more associated with the specific psychological raters will have the same answers. problem) if there were no history of any 2. Validity physical examination. - Is whether something a technique assesses what it is supposed to. Behavioral Assessment > Concurrent or Descriptive validity - A direct observation to formally assess - This validity is a comparison of a result the individual’s thoughts, feelings, and of an assessment that is under behavior in specific situations or contexts. consideration and the result of others and - More appropriate than an interview this can determine the validity of the first - Determines the factors of influences by measure. identifying and observing. 3. Standardization > The ABCs of Observation: - The process by which a certain set of A- Antecedent (immediate behavior) norms or standards is determined for a B- Behavior (what happened just before technique to make its use consistent the behavior?) across different measurements C- Consequence sequence (what happened afterwards?) > Informal observation Diagnosing Psychological Disorders - Relies on the observer’s recollection, as well as interpretation, of the events. Idiographic strategy > Formal observation - What is unique about an individual's - Involves identifying specific behaviors personality, cultural background, or that are observable and measurable (called circumstances “operational definition”). Nomothetic strategy - Determine a general class of problems to Self Monitoring which the presenting problem belongs - Observing own behavior to find patterns Classification - Construct groups and to assign objects to The Psychological Testing people to these categories on the basis of - Include specific tools to determine their shared attributes or relations— a cognitive, emotional, or behavioral nomothetic strategy. responses. Taxonomy > Projective Testing - Classification of entities for scientific - Include ambiguous stimuli, such as purposes, such as insects, rocks, or — if pictures of other people or things the subject is psychology— behaviors. - In this theory, people project their own Nosology personality and unconscious fears onto - Application of a taxonomic system to other people and things. psychological or medical phenomena or other clinical areas Personality Inventories - Self-report questionnaires that assess Nomenclature personal traits - Describes the names or labels of the > Face validity disorders that make up yhe nosology - The wording of the questions seems to fit Classification Issues the type of information desired. Categorical and Dimensional Approach Intelligence Testing - Assume that every diagnosis has a clear - Measures that IQ of an individual underlying pathophysiological cause, such Neuropsychological Testing as a bacterial infection or a - Sophisticated tests now exist can malfunctioning endocrine system, and that pinpoint the location of brain dysfunction. each disorder is unique - Measure abilities Dimensional Approach > Neuroimaging: Pictures of the Brain - The variety of cognitions, moods, and - Ability to look inside the nervous system behaviors with which the patient presents and take increasingly accurate pictures of and quantify them on a scale. the structure of the brain Prototypical Approach > Images of Brain structure - Alternative identifies certain essential - First neuroimaging technique characteristics of an entity > Images of Brain Functioning - Allows certain nonessential variations that - images can be superimposed on MRI do not necessarily change the images to show the precise location of the classification. active areas. > Psychophysiological Assessment - another method for assessing brain structure and function specifically and nervous system activity  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) DSM I - Published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association. DSM II - Second edition book published by the America Psychiatric Association in the year of 1963 DSM III and DSM III-TR - Attempted to take an atheoretical approach to diagnosis, relying on precise descriptions of the disorders as they presented to clinicians rather than on psychoanalytic or biological theories of etiology DSM IV and DSM IV- TR - Rely as little as possible on a consensus of experts - Diagnostic system were to be based on sound scientific data DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR - Published in the spring of 2013 - Some new disorders are introduced and other disorders have been reclassified from the DSM-IV - There are some organizational and structural changes in the diagnostic manual itself. ANXIETY DISORDER Comorbidity of anxiety and related disorders The complexity of anxiety disorder Comorbidity: disorders that are paired Anxiety: is a negative mood state with anxiety and related disorders. characterized by bodily symptoms of physical tension and by apprehension about the future Co-occurence of two or more disorders in a single individual is referred to as Fear: is an immediate alarm reaction to comorbidity. danger An important study indicated that the Panic: sudden overwhelming reaction presence of any anxiety disorder was came to be known uniquely and significantly associated with thyroid disease, arthritis, migraine Panic attack (expected and unexpected): is defined as an abrupt headaches, and allergic conditions. experience of intense fear or acute discomfort, accompanied by physical Hyperthyroidism symptoms that usually include heart palpitations, chest pain, shortness of Study says that mental health is breath, and possibly dizziness. connected to gut health Causes of anxiety and related disorders Common comorbidity of anxiety: (ETIOLOGY) depression, major depressive disorder both have same vulnerabilities, biological cause of depression, is high activity of amygdala Biological same as anxiety. Depleted levels of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), part of GABA- Suicide can also have the presence of benzodiazepine system, are associated panic disorder, intensified negative with increased anxiety, although the emotions relationship is not quite so direct. Behavioral inhibition system (BIS): is activated by signals from the brain stem of unexpected Generalized Anxiety Disorder events, such as major changes in body functioning that might signal danger. : excessive anxiety and worry Fight/flight system (FFS): this circuit (apprehensive expectation), occurring originates in the brain stem and travels more days than not for at least 6 through several midbrain structures, including months, together with 3 or more the amygdala, the ventromedial nucleus of the symptoms that are indicated in DSM 5 hypothalamus, and the central gray matter. TR Statistics For adolescents only (ages 13-17), the one-year prevalence is somewhat lower at 1.1% Its is common to females Some people with GAD reports onset early adulthood usually in response to a life stress GAD is prototypical Causes The evidence indicates that the individuals with GAD are highly sensitive to threat in general, particularly to a threat that has personal relevance. That is, they allocate their attention more readily to sources of threat than do people who are not anxious People that are highly sensitive to threat in general according to personality theories have high levels of neuroticism, because the stress reaction is higher than the typical. It's effective for people with anxiety disorder. One of the factors that gives anxiousness to our thoughts is the I target the worry of the client. It attention that we give to it. People confronts what you are most worried that are highly sensitive to stress, get about or the worst case scenario “if that severely anxious. happens, what are you going to do?”. This helps the client to regulate their Although the peripheral autonomic emotions or worries. arousal of individuals with GAD is restricted, they showed intense People with this kind of disorder are cognitive processing in the frontal biased into their negative thoughts lobes as indicated by EEG activity, particularly in the left hemisphere. Relaxation technique, grounding technique through breathing technique Frontal lobe contributes to GAS because it is the executive functioning, people with GAD over Panic Disorder (DSM 5TR) analyze and rationalize things. A. A panic attack is an abrupt surge of Treatment intense fears or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes, and during Benzodiazepines are most often which time four (or more) of the indicated prescribed for generalized anxiety, and symptoms in DSM 5TR the evidence indicates that they give some relief, at least in the short term. B. At least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month (or more) of one or Benzodiazepines relaxes the both of the following: nervous system, it helps stimulate the GABA 1. Persistent concern or worry about additional panic attacks or their Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT): consequences (e.g., losing control, having a heart attack, “going crazy”). for GAD in which patients evoke the worry 2. A significant maladaptive change in process during therapy sessions and behavior related to the attacks (e.g., confront anxiety-provoking images and behaviors designed to avoid having thoughts head-on panic attacks, such as avoidance of exercise or unfamiliar situations).  For example, a person experienced a Agoraphobia (DSM 5 TR) panic attack at a train station unexpectedly. That can possibly be the A. Marked fear or anxiety about two (or more) reason why everytime that person is in of the five situations: enclosed spaces or stations their panic attacks occur. Their mind autopilots 1. Using public transportation (e.g., when anxiety attacks. automobiles, buses, trains, ships, planes) 2. Being in open spaces (e.g., parking lot, Mental health conditions, such as marketplaces, bridges) anxiety disorder can possibly be 3. Being in enclosed space (e.g., shops, through the concept of conditioning. theaters, cinemas). Stimulus can be paired to your 4. Standing in line or being in a crowd. response. 5. Being outside of the home alone. We all inherit-some more than other-a B. The individual fears or avoids these vulnerability to stress, which is a tendency situations because of thoughts that escape to be generally neurobiologically overactive might be difficult or help might not be available to the events of daily life (generalized in the even of developing panic-like symptoms biological vulnerability) People with this kind or disorder usually will Personality traits are genetic, so there is go or position themselves into places a possibility that your traits contribute where they can easily exit or escape when with how you react to situations. panic episodes happen. Specific psychological vulnerability of No evident threat, but high stress reaction. people with this disorder to interpret normal physical sensations in a catastrophic way. STATISTICS Catastrophic thinking: we misinterpret Onset of panic disorders usually occurs normal sensations in our body. This in early adult life-from mid-teens contributes to us having panic episodes. It through about 40 years of age. The makes the situation work. median age of onset is between 20 and 24. TREATMENT In general, the prevalence of PD or A large number of drugs affecting the comorbid panic disorder and noradrenergic, serotonergic, or GABA- agoraphobia decreases among the benzodiazepine neurotransmitter systems, or elderly, at ages 30-44 or less after age some combination, seem effective in treating 60 panic disorder, including high-potency benzodiazepines, the newer selective- Men deal with panic attacks in a culturally serotonin reuptake inhibitors related acceptable way. For example, when they serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors experience a panic attack they intake a (SNRIs), such as venlafaxine. large amount of alcohol. SSRI AND SNRI are the most common CAUSE Anxiety disorder: benzodiazepine Strong evidence indicates that agoraphobia Gradual exposure exercises, sometimes often develops after a person has combined with anxiety-reducing coping unexpected panic attacks (or panic-like mechanisms such as relaxation or breathing sensations) retraining, have proved effective in helping patients overcome agoraphobic behavior whether associated with panic disorder or not. PCT (panic control treatment) patients are TREATMENT exposed with panic disorder related to their physical sensations that trigger their panic Almost everyone agrees that specific attack. Therapists try to create mini panic phobias require structured and consistent attacks in their office, by having the patients exposure-based exercises. exercise to elevate their heart rate. Somehow similar to exposure therapy. Systematic desensitization therapy or graduated exposure therapy: gradual Coping strategy is important when exposure to slowly overcome a phobia. facing anxiety provoking triggers. Teach the client breathing exercise/grounding Basically, the therapist spends most of the technique to know how to deal with session with the individual, working through triggers. exposure exercises with the phobia object or situation. STATISTICS After treatment, responsiveness is diminished in this fear sensitive network, The median age of onset for specific but increased in prefrontal cortical areas, phobia is 7 years of age, the youngest of suggesting that more rational appraisals any anxiety disorder except separation were inhibiting emotional appraisals of anxiety disorder. danger. Thus, these treatments “rewire” the brain. Although most anxiety disorders look much the same in adults and in children, clinicians must be aware of the types of Separation Anxiety Disorder normal fears and anxieties experienced (DSM 5TR) throughout childhood so that they can distinguish them from specific phobias. For example, babies or children being A. Developmentally inappropriate and scared of strangers and loud noises. Those excessive fear or anxiety concerning were examples of common fears. We must separation from those to whom the distinguish what are common/ normal fears. individual is attached, as evidenced by at least three of the symptoms indicated in criteria A in DSM 5 TR. CAUSES B. The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is First, a traumatic conditioning experience persistent, lasting at least 4 weeks in often plays a role (even hearing about a children and adolescents and typically 6 frightening event is sufficient for some months or more in adults. individuals). Criterion B example: It’s normal for a Vicarious trauma: you didn’t experience it child to cry during their first day in school, first hand, but since you heard it was scary along the way they will get used to it. But or dangerous it might be the cause of your if after how many weeks or months phobia. For example, your friend was without the presence of their parents scratched by a cat, because of that you start during school days and they still throw to develop fear of cats, thinking that all cats tantrums, then maybe there is something are like that. wrong. Note: It is normal to have separation Second, fear is more likely to develop if we anxiety to childrens, but when you are 15 are “prepared”; years old and act differently (tantrums) when you are being separated from We will not feel fear if there is no someone, probably it is not normal. apparent reason. Categorical: relies on diagnostic criteria to determine the presence or absence of disruptive or other abnormal behaviors. (national library of medicine) Dimensional : allows clinician more latitude to assess the severity of the condition and does not imply a concrete threshold between “normality” and a disorder, is now incorporated via selected diagnosis. (American Psychiatric association) Prototype: The process of classifying abnormal behavior on the assumption that there are combinations of characteristics (prototypes of behavior disorder) that tend to occur together regularly. (american psychological association)  Mood Disorders Bipolar Disorders Major Depressive Disorder Bipolar 1 Disorder Definition Definition It’s a mood disorder wherein in a two- Represented by a recurring, cycling week period, a prominent presence of of mood episodes (manic, a depressed mood, or a loss in depressive, and hypomanic), wherein pleasure and/or interest is being within a one-week run, the individual experienced by the individual; must have a distinct episode of an additionally, the individual must also abnormally, persistent elevated, exhibit (at least four) symptoms, such expansive or irritable mood; besides as: that, they also have at least three or ↳ a change in appetite and/or more (four, if the mood is irritable weight; only) following symptoms: ↳ insomnia or hypersomnia; ↳ distractibility; ↳ psychomotor agitation or ↳ involvement in harmful retardation; activities ↳ loss of energy; ↳ grandiosity; ↳ feelings of worthlessness or ↳ flight of ideas; excessive, inappropriate guilt; ↳ activity increase ↳ decreased ability in thinking ↳ sleep decrease / deficit and concentrating; ↳ talkativeness ↳ recurrent thoughts about death. Medications Bipolar 2 Disorder Tricyclic: wherein this medication Definition targets three neurotransmitters. Identified as having a recurring mood SSRI: Selective Serotonin Reuptake episode, comprised of one or more Inhibitor, wherein it prevents depressive episodes, which is more serotonin reuptake; one of the more drastic in this disorder than the last; recent medication for major and at least one hypomanic episode, depressive disorder. which is less severe and shorter, the SNRI: Serotonin and Norepinephrine duration being 4 days only, than Reuptake Inhibitor, wherein it Bipolar 1. prevents serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake; one of the Cyclothymic Disorder more recent medication for major Definition depressive disorder. Characterized by a chronic shift in MAOI: Monoamine Oxidase mood disturbance, followed by Inhibitors, wherein they prevent one periods of insufficient hypomanic and or both monoamine oxidase enzymes depressive symptoms for at least 2 from breaking down the passing years, in which the individual must neurotransmitters; the oldest present the inadequate symptoms antidepressant. more often than not, and the interval Atypical Depressants: as the name of when they don’t must not be implies, it works differently than longer than 2 months. typical depressants like the ones listed above (e.g., bupropion, wherein it inhibits norepinephrine and dopamine, instead of serotonin). Biological Causes Moderate degree of heritability Increased activity of the immune system Two short serotonin transporter genes Increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex  Specifiers Psychotic Disorders For both Major Depressive Disorder & Key Terms in Psychotic Disorders: Bipolar Disorders: With anxious distress: if there is a Positive Symptoms presence of at least two of the following symptoms that are “added on” to a symptoms: person's experiences ↳ feeling keyed up or tense; ↳ feeling unusually restless; Delusions ↳ difficulty in concentrating fixed beliefs that are not susceptible to because of worry; change even in light of evidence ↳ fear that something awful may TYPES OF DELUSIONS happen ↳ feeling that they might lose Grandiose high placement of oneself control of themselves. With mixed features: for a manic and thinking that others are against hypomanic episode, the individual must Persecutory and intents to harm them concurrently feel the presence of a depressive symptoms; and for a persistent thinking that a Jealous romantic partner is being depressive episode, the individual must unfaithful despite no evidences concurrently feel the presence of a manic feeling that another person has or hypomanic symptoms. Erotomanic romantic feelings towards them With melancholic features: during a depressive episode, the individual must Somatic believes something is wrong with part or all of their body feel an intense loss of pleasure in all or almost all activities and the lack of several types of delusion in Mixed Type one person reactivity in face of pleasurable stimuli. With atypical features: applied during a depressive episode wherein the Hallucinations individual is not presenting usual perception like experiences that symptoms. happen without a stimulus With mood-congruent psychotic features: must occur in the context of clear delusions and/or hallucinations are sensorium auditory hallucinations are the most present during a mood episode, and it is common aligned with the themes of said mood Disorganized Thinking/Speech episode. e.g. switches from one topic to With mood-incongruent psychotic another, answers to questions are features: delusions and/or hallucinations unrelated, “word salad” are present during a mood episode, yet impairs effective communication the content of those are not aligned with Disorganized Motor Behavior the mood episodes. manifests in child-like silliness to With catatonia: applied when catatonic unpredictable agitation like catatonic features are present in the individual. behavior (decrease reactivity to the With peripartum onset: applied when the environment) individual develops the disorder during pregnancy or four weeks after delivery. Negative Symptoms With seasonal pattern: applied when things that are “taken away” or there is a clear, regular pattern in the reduced onset of the disorders with the onset of Avolition loss of motivation certain seasons. Affective Flattening absent expression For Bipolar Disorder only: Alogia reduction of speech With rapid cycling: in the last 12 months, there must have been at least 4 mood Anhedonia loss of interest episodes that meet the full criteria, and a total polar shift in the mood episodes felt Asociality avoids social interaction every two months of remission. Psychotic Disorders NOTE: The symptoms of these disorders should not be attributable to the effects of a substance or another medical condition. Delusional Disorder Specifiers: ↳ presence of at least one delusion in 1 With good prognostic features: must month or longer; contain atleast two of the ff. features: ↳ no hallucinations. if present, not ↳ onset of psychotic symptoms is prominent and related to delusion; within 4 weeks of noticeable change in ↳ functioning is not markedly impaired; usual behavior; ↳ if a manic or depressive episode ↳ good premorbid social and occurred, period is shorter than occupational functioning; delusional periods; ↳ no flat affect Specifiers: Without good prognostic features Erotomanic, Grandiose, Jealous, Persecutory, Somatic, Schizophrenia Mixed, or Unspecified type of ↳ presence of atleast two positive or delusions. negative symptoms. at least one of these With bizarre content: delusions must be: delusions, hallucinations, that are something that could disorganized speech never happen in real life ↳ continuous signs of disturbance for 6 months that must include 1 month of Brief Psychotic Disorder active-phase symptopms ↳ presence of at least one positive symptom. at least one of these must be: Schizoaffective Disorder delusions, hallucinations, disorganized ↳ presence of a major mood episode speech (major depressive or manic) that is ↳ duration is atleast 1 day but less than 1 concurrent with symptopms of month schizophrenia Specifiers: ↳ delusions or hallucinations occur for at With marked stressors: least 2 weeks in the absence of a major symptoms are in response to mood episode events that is markedly stressful Specifiers: Without marked stressors: symptoms are not in response to Bipolar Type: manic episode is a what is markedly stressful part of the presentation and major depressive episodes may also Schizophreniform Disorder occur ↳ presence of atleast two positive or Depressive Type: only major negative symptoms. at least one of these depressive episodes are a part of must be: delusions, hallucinations, the presentation disorganized speech ↳ duration is atleast 1 month but less than 1 month Psychotic Disorders OTHER SHARED SPECIFIERS: For all Psychotic Disorders Acute episodes: a time period where all symptom criteria is fulfilled. Partial Remission: a time period where an improvement after a previous episode is maintained, criteria is only partially fulfilled. Full Remission: a time period after a previous episode where there is no disorder-specific symptoms *Occurs in First or Multiple Episodes For Brief Psychotic Disorder, Schizephreniform Disorder, Schizophrenia, and Schizoaffective Disorder With Catatonia CATATONIA movement disorder 3 or more of the ff. symptoms not actively relating to Stupor environment Immobility resistance to move Waxy resistance to positioning by Flexibility examiner Mutism reduced or no verbal response Posturing active maintenance of posture Excitement purposeless repetitive activity Echolalia mimicking another’s speech Echopraxia mimicking another’s movement eyes fixed and open for long Staring periods of time passive induction of posture held Catalepsy against gravity Neurodevelopmental Disorders  What is Special Education? it deals with the psychology - education that is individually and special problems of developed to address a specific individuals who have health, child's needs that result from his intellectual, academic, or her disability. emotional, behavioral, sensory and physical Special Education Intervention exceptionalities. Preventive Intervention - refers Terminilogies to keep in mind to activities designed to prevent the development of problems by identifying risk factors and reducing causes of problems Remedial Intervention - refers to the set of actions and strategies implemented to help students who are struggling academically. Compensatory Interventions - involve teaching special skills or Impairment – physical body part; using special devices to improve loss of function of a specific body functioning. part. Disability – the ability the Intellectual Disabilities individual loses due to impairment; a physical, mental, cognitive, or developmental condition that impairs, interferes with, or limits a person's ability to engage in certain tasks or actions or participate in typical daily activities and interactions. Handicap – how the impairment and/or disability limits how the individual when interacting with the environment.  Person First Language or PFL - emphasizes the person before the disability, for example “person who is blind” or “people with spinal cord Specifiers injuries.” Mild, Moderate, Severe and Profound Conceptual Domain - This area Language involves the structure, encompasses abilities in language, purpose, and application of a reading, writing, mathematics, standardized system of symbols reasoning, knowledge, and (such as spoken words, sign memory. language, written text, and Social Domain- This domain images) used according to specific evaluates a person's capability to rules for communication. engage socially, including building Communication encompasses any relationships, exercising social type of verbal or nonverbal judgment, making appropriate behavior, whether deliberate or social choices, and effectively accidental, that affects the communicating with others. thoughts, actions, or attitudes of Practical Domain - This aspect another person. pertains to a person's ability to maintain functional independence What is Speech Sound Disorders in self-care tasks (such as hygiene (DSM-5 Definition and Criteria) and dressing), daily life skills (like managing household chores and completing homework), and mobility (the ability to navigate and accomplish tasks). What is Childhood Onset Fluency Disorders Interventions for People with (DSM-5 Definition and Criteria) Intellectual Disability Psychological - Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), Mindfulness, and Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA Therapy) Pharmacological - Antipsychotics, Mood-stabilizer, and anti-depressants, etc. Academic - Special education, mainstreaming, hospital/home-  hat is Social (Pragmatic) W based educational support etc. Communication Disorders (DSM-5 Definition and Criteria) Communication Disorders Speech refers to the expressive creation of sounds, encompassing aspects such as a person's articulation, fluency, voice quality, and resonance.